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UPON THE

STATE OF THE HOSPITALS OF THE BRITISH ARMY

THE CRIMEA AND SCUTARI,

TOGETHER WITH

AN APPENDIX.

' ^3rfsente)3 to hot\) Bousesi of parliament hi] Commaiiti of i^er Mnjt^t}K

LONDON;

PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTLSWOODE,
PRINTERS TCI THE QUEEN's MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE-
1855.

CONTENTS.

Page

REPORT 3 to 51

APPENDIX.

Instructions to the Commissioners - . . . . - 53

Transport of Sick and Wounded, Field Hospitals, and Hospital at
Balaklava :

Correspondence and Papers - - - - - - 55 to 64

Letter from the Commissioners to Surgeons of Regiments - - - 65

Correspondence between the Adjutant General of the Army in the East and

the Commissioners respecting the above Letter - - - - 65 to 67

Answers of Surgeons to the above Letter - - - - - 68 to 153

Letter from the Commissioners to Commanding Officers of Regiments enclosing

the Letter to Surgeons of Regiments - - - - - 153

Answers to the above Letter - - - - - - 153 to 172

Letter from the Commissioners to the Medical Officer in charge of Divisions - 172

Answers to the above Letter - - - - - - 172 to 184

Memoranda made on Inspection of the Field Hospitals in the Crimea - 184 to 187

List of Requisitions for Apothecary's Stores imperfectly complied with from

1st January to 9th January 1855 by the Apothecary at Balaklava - - 188 to 192

Trajjjsport op the Sick and Wounded from the Crimea to Scutari :

Letter from the Commissioners to Sux'geons in charge of Sick and Wounded on

their Transport from the Crimea to Scutari - - - - 193

Answers of Surgeons to the above Letter - - - - - 194 to 247

Letter from the Commissioners to Military Officers bringing down the Sick
and Wounded to Scutari, enclosing the Questions set forth in the Letter to
Surgeons of Transports (page 193) _ . . . . 247

Answers to the above Letter 247 to 249

Requisitions for Instruments and Medicines for Service on board the Steamer

"Andes" ....... . 249,250

Return of Purveyor's Stores put on board the " Andes " Steamer at Varna

28th August 1854, under the care of Second Class Staff Surgeon Mackey - 250

Replies of Dr. Forteath to Questions addressed to Surgeons of Regiments and

Transports - - - - - - - - 251, 252

Hospitals — Correspondence and other Documents :

Scutari - 253 to 276

Varna - - - - - - - - - 277 to 288

Gallipoli - - - - - - - - - 289 to 300

Examinations :

^ . / 301 to 333

Scutari \ 342 to 344

Balaklava - - - - - - - - - 333 to 342

Correspondence : Transport of Hospital Stores, Hospital Regulations, &c. - - 345 to 349
Stock op MedicineSj Surgical LsrsTRUMENTS, and Appliances taken Feb. 5, 1855 - 350

•CYAL COLL^-r-t or »-iY«10!*N«

sou,

DATfc

REPORT

UPON THE

STATE OF THE HOSPITALS OF THE BRITISH ARMY
IN THE CRIMEA AND SCUTARI.

My Lord Duke, Scutari, February 23, 1855.

Having concluded the inquiry directed by our Commission into the state
of the hospitals of the British Army in the Crimea and Scutari, we beg to lay
before your Grace the results of our investigation, together with some account
of the means which we adopted for prosecuting it.

The Commission required us to make " a combined and personal examination
" and inquiry into the following subjects :

1st. " The present condition and wants of the sick and wounded officers
" and soldiers of the British Army now serving in the East, and
" who at the present time are, by wounds, injuries, or disease,
" disabled from active service with the Queen's troops."

2d. " The state and condition of hospital accommodation provided for the
" British Armj^ in the East, especially at Scutari, Varna, Gallipoli,
" and the Crimea, including in such inquiry the amount of provision
" made and in actual operation for the supply of medical and other
attendance, medicines, medical stores, and comforts necessary
for the relief and preservation of the sick and wounded soldiers
" of Her Majesty's army in the Crimea and Turkey, and the
" adequacy or inadequacy of such provision for any further con-
" tingencies, according to our opinion and belief."

The Commission also desired that we should present to your Grace —

*' The most comprehensive Report and the most desirable suggestions with
" respect to all the several matters thus entrusted to our investigation
" and consideration, with a view to the correction of any deficiencies
" which might exist or arise in the conduct of the hospitals, hospital
" establishments, the amount of the medical staff, the supply of
" medicines, medical stores, medical comforts, and the accommoda-
" tion necessary for the use and welfare of the wounded and sick
" soldiers of the Queen's Army serving in the Crimea and Turkey,
" and the means of transport placed at the disposal of the medical
" authorities, with a view to the proper distribution of such stores
" and medicines, as well as the medical staff itself, where they might
" be from time to time most required, whether with the army in the
" field or with the regimental or general hospitals."

Upon considering the terms of these instructions, we found at first some
difficulty in determining satisfactorily in what sense we should understand the
words " the present condition." To give them a strict construction, confining
the inquiry to the state of things on the day and date of the Commission, or,
on the other hand, to attach to them a sense which would have extended our
labours over a period much anterior to that date, would equally have been, it
seemed to us, at variance with your Grace's intentions. We resolved, ulti-
mately, that the interpretation which would most exactly accord with those
intentions was that which treated the " present " as comprising the period
between the invasion of the Crimea and the date of our Report ; and this is
accordingly the sense which we have attached to that word.

In entering upon our task, we found that the subject ramified into so many
branches, that we considered it inexpedient to bind ourselves to any fixed

course, either as to the order in which we should investigate the several
questions which arose for consideration, or as to the means by which we should
conduct the inquiry. For the purpose of collecting information, we resorted
partly to written questions, partly to oral examinations, and partly to personal
inspection. We also gathered many facts by conversations with officers and
men in the field and elsewhere, under circumstances which did not admit of a
formal examination.

It is upon the information collected in these various ways that we have
formed the opinions Avhich we now submit to your Grace.

We have to observe, with respect to the evidence obtained by means
of written questions, that we were not insensible, at the outset, of the disad-
vantages incidental to this mode of inquiry. We wei'c aware that opinions
instead of facts, irrelevant matter, hearsay, and other faulty evidence, might be
introduced into their answers by witnesses so examined ; but w^e thought that
the great saving of time which would be effected by resorting to that process
would more than counterbalance the disadvantages to which it was subject.

In laying the results of our inquiry before your Grace, the most convenient
course will be to follow the career of the sick or wounded man, step by step,
from the moment when sickness supervenes, or the wound is received, until he
leaves our great military hospitals.

Taking the subject in this order, we have to consider, —

I. The means of transport provided for the carriage of the sick and

wounded, and for the carriage of hospital furniture, medicines, surgical
appliances, and medical comforts, on a march or off the field of
battle ;

II. The hospital accommodation in the field, together with the supply of

medical attendance, medicines, and medical comforts there ;

III. The accommodation, and the supply of medical attendance, medicines,
and medical comforts on board the vessels destined for the transport
of the sick and wounded from the Crimea to Turkey ; and,

IV. The accommodation, supply of medical attendance, medicines, and
medical comforts in those hospitals.

No vehicles of any kind were appropriated for the carriage of the men who
were compelled to fall out from sickness during the march from Kalamita Bay
to Balaklava. The arabas used for carrying commissariat stores and artillery
waggons appear to have been the only conve3^ances to which the men, under
such circumstances, were able to resort ; but this accommodation was necessarily
limited and precarious.

The marches in the Crimea were not long, but cholera existed in the army ;
and we have reason to fear that men were lost in consequence of the want of
means for carrying those who fell ill on the march. We beg to refer on this
subject to the communications appended to our Report of Lord West, of the
21st Fusiliers, and of Mr. Hearn, the surgeon of the 1st Royals, and Mr, Howard
of the 20th. Lieut.-Colonel Egerton mentioned to us, on the occasion of our
visiting the field hospital of the 77th Regiment, on the 9th of January, that a
man of that regiment having been taken sick on the march was placed on the
side of the road along which the commissariat arabas and artillery waggons
were expected to pass, in the hope that he would be taken up by them, but
that he had never been heard of afterwards.

After the battle of the Alma, the wounded were carried to the shore, partly
on stretchers by bandsmen, sailors and others, partly in arabas, or waggons of
the countrj^, and partly by the mules of the French ambulance.

The want of the ambulance waggons was much felt on this occasion, and we
believe that great delay in collecting the wounded, and dressing their wounds.

was the consequence. The action on the Alma was fought on the 20th Sep-
tember, and, according to Dr. Hall, it was not until the evening of the 22d that
all the wounded were dressed and sent on board ship.

The ambulance waggons, from the time of their arrival in the Crimea early
in October, until about the middle of November, appear to have been of much
service, both in carrying the sick and wounded from the camp to Balaklava,
and also in removing the wounded from the front to the rear at the battle of
Inkerman. When the wet vv^eather set in, however, and the roads, or rather
tracks, between the camp and Balaklava, became wet and broken up, the
waggons were found less and less available, and the use of them was finally
abandoned early in January. They are considered by Dr. Hall and many
other officers as too heavy ; and this opinion appears to us to be well founded.

Their number also, two to each division, was insufficient for the removal of
the large number of sick brought dovai from the camp to Balaklava since the
end of November.

Artillery vvaggons were called in aid for this purpose, and artillery horses
were harnessed as leaders to the ambulance waggons, when the state of the
roads or of the ambulance horses rendered the latter unable to draw their
load. The valuable assistance of the mules belonging to the French ambu-
lance was also obtained, and as many as 500 of these animals, equipped each
with a pair of seats, or a pair of litters hanging on either side of the pack-
saddle, have been employed on a single day in carrying our sick from the
heights before Sebastopol to Balaklava. Our own cavalry horses have been
lately employed in bringing down such,, of the patients as could ride ; but this
means of transport is unsuitable for the sick, and is whollj^ unavailable, except
for the least severe cases of illness or injury.

The ambulance corps does not appear to have answered the expectations
which were originally entertained respecting it. " From their habits and age,"
says Dr. Hall, speaking of these men, " they are quite unfitted for their
" situation." They " could not drive. There were no smiths, farriers, or wheel-
" Wrights with them, so that the most trifling damage rendered the carriages
" useless." We found that this opinion was shared by many other persons.

The animals belonging to them have for the most part died ; and at present,
we believe, the corps is of no service whatever.

For the carriage of medicines, surgical appliances, and medical comforts,
one bat poney was allotted to each regiment. The articles in question were
packed in two small panniers. No provision was made for the carriage of the
A. and B. canteens,— the two boxes in which culinary and other articles of the
regimental hospital furniture are contained. These were not carried on the
march to Balaklava ; but, under ordinary circumstances, a second bat ponev is
allotted for their carriage.

The suggestions which we would beg to make with respect to this branch of
the subject are, —

1st. That every regiment should be provided with one or two light vehicles,
for the carriage of the sick, wounded, and fatigued soldiers on the
march. Such vehicles as those recommended by Dr. Hall, resembling
the Bianconi Irish jaunting car, would probably be found suitable for
this purpose,

2d. That our ambulance corps should be formed of carefully selected
men in the prime of life, and younger than those who now constitute
that body; that there should be in their ranks wheelwrights, flu'riers
harness-makers, and other artizans, so that any injuries to the
vehicles, harness, and equipments of the animals employed should
always be easily repaired ; and that the men should also undergo
some training as hospital orderlies.

3d. That the ambulance waggons should, if practicable, be made of a
lighter construction than those now in use.

A 3

4th. That a body of mules, equipped like the mules of the French
ambulance, should be formed, as an auxiliary to the ambulance
waggons. The animals should be of the largest and most powerful
kind. As experience has proved, they would be found of essential
service in carrying sick and slightlj- wounded men, where ambulance
waggons, from the want of roads, or the badness of them, would be
of no avail.

5th. That more ample means than those hitherto allovv'cd should be
supplied for the transport of hospital stores, furniture, medicines,
medical comforts, surgical instruments and appliances, and culinary
apparatus. We think that the several articles now packed in the
regimental panniers, and in the A. and B. canteens, might be more
easily carried in a small two-wheeled cart resembling that taken from
the Russians by the artillery, which we examined at Balaklava, and
of which we append a sketch by Major Hamley, sent to us by
Dr. Elliot, Ordnance Principal Medical Officer.

6th. Larger vehicles, like the French four-wheeled " caissons," might be
advantageously employed in carrying the reserve stores of medicines
and medical comforts of the division.

II.

With respect to the hospital accommodation, medical attendance, supply of
medicines and medical comforts in the field, we examined Dr. Hall, and
Mr. Jenner, the purveyor at Balaklava"; and in order to collect in the shortest
time as large a mass of information as possible on the same subject, we
addressed to the surgeons of regiments a series of written questions, copies of
which were also forwarded to the commanding officers of regiments, with the
request that they would favour us with any information in their possession on
the subject referred to in our queries.

These questions formed the subject of a correspondence between the
Adjutant- General and two of our body, which we append to our Report.

The hospital accommodation allowed to each regiment upon the invasion of
the Crimea was one bell tent. A few marquees were put on board the
" John Masterman," which carried the purveyors' and apothecaries' reserve
stores of the expedition. Three of these were landed on the 18th of
September, but only two of them were put up on the day of the battle of the
Alma. The men who were w^ounded in that engagement were, according to
Dr. Hall, collected in some houses in a vineyard, or placed in rows in a farm-
yard littered with haj^ The supply of medicines and surgical appliances,
exclusive of those carried in the regimental panniers, and medical comforts
landed in Kalamita Bay, and taken with the army on its march, is set forth in
the two following lists, which have been furnished to us by Dr. Hall. We
believe that this supply was found sufficient at the battle of the Alma, with
the exception of long thigh splints, and brandy. Complaints have been made
to us by two surgeons, that they could not get long splints on that day ; and it
appears from the evidence of Mr. Jenner, the purveyor, that he did not fully
comply with the demands made upon him for brandy.

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By an oversight, no candles were included among the stores brougb.t to the
Crimea. Lamps and wicks were brought, but not oil. These omissions were
not supplied until after possession had been taken of Balaklava, and the
purveyor had an opportunity of purchasing candles and oil from the shipping
and the dealers in the town.

With respect to the state of the hospital accommodation since the army
arrived at Sebastopol, wc beg to submit the following Table, which shows the
substance of the information upon that point which we have gathered from the
replies to the questions above referred to, with such modifications and additional
matter as we collected upon our inspection of the hospitals early in January.

State of Hospital Accommodation in the Field between the middle of December 1854 and

the middle of January 1855.

Regiments.

No. of Sick
on

Day of Visit .

No. of
Marquees .

■g
.

Stretchers.

Close Stools.

Other
Cou-

VGni611C63 .

Blankets.

Boards and Trestles.

Remai'ks.

Corps.

Sick
in Hos-
pital.

In
Com-
T)any's
Tents.

Issued.

Used.

Iloval Dragoons'

18 hair mattresses and

N.B.D.

10 buffalo robes .

Dragoon Guards

12 rugs, 10 buffalo robes.

Dragoons

Hut

Buffalo robes and sheep-

skins.

Light Dragoons

12 sets of bedding, con-

sisting of bolster, pal-

liasse, a rug, 2 blan-

kets and sheets.

Ilnssars

12 mattresses, 6 water-

decks, 26 mats.

Hussars

12 sets of bedding.

Light Dragoons

A trestle and blanket

Lancers

? '

for eaeli patient, and

10 hair mattresses.

m. Att.

R. Art.

11 sets of bedding &ui

10 Turkish mats .

Left Att.

—

Dep6t.

—

Hut

Head Qnar-

—

1 urinal

4 palliasses.

ters Staff.

P. Field

—

1 urinal and

12 sets of bedding.

Battery.

the conve-

niences in

A. and 13.

E.H.A.

Ct llffT'll S

—

Hut

R. Sappers and

l(j

1 jMarc^uee

Jliners.

G. Guards

9 sets of bedding.

C. Guards

Pus. Guards

Poot

109

;

1 marquee fully, and the

other half sup]jlied

with boards and tres-

tles.

Rugs. 2

Blankets

taeli.

„

200

14 mats I tarpaidin,

and 1 waterproof.

I'J

3 tarpaulins, 25 rush

121

^20

100

2 tarpaulins, 6 Winter-

d^cks.

141

Water-decks, and 3

blankets for each

patient .

_ 3

Turkish mats.

4 Rooms

Patients on mats .

1 Marquee

Matting.

130

12 sets of bedding, and

6 tarpaulins.

A few

2 or 3

Men had only a single

blanket .

1 sniail

1 Marquee

sui)plied.

131

One large, one

Sufficient

small.

„

1-sniall

fi3

108

()H

2 tarpaulins and water-

decks.

1 P. House

200

Part of House

12 rugs, 36 sheets.

12 palhasses and bol-

ster cases.

House

95
97

1 small Marq.

1st Batt.

Ri'lles

115

2d Batt.

Few

It appears to us, upon this state of facts, that the hospital accommodation
in the field for the sick and wounded has been ver^^ inadequate.

The nature of this accommodation was, in our opinion, wholly unsuitable for
the treatment of the sick and wounded in winter. Even the most comfortable
marquee is not free from objection for such a purpose ; but bell-tents, as well
from the materials of which they are made as from their shape and size, are
peculiarly ill adapted for hospital purposes. They are not always wind or
water-tight, and they do not admit of more than three or four stretchers or any
other form of bedstead being used in them.

The quantity as well as the quality of hospital accommodation was in our
opinion insufficient. In numerous instances we found that many of the sick
were treated in thei]' own tents, for want of room in the hospital tents or
marquees of their regiments. Although all the men who were on the sick list
did not necessarily require admission into hospital, we have reason to believe
that a considerable number of those described as attending hospital were not
admitted into it simply because there was no room for them. In the 88th Regi-
ment, of the 120 men on the sick list on the day of our visit, 24 or 25 alone
were in hospital, but more than double that number, we were assured by the
surgeon, needed hospital accommodation. On the day of our visit to the field
hospital of the Sappers and Miners, the surgeon in charge informed us that he
had 14 patients whom he was desirous of getting into the hospital marquee,
but that he was unable to do so from want of room.

We found a general want of bedsteads, stretchers, and every other means of
raising the men above the ground. Even of the small supply of Smith's and
Clarke's stretchers at the disposal of the surgeons only a portion was used,
owing partly to the insufficient number of marquees and tents available for
hospital purposes, and partly to the incompleteness of the stretchers, many of
which were without legs and vv'ithout the transverse bars which keep them
stretched. With few exceptions, the men were without mattresses or palliasses.
They lay, in general, on a blanket stretched over water-decks or rush mats. In
one case, underwood was placed under them. In another, the surgeon had
spread white marl over the ground. In the tents of the 5th Dragoon Guards
the patients had hay under them. We saw no bolsters or pillows ; the patient's
knapsack ordinarily served for this purpose. The supply of blankets was in
some cases sufficient ; but the men were often limited to their field allowance.
This was, in some cases, a single blanket, for although a second had been
generally distributed towards the middle of December, as we were informed,
this distribution had not been universal. We did not see sheets in the camp.

Few of the marquees or tents were supplied with stoves, or any other means
whatever of heating.

The supply of hospital utensils, also, appears to us to have been far too
limited, when regard is paid to the number of sick, and the prevalent complaints,
■ — diarrhoea and dysentery. Mr. Jenner informed us that he had not, on the day
when we examined him (January 10th), a single urinal, bed-pan, or close-stool
complete. He said that he had plenty of frames, but that the pans had not
reached him. He also said that he had often been obliged to refuse requisitions
for such things to regiments, especially recently. We found, however, in his store
plenty of frames and metal vessels, which, though not destined for this purpose,
answered for completing the article in question.

Hospital clothing was not used in the Crimea. Six hundred hospital dresses
were brought into the country ; but neither those dresses, nor flannel waistcoats,
nor any articles of hospital clothing, were ever issued, as no requisitions were
made for them either from the regiments or from the hospital at Balaklava. We
found the men in the field hospitals lying in their uniforms and great coats.
The only portion of their dress of which they appeared to be divested was
their boots.

In the hospitals in the camp the men appeared in general supplied with warm
under clothing ; but their coatees, trowsers, and great coats seemed, in many
cases, much worn. In the hospitals of the heavy cavalry, which we visited
some days later, we found the patients supplied with pea coats, buffalo robes,
sheepskins, and waterpi'oof coats.

With respect to the medical attendance in the field, we think that it has been
sufficient, notwithstanding that sickness, and detachment on other duty, have
thinned the ranks of the regimental surgeons. The only case in which we
thought the supply insufficient was in that of the Sappers and Miners, numbering

altogether about 300 men, and having on the day of our visit 16 men in hospital,
besides 54 off duty. The only medical officer attached to this body was a young
staff assistant surgeon, the eighth medical man, according to the hospital sergeant,
who had been in charge of it since the Army left England. From Lieutenant-
Colonel Egerton, of the 77th, who accompanied us through his hospital
marquee and tents, we learnt that the surgeon of his regiment was ill at the
time of our visit, that the first assistant surgeon was in medical charge of the
artillerymen of a battery, that the second had been sent in charge of sick to
Scutari, and that upon the third fell the entire attendance of the sick of
the regiment. The 44th Regiment was equally unfortunate in this respect.
But this inconvenience was quite temporary, and, with the single exception
above mentioned, of the Sappers and Miners, we have no reason whatever to
doubt the sufficiency of the supply of regimental medical officers.

The orderlies and other hospital attendants were also, in point of numbers,
sufficient ; but we are informed that in some instances many of these men did
not receive the pay of orderlies, but were employed as fatigue men. With
respect to their qualifications for their office, we reserve our remarks to a later
portion of our Report.

The means of cooking were deficient. Fuel was very scarce, and consisted
either of charcoal brought up from Balaklava, or of the roots of trees dug up
chiefly at the extreme right of the camp, where the battle of Inkerman was
fought. The supply of the most necessary culinary utensils was everywhere
scanty, although Mr. Jenner assured us that he had never been without them in
store. The cooking was everywhere performed in the open air.

When it could be procured, fresh meat was, according to Dr. Hall, given
to the sick ; but, according to the same authority, they had not had any for
weeks. In that case, preserved meat was issued by the purveyor; but, according
to the evidence of Dr. Alexander and some of the regimental surgeons, the
sick have been frequently left upon salt rations.

The supply of medicines and medical comforts appears to have been in some
important particulars very insufficient. Upon this point we have the almost
unanimous testimony of regimental surgeons, surgeons of divisions, and the
Principal Medical Officer of the British Army in the East. We have also the
evidence of Mr. Kersey and Mr. Jenner, the dispenser and the purveyor at Balak-
lava, from whose stores the camp is supplied. The former gentleman informed
us that his first stock of the preparations of opium and astringents was exhausted
by the middle of October. It would appear that this want continued to be
felt, more or less severely, from the period mentioned by Mr. Kersey, down to
the middle of Januar}^ From copies which we obtained of requisitions which
the apothecary was unable to comply with, between 1st and 9th of January, it
appears that the want still existed down to the latter date 5 but as we savf in
his office, a few days later, a box containing 50 lbs. of crude opium, then just
arrived from Constantinople, we hope and believe that the army is at the
present moment fully supplied with the usual preparations of that drag.

The medicines of which the want was chiefly felt were the different prepa-
rations of opium, except morphine, of which, it appears from Dr. Hall's evi-
dence, there was always a supply. The articles of medical comforts which were
deficient v/ere chiefly sago, arrowroot, ground rice, essence of beef, preserved
meat, and brandy. The purveyor informed us that he had often been obliged
to buy candles, tea, and other articles from the suttlers and the shipping.

It was for the purpose of forming some estimate of the extent of these
deficiencies that we addressed to the surgeons of regiments the tenth of the
questions above referred to. According to the ordinary practice, when a
regimental surgeon is in want of medicines and medical comforts, he applies to
the principal medical officer of his division for a supply. This officer, if he
approves of the requisition, countersigns it, and the required articles are issued by
the apothecary or the purveyor's clerk in charge of the stores attached to the
division. When the stock of medicines and medical comforts in these stores
began to fail, the regimental surgeons endeavoured to get their wants supplied
by the apothecary and purveyor at Balaklava, where the principal stores in
the Crimea are kept. This practice entailed upon these latter gentlemen a
great addition to their ordinary labours, and upon the surgeons the mconvenience

B 2

of sending several miles for their supplies. This inconvenience became gradually
aggravated in proportion as it became frequent, and its frequency became more
and more necessary as the quantities that v>'ere dealt out at a time to them, in
answer to their requisitions, became smaller. The practice, under such circum-
stances, of requiring the counter-signature of the medical officer in charge of
divisions, operated ver}' vexatiously.

We obtained the required information from a few surgeons only, but from
their returns a fair estimate may probably be formed of the deficiencies under
consideration. With the same object, we subsequently requested the medical
oiBcers in charge of divisions to favour us wath returns of the requisitions wdiich
they had made for the replenishment of their stores, and the extent to which
those requisitions had been complied Avith. Such returns we obtained from
Dr. Alexander and Dr. Linton, the medical officers in charge of the Light and
1st Divisions. We have only to observe respecting these several documents,
that while the answ^ers to the demands show the poverty of the stores on which
the demands Avere made, the demands themselves are by no means to be under-
stood as exhibiting the extent of the wants experienced ; for Ave ascertained
that Avhen it became knoAAm that the supplies were short, the requisitions Avere
framed Avith reference, not to the just wants of the stores to be replenished,
but to the probable or ascertained state of those on Avhich the demands Avere
made. The extreme scarcity of poAvdered opium in December may be judged
of from the statement in Dr. Alexander's communication, that on the 1st of
that month four ounces of the medicine in question AA'as the quantity issued to
the Light Division, Avhich then had a sick list of 636 patients suffering from
cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, and fever, AA'hile on the 13th only one ounce Avas
issued to the same division, Avhich then had 619 sick.

We have to add, that Ave found the patients in the field hospitals generally
in a A^ery filthy condition. The want of bedsteads, already noticed, partially
accounts for this, for it Avas impossible that the men should, under such
circumstances, escape from the mud. But besides the dirt arising from this
cause, they had evidently been long unwashed and uncombed. The loss of
their kits, Avhich had been made so frequently the subject of complaint to us
at Scutari, appears one of the chief causes of the vermin Avhich Avas, if not
genera], at all CA^ents not uncommon among them. This loss arose principally
from their having, in obedience to orders to that effect, left their packs on
board the vessels AA'hich transported them to the Crimea, and from their having
been unable to recover them afterwards.

As we are enjoined by the terms of our Commission to offer suggestions for
the correction of existing deficiencies, it was necessary that we should inquire
into the causes of the several Avants above mentioned. From the evidence of
Dr. Hall, Dr. Anderson, Messrs. Jenner, Kersey, and Fernandes, it AA'^ould seem
that the Avant of medicines, medical comforts, and several articles of hospital
furniture Avas attributable partly to tardy and imperfect compliance with
orders and requisitions on Scutari, and partly to the difficulty of ascertaining
on board what vessels stores were laden, and of landing those stores when such
information Avas obtained. The Avant of huts, marquees, stores, fuel, and
bedsteads, of Avhich Mr. Jenner says he always had a supply, Avas generally
imputed to the Avant of means of transporting such articles from Balaklava to
the camp. The imperfect state in which aa'c found Smith's and Clarke's
stretchers in the camp Avas stated by Dr. Hall to have been owing to the fact
that different portions of them Avere shipped on board different vessels. The
frames, it would seem, arrived at Balaklava by the Jura last November, Avhile
the legs were sent by the Robert Lowe, Avhich did not reach that harbour until
the end of December.

To test the accuracy of the first statement, it AA-ould have been necessary to
enter upon an inquiry into the conduct of individuals, and this Ave thought it
was not competent for us to do. We confine ourselves, therefore, to the state-
ment, that the supply of medicines and medical comforts Avas in point of fact
greatly deficient in the Crimea, Avithout expressing any opinion as to the causes
of that deficiency. With respect to the alleged Avant of means of transport, any
formal inquiry was superfluous, as aa'c personally Avitnessed, day after day,
during our three weeks' stay in the Crimea, the transport of fuel, clothing, and

food from Balaklava to the camp by fatigue parties. We were informed,
besides, by several officers, that they had obtained orders for huts and marquees,
but that they had not got these up to the camp, as they were required to
transport them, and they did not possess sufficient means for that purpose.

We learnt that the issue to regiments of liuts and marquees and other
articles was made only upon requisition. We think that the consequence of
this practice may be observed in the hospital accommodation which the above
table exhibits. The condition of the sick varies in every regiment, and it
varies in great measure with the energy and zeal of the commanding and
medical otHcers, and with the means of transport at their disposal. We think
that the state of the men should not be left dependent on such circumstances.

From the evidence of Dr. Hall and Dr. Anderson, it appears that the notice
of the intended removal of sick from the camp which is given to the medical
officers has sometimes been very brief. As this removal has been frequently
dependent on the assistance of the French ambulance corps, it may not have
been always possible to give more time for preparation than that Vv-hich has
been allowed ; but the want of timely notification has occasionally caused great
hurry and confusion, both in despatching the men from the camp and in pre-
paring for their embarkation at Balaklava.

The suggestions which we would beg to ofl'er with reference to this branch
of the subject are —

1st. That the sick should, with the exception only of such slight cases as
appear to need but a few days' hospital attendance, be removed,
with all practicable despatch from the field to the rear. Under the
most favourable circumstances it is extremely difficult to treat
successfully in the field any but very slight cases ; and we think that
this is especially difficult under canvas, in winter, with cases of diarrhea,
dysentery, scurvy, and frost-bite, — the prevalent affections which we
found in the camp.

2d. That the sick should not be removed without a reasonable notice having
been first given to the medical officer whose duty it is to provide for
their wants upon their arrival at their immediate destination.

3d. That every regiment should always be supplied at once with its due
allowance of hospital accommodation and furniture, without requi-
sition.

4th. That a store of medicines and medical comforts sufficient for the
probable wants of the army for three months, should always be kept
at head quarters, or some other place easily accessible to the various
divisions of the army.

5th. That the store of medicines and medical comforts kept with the
regiment should always be sufficient for at least a fortnight's probable
consumption,

6th. That these stores should be replenished periodically from the
principal store without requisition.

7th. That when the regimental stores fail before their periodical replenish-
ment, the requisition of the regimental surgeon should be complied
with, without needing the approval of the medical officer of the
division ; and, to prevent fraud, that the whole of the requisition
should be in the handwriting of the surgeon.

8th. That the men should be daily inspected on their return from duty,
whether in the trenches or on picket or elsewhere, by one of the
medical officers of the regiment. We attach peculiar importance to
this step in winter, when men are exposed to fi'ostbite, — an injury of
which they frequently are not conscious until it has assumed a grave
character.

9th. With a view of obtaining a good class of hospital attendants for the
service, we shall have to offer some suggestions when avc come to the
hospitals at Scutari. In the event of those suggestions not meeting
with your Grace's approval, we would recommend, in this place, that
the rank, pay, and pension of the hospital sergeant should be equal
to that of the highest non-commissioned regimental officer, and that
the pay of hospital orderlies should be raised to such an amount as
would attract serviceable men to the situation.

B 3

Before dismissing this part of the subject, we think it right to state that we
have strong reason to beheve that our visit to the Crimea took place at the
time when the condition of the sick and wounded, and the state of the hospital
accommodation provided for them, were at their worst. We believe that they
have much improved since our departure. Signs of improvement were already
perceptible before we sailed from Balaklava ; for abundance of warm clothing
was in course of distribution, and the materials for huts were being carried up
to the camp. Since then, commodious huts have been, we learn from trust-
worthy sources, erected in the encampment of each regiment, for hospital, as well
as other purposes, and the sickness which prevailed among the troops in
December and January has become both less general and less severe.

When the sick and wounded are carried from the camp to Balaklava, they are
either admitted into the hospital in that place, or they are embarked on board
vessels for Scutari.

The General hospital at Balaklava was formerly the village school, and consists
, of two parallel ranges of buildings about forty feet apart, situated on the side of
a hill, the building which was the school dormitory being on the higher level.
There are two smaller buildings, one roofless, and both in bad repair, at right
angles to these, but not connected with either, one of which is allotted to the
medical officers for their quarters and for the purveyor's stores, while the other
is occupied as a pack store. The school-rooms, three in number, are in good
repair, with the exception that a few panes of glass were broken when we visited
it. The rooms are heated by stoves of Russian construction. Two of these
rooms are 29 ft. 9 in. long by 27 ft. 5 in. and 14 ft. 5 in, high; the third is
28 ft. 8 in. long by 21 ft. 9 in. broad and 14 ft. 5 in. high.

The school dormitory consists of four rooms, measuring each 33 ft. 3 in. by
19 ft. and 10 ft. in height.

The means of cooking are sufficient. The kitchen has three coppers, two of
which are used for soup, and one for the preparation of extras and tea. The
flues are carried round the coppers, by which means a saving of fuel is effected.
Over the coppers is a cupola, which collects the steam, and transmits it through
three openings into the chimney.

For washing, there is a small wash-house containing a boiler. The washing
is done by a fatigue party, but is not, we learnt, done very effectually.

The privies are very bad. The smell from the drains is offensive, and has
been, according to Dr. Anderson, the cause of fever and bowel complaints
among several surgeons who lived in the immediate vicinity. The pack store
was roofless, unprotected against depredation, and in great confusion.

Two marquees stood in front of the hospital ; and four wooden huts, each
measuring 28 ft. 2 in. by 16 ft. 2 in., were in course of erection near them,
while we were at Balaklava, — the first three weeks in January.

The number of patients which the wards can, according to the hospital
regulations of the service, accommodate, is ninety-eight. These regulations
allow five feet in width for every man in rooms ten feet or upwards high, and
we think that that space is probably sufficient, when the room is lofty enough
to give each person 800 cubic feet. The three wards, accordingly, which we
have described as the school-room v/ards may properly contain 16, 16, and 14
patients respectively. The four other wards, however, if they contained thirteen
men in each, which would be the allowance by superficial measurement, would
afford about 485 cubic feet only per man — at least 300 feet less than ought, in
our opinion, to be allowed. Even allowing only 700 cubic feet for each person,
each of these last-mentioned wards would not accommodate more than nine
men ; and the total number in the two buildings ought, therefore, not to exceed
eighty-two. The two marquees might perhaps properly contain fourteen
patients each. The whole number of patients, therefore, which in our opinion
the hospital at Balaklava could properly accommodate, is 110.

The following Table, showing the daily state of this hospital from its opening
on 27th September to 30th November 1854, exhibits a far larger number
constantly in the establishment. But it is necessary to observe, that this
hospital has been used, not merely for the treatment of the sick, but also for
the reception, frequently for a single night, of sick and wounded men on their
arrival from the camp at too late an hour for embarkation. Upon this subject

we have the evidence of Dr. Tice and of some of the soldiers whom we examined
at Scutari ; but the columns showing the daily admissions and discharges are
alone sufficiently indicative of this practice. We applied for a continuation
of this return to the end of January, but it has not been yet supplied.

Numerical Eeturn showing the Number of Men daily admitted into and discharged
FROM the General Hospital at Balaklava, from 27th September to .SOth November
1854.

Date

fcb

•d

arged.

Dat6

•a

Admission.

Adnii

Admission.

If}

^•

Sept. 27

295

291

Oct. 30

368

323

291

353

323

330

353

409

Nov. 1

3.30

333

409

427

333

322

Oct. 1

427

454

322

323

454

499

323

317

499

515

317

251

515

509

251

207

509

—

468

207

156

468

• —

420

156

420

387

105

387

338

105

113

338

331

113

117

331

330

117

127

330

321

127

133

321

348

133

134

348

3.50

134

174

350

352

174

175

352

354

1*75

168

330

354

358

330

286

358

366

286

289

366

308

289

293

308

293

291

308

291

286

308

323

286

263

323

304

263

281

304

265

281

•1
'J

279

265

279

294

279

317

■27

294

317

373

294

307

373

372

307

319

372

367

319

294

367

368

We concur, however, with Dr. Anderson, in the opinion that the hospital at
Balaklava is not large enough for the number of patients he has. It was over-
crowded on the day of our visit, the three school-room wards containing thirty-
three, twenty-seven, and twenty-five men respectively, while in each of the
four dormitory wards there AA^ere twenty men, exclusive of the orderlies. Each of
tw^o marquees contained fourteen patients.

The supply of bedsteads and bedding was sufficient. With the exception
of two or three men who had been admitted the night before our visit, every
patient had a bedstead and a paillasse ; and the supply of blankets and rugs
appeared ample. Mr. Jemier informed us, that, besides 200 sets of boards
and trestles in store, about 1,000 Avere lying in the harbour on board the
" Manilla."

There were no sheets. The means of ablution consisted of a portable bath.
When we visited the hospital Ave found it in use by a Fi'ench soldier, Avho had
been picked up in Balaklava on the preceding night in a state of exhaustion.

With respect to the supply of medical attendance at this hospital, Ave failed
to ascertain Avhat number of surgeons and hospital attendants AA cre employed
from the date of the opening of the hospital, September 27th, down to the
time of our visiting it. At the latter date the number of surgeons on duty
in the hospital was hve, exclusive of the Principal Medical Officer of Balaklava,
who has also the supervision of the hospital, and aa^c think that that number
was sufficient for the number of patients in hospital. The supply of orderlies

B 4

lias, we believe, always been sufficient in point of numbers ; but the men of the
ambulance corps who acted at one time in this capacity, were even less suited
for their duties than the men usually so employed.

The observations which we have above made respecting the supply of
medicines and medical comforts in the field apply equally to this hospital.

The sick and wounded who are destined for Scutari are at once taken to the
wharf, where a medical officer is in attendance to see to their embarkation, and
to afford medical assistance when necessary. The men are Embarked in boats,
under the orders of a naval officer, and put on board the vessels which have
been prepared for their reception.

This duty was at first entrusted altogether to the principal medical officer
atBalaklava. On one occasion, we learn, boats were not ready for the reception
of the sick. This arose, according to Dr. Tice, who was then Principal Medical
Officer at Balaklava, in consequence of his not having received the verbal
notice which had been sent to him by another medical officer of the intended
arrival of patients. Except in this instance, we did not hear of any delay having
arisen, beyond that incidental to the necessarily slow process of embarking a
large number of helpless men in a limited number of open boats, and tran-
shipping them to larger vessels. We think, however, with Dr. Anderson, that
the practice of sending down to the harbour from 600 to 1,200 men together
for embarkation, has endangered the lives of manj^ in wet weather, from the
long exposure on the beach to which they were subjected. They ought
to be sent in much smaller detachments, so that the whole number in each
detachment might be taken on board at once.

Subsequently to the occasion referred to, a General Order directed that an
officer of the Quartermaster General's department should accompany the men
from the camp to the harbour, with a view of seeing to their proper embarka-
tion. A medical officer is sent on board before the sick embark, in order to see
to their proper arrangement and accommodation.

III.

It appears from the evidence of Dr. Hall that the vessels which carried the
wounded from the Alma to Scutari underwent no inspection by the medical
authorities of the arm}^ with the exception of the "Andes" and the " Cambria."
Those two vessels were, at the suggestion of that officer, fitted up before the
army sailed from Varna, to carry the wounded, in the event of the landing in
the Crimea being opposed. They were fitted up as ordinary troop ships, and
were properly provided with medicines, surgical instruments and appliances,
and medical comforts. Two medical officers were sent on board each of them.
This provision, however, proved wholly inadequate for the numbers who needed
transport after the battle of the Alma. It v;as necessary to employ several
other vessels for the same purpose, and these " were not in any way prepared for
such a service.

The embarkation of the wounded appears to have been effected under
circumstances of great confusion, and without the superintendence of the medical
officers of the army. Dr. Hall says that he knew neither the names nor the
numbers of the vessels employed, but that when a vessel was reported to him
to be full, he sent two or sometimes three surgeons on board to take charge of
the men.

Shortly after the arrival of the army before Sebastopol, the Principal Medical
Officer at Balaklava was charged with the duty of inspecting vessels destined
for the transport of the sick and wounded.

On the 12th of December a General Order directed that this duty should in
future be performed by a Board consisting of the Commandant of Balaklava,
the Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General doing duty at that place, the
Principal Medical Officer there, and an Assistant Commissary General, in the
presence of the Transport Agent or his deputy. With the exception of the
addition of the last-mentioned member, this Board is constituted in conformity
with the regulations of the service.

These gentlemen, according to the evidence of Dr. Anderson, the present
Principal Medical Officer at Balaklava, in estimating the number of patients
which a vessel can properly carry, allow 6 feet by 2^ feet for sick, and 6 feet
by 3 feet for wounded men.

For the purpose of ascertaining the nature of the accommodation provided
for the sick and wounded on board the vessels which transported them from
the Crimea to Scutari, and also the supply of medical attendance, medicines,
medical comforts, and provisions on the voyage, we applied to the senior of
the several medical officers who had been in charge of the patients, for
information upon the following heads :

1. Names of all vessels of which he was in charge.

2. Registered tonnage.

3. Height between decks.

4. Number of voyages he made.

5. Number of cots.

„ of hammocks.

„ of standing bed-places.

„ of bedding.

6. Number of water-closets.

„ of night-stools,
„ of bed-pans.
„ of urinals.

„ of other such conveniences.

7. Supply of medicines.

8. Supply of surgical instruments.

„ of surgical materials and appliances.
„ of medical comforts.
„ of provisions.
„ of water.

9. Means of ablution.

10. Means and state of ventilation.

11. Number of sick and wounded officers and soldiers on board, with the
names of any of the officers which he might recollect.

12. Number of surgeons sent on board under him, stating their names and
rank, to the best of his recollection.

13. Number of them fit for dutj' on board.

14. Number of orderlies sent on board for the purpose of attending the sick
and wounded.

15. Number of them fit for duty on board.

16. When the sick and wounded embarked.

17. When the vessel sailed.

18. When she arrived off Scutari.

19. When the sick and wounded disembarked.

20. Causes of delay in embarkation, sailing, or disembarkation.

21. General character of wounds and diseases.

22. Number of deaths on board.

23. To what causes attributable.

24. Means, and deficiencies, for cooking.

25. Regularity of meals, and facilities for eating them.

We also requested him to inform us, 1st, whether the vessels were in his
opinion suited tor the transport of the number actually taken on board ; 2d,
whether he needed the assistance of any surgeons, orderlies, or attendants,
other than those sent on board under him, and whether he obtained such
assistance, stating the number of surgeons, orderlies, and attendants who so
assisted ; and, 3d, whether there was any deficiency of proper provisions,
medicines, medical comforts, surgical instruments, materials, and appliances
while on board.

The answers which we obtained are appended to our Report. The substance
of the information which is contained in them, however, will be found in the
following tabular Ibrm.

Where we did not obtain answers to our questions we procured from the
office of the Principal Medical Officer at Scutari such information on the
subject as the books of those establishments furnished. The names of such
vessels are marked with an asterisk in the Table.

TABLE

Names of Vessels.

Tonnage.

Height
between
decks.

Embar
bo

SE
0

ked on
iril.

Ft. In.

["400

Kangaroo . - -

Lofty.

20or24

\ or

(_ more

1,800

400

■'' Cambria . . -

450

Vulcan - - '

1,775

6 6

443

420

Andes ...

1,800

8 0

2()-i

430

* Colombo - - -

2,000

9 & 7 ft.

567

Arthur tlie Great

362

1 Ifionf' » • <
V/ilvllL 1

About

230

1,000

6 ft.

1 4
J

Caducous - - -

1,106

7 0

430

Cornier _ . _

1,090

8 0

285

Cornwall -

276

Negociator - _ .

800

6 to 7 ft.

200

Lady M'Naughten

91 ?

A ust ra 1] .'1 n • ~ ~

1,400

6 7

l73

Cambria ...

219

Ecliuiiga - -

1,800

8 0

132

Palmerston

1,400

6 to 7 ft.

200

Tynemoiitli ...

1,500

6 6

170

Shi>oling Star

1,;563

8 0

260

Coloml)0 -

2,000

9 & 7 ft.

278

Sidney - -

1,300

7 to 8 ft.

220

T^'jlQir/ii''* _ — —
-i. ttlft V tr I d

900

7 0

1 72

Arabia - - - -

1,022

7 0

264

TVI iiii'itiiic _ — ~

1 800

7 6

235

Andes ...

1,800

8 0

220

T'.M PTin lf> - _ »

8 0

203

^IC(iw3V _ _ ^

1 800

7 6

235

Trent ....

1,800

7 0

175

Avon -f - - . .

2,'o70

6 6

278

* Sovereign - -

1 f Pi'tr J 1 ri V _
c I 1 1 11 u tr

1316

6 9

249

BUindell ...

600

7 0

* t^H 11 n I '1 — m. m

tlp(jnatr;i — — —

1.500

8 6

358

r?innn4 — _ _

A^JLJUll J- ~

7 g

242

G ol (ion ITIggcg «. —

2 500

r 7 5 "1
■i and I

425

[7 8 J

^Diinat id ra — —

1111

7 0

183

"Victoria ~ ~ —

1 878

7 6

290

■U I'lIlMUIl ~ ~ —

763

6 8

15 )

1 1 Yl (jj _ _

521

6 6

1 18

O I tawa _ « —

I 200

7 3

1 39

•^L/5tl7ll 1 C 1 ' 1 11- 1 U ••

630

■A.' 1 stral la ti ~ — _

1 400

7 2

146

l~i n 1 11 f ) ' 1 1' •

92 1

7 0

110

Ja«on . . -

2,700

8 0

152

*BelKravia

267

*'i'hames - - -

113

Colombo _ - .

2,000

9 & 7 ft.

235

■*St. Hilda - - -

105

Niagara _ ..

1,800

8 0

320

♦Nubia

2,200

294

Brandon - -

763

6 8

154

Cleopatra ...

1,500

8 6

298

Shooting Star

1,362

7 8

177

* Pedestrian

1,000

198

* Golden Fleece

Melbourne - - --^

About

150

2,000 1

7 0

Orderlies.

S.3

100
80

2 prison-
ers and

3 women.

All?

14
9
6

2 or :
6

5
18

Few.

18
21

4
9
15
4
13
10

23
30

No.

800
A few.

120 but
not used.
400
90 in
use.
?

Many but
not usL'd

Many but
not used.

Several

1,000,
but no
used.

773

8 or 10

No.

100
or
more.

100

No.

300

66
Not
used.

} -{

About
100

8 or 10

8
?

320

36
160

4
12

130

Horse-
\ pads.

ISO

12
and 150
horse-pds

50
V

150
Good
supply.
150
50
S.

1 70

80
100
?

230
or
240

100

4
50

250

160

50
50
27

200
Turkish
Rugs.

t The information respecting this vessel is obtained partly from Lieutenant Gilby, of the 77th regiment.
S—Sufficient. A.— Ample,

TABLE.

ion.

lation.

<
"5

5
O

Mean'

Uri

A.
A.

Salt.

A.&G

No.

-J or 6

?
?
S.

A.
G.
A.

[nsuf.
S.

G.
Ab.

G.
G.

?
G.
G.

S.
S.
A.

A.
A.

No.

Few

7
?

2 or 3
1

?
2

2 or 3
?
2

Several.
1 on deck

13
On deck
1.

Buckets

A.&G.

Salt.
Ab.

A.
A.

S.
A.
S.

Insuf.

S.
Insuf.
Insuf

A.
G.

G.& S.
S.
S.
S.
G.
G.
A.
G.

A.
G.

3
2

About 36
porringers

and 8
buckets.

bowls.

4 or 5
pails.

Some
ship's
buckets.

6 or e.

Buckets
6

and
2 tubs.

Ordinary
means,

but decks
close.

Scuttles
& wind-
sails.

G. I

Port-
lioles &
hatches.

9 ,

. 7

3 or 4

Buckets

V on deck

•.?o

Buckets
Buckets

1 Sbuckts.
Buckets

Tubs.
S.

Buckets

12
6

Buckets.
Tubs
and
buckets.

2 or 3
basins.

Insuf.

G.
B.

G.
G.
G.

G.
G.

G.
Insuf.

G.
G.

G.
G.
In^uf.
S.
G.
G.
G.
S.
S.

2 tubs

or
baths.
4 or 5
buckets.

Insuf.
Insuf.

Buckets
Insuf.

Buckets

12
buckets.

24 bowls

Buckets
and
tubs.

Buckets
Ab.

Pump &
2 shower

baths.
Buckets

Tubs
G.

Tubs

Insuf.
Bath

Insuf.

Insuf.
Insuf.

Fair
Insuf.

Insuf.
Insuf.
G.

Insui
8 Coppers

S.
S.

Insuf.

S.
G.

I nsuf.

Insuf.
In^iif.
S.

Insuf.
A.
S.
G.

G.
G.

Insuf.

Buckets

Tubs &
bath.
Insuf.

Wash-
tubs.

Date of
first Em-
barkation.

Date
of
Sailing.

Date
of
Arrival.

Date of
last Disem-
barkation.

b
.a

< but
[bad.

G.
B.

A.
A.

G.
S.

Sept. ! 5

Sept. 21

Sept. 2 1

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Oct.

Oct. 26
Oct. 17

Insuf.
Insuf.

G.
G.

S.
G.

G.
A.
G.
G.

G.
G.

s.
G.

Oct.
Oct.
Nov.

Nov.

Nov.
Nov.

27
19
8

Sept. 18

Sept. 1 8

Sept. 22

Sept. 23

Sept. 24

Sept. 25
Oct. 1 1

Oct.

Oct. 27

Oct. 26

Oct. 31
Oct. 26
Nov.

Sept. 21

Sept. 25

Sept. 24

Sept. 26

Sept. 28

Sept, 29

Oct. 14

Nov. 7

Nov. 9

Nov. 8

Nov. 7

Nov. 23

Nov.

Nov.
Nov.

Oct.
Oct.
Oct.
Oct.

29
29
29

29
10

A.
A.

Insuf.
S.

S. -

Insuf.

G.
G.

Dec.

11.

Dec.

Dc.

Dec.

Jan.

Nov. 8

Nov. 11

Nov. 20

Nov.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.

25
4
4
6
4

Nov.
Oct.
Nov.

Nov. 9

Nov. 9
Nov. 10

Nov. 10

Nov. 13

Sept.

Sept.
Sept.

Sept.

Sept.
Sept.

Oct.
Nov.

Nov.

Nov.
Nov.
Nov.

Nov.

Nov.
Nov.

Nov.

29
30

10
13

9
17
4

32
or

114

6
6

None.
7

15
20
4

Nov. 22 Nov. 27

Nov. 22

Dec. 16

Jan. 4

Feb. 6

Dec. 12
Dec. 1 2
Oec.
Dec.
Dee.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.

Nov. 27
Dec. 6
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.

Nov. 24

4
12

10
4

19 38

Dec.
Dec.

2
7

14
25

Dec. 18

Jan. 20

Jan. 7

Jan. 13

Feb. 9

Dec.
Dec.

Dec.
Dec
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Ian.
.Tan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan,
Jan.

Jan.

.Tall.

Jan.

20
20

20
22-
22
31
31

10
13
18
18
21

Dec. 22

Dec. 20

23
30
26
28

Feb. 1 1

Jan.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.

Jan. 18

Jan. 24

Jan. 27

Feb. 13

27
13

9
15
11
[8
1 1
11

39
6

31
14

31
20

5
11
13
12

7
12
38

27
20
11
2

17?

19
11

t The information respecting this vessel is obtained partly from Captain Howar(^ of the 44th
G.— Good. B.— Bad.

regiment.

In addition to the above information, we desired to ascertain the length and
breadth of the decks on which the sick and wounded were accoramodated in each
ship, and Ave requested Captain Christie, R.N., the transport agent at Balaklava,
to procure for us these measurements if he could conveniently do so. We regret
to say that we failed to obtain them ; and as we are thus left without the means of
ascertaining either the superficial or the cubic space allowed to each patient, we
are not in a position to form an accurate judgment upon the first question that
presents itself upon the consideration of the details presented in the above Table.

That question is, whether sufficient space was allotted to the sick and wounded
soldiers on board the vessels in which they were transported. Although
we are, however, from the want of the necessary data, unable to pronounce a
confident opinion upon this point with respect to every ship, there are many on
the above list as to which we do not hesitate to express our conviction that
they were much overcrowded. Judging from the size of the " Kangaroo," and
from the scanty information which we obtained from the junior medical officer
on board, — the senior being dead, — we do not think that she was large enough to
carry 400 sick men, besides 24 officers, suffering from cholera. We cannot doubt,
also, that the " Andes " and " Colombo," on their first voyage, and the "Orient "
and the " Caduceus," were greatly overcrowded. Having come from Balaklava
to this place in the " Cleopatra" on her voyage in Januarj^ we think that she had
at least 40 men too many on board on that occasion, and, consequently, that she
was much overcrowded on her former voyage also. With respect to the vessels
which have been represented to us by the medical officers in charge of them as
too crowded, although we are not in a position to confirm their opinion with
confidence, we have no reason to doubt the truth of their representations. We
think, further, that whenever the men have been in fact limited to the space
mentioned by Dr. Anderson as that which is allowed by the Board of Inspection
at Balaklava in its calculation of the number of patients which a vessel can
properly carry, they have been overcrowded ; and if that rule has been strictly
observed by the Board ever since its formation on the 12th December, we must
declare that every vessel which brought down sick and wounded men from the
Crimea to Scutari subsequently to that date was overcrowded. The super-
ficial space of six feet by two and a half or three feet appears to us too small
even in the loftiest decks, and we think that the height between decks ought to be
made an element in the calculation, even when the ventilation is most perfect.
We must add, however, that in estimating the number of patients which a
vessel can accommodate, mere measurements, whether superficial or cubic, are
not the only legitimate elements of computation. The character and gravity of
the maladies under which the patients are suffering, or the injuries which they
have sustained, the length of time that thej^ are to remain on board, the state of
the ventilation, and the season of the year in which the voyage is performed, —
all these circumstances should be taken into consideration.

The supply of medical attendance on board has not always been sufficient.
It is impossible, indeed, to determine exactly, a priori, what number of patients
may be properly attended by one surgeon. This number must depend upon
the character of the cases to be treated ; severe wounds, for instance, obviously
exacting more time and care than trifling indispositions. Considering, however,
the general nature of the cases, both medical and surgical, that arrived at
Scutari during our residence at that place, we think that a surgeon could not
give to more than 100 patients daily, even for a short voyage of two or three
days, that degree of attendance Avhich a patient should obtain from a medical
man. When a larger number was entrusted to his care, we think that the
supply of medical attendance was insufficient.

The consequences of this defective supply were, that the medical men were
overtaxed, and compelled in some instances to confine their services to the
more serious cases on board. Upon this subject we may refer to the evidence
of Corporal Buchanan, of the 19th Regiment, who came here on board the
" Colombo " in September last. He states that the three surgeons were era-
ployed night and day in attending the wounded ; and yet that he was obliged
to dress his own wound, a slight one in the calf of the leg, from want of
medical attendance. We believe that in this, and other vessels which were
insufficiently supplied with medical officers, similar cases may have occurred.

Having heard that maggots had been bred, and that this was attributable
to the neglect of wounds, we made inquiry upon the subject in various quarters.

We questioned an officer whose wound had presented this appearance, and
he assured us that he had been properly attended to. Dr. O'Flahert}^
stated that in three cases he had found maggots in the di-essings of
wounds which had been dressed within twenty-four hours, — two of the cases
being officers, — and that he had observed the same thing in hospitals
at home. Dr. Taylor's evidence is of the same character. Miss Nightingale
informed us that she had found maggots in several cases. In one, an amputation
of the thigh, the stump was dressed regularly twice a day. In the other, a
compound fracture of both bones of the leg, maggots were found within six hours
after a most careful dressing. Without asserting, therefore, that they may not
have made their appearance in neglected wounds, we do not regard their pre-
sence as an indication that the wounds in which they appeared were neglected ;
and we did not hear of any case in which their presence was attributed or
appeared attributable to neglect. We ma}'- add, that the phenomenon is by no
means a rare one, but is familiar to surgeons who have served in warm climates.

The number of orderlies sent on board to attend upon the sick and wounded
has been almost invariably insufficient. Some vessels, as the " Arthur the
Great," the " Orient," the " Caduceus," and the " Sidney," were sent to
sea without a single attendant ; while on board of others, such as the " Kan-
garoo," the "Courier," the "Arabia," the "Colombo," the " Edendale," and
the " Palmerston," the number sent was merely nominal, and utterly dispropor-
tioned to that of the patients. In but few instances has the number allowed
by the rules of the service (one in ten) been sent, and in still fewer have all
the men employed been fit for duty. Indeed a memorandum issued from
head quarters on the 18th October directed that the number to be sent on
board transports should be 4 in 100 ; a number, in our opinion, wholly
inadequate lor the service on which the men were employed. It would be
insufficient if the men had been in strong health, and accustomed to the
arduous duties cast upon them ; but they have been generally selected from
the invalid depot at Balaklava ; and from bad health, and liability to sea sick-
ness, as well as from want of training, they have not been properly suited for their
employment. In numerous instances they fell sick on board, and became, in
consequence, an incumbrance instead of an assistance. Those who were
fit for duty were, until December last, under no efficient control. The medical
officer had no authority whatever over them, and had no other remedy, in the
case of misconduct, than that of reporting them to the miHtary authorities on
his arrival at Scutari. A military officer, however, has been sent on board
of all vessels which have sailed from Balaklava since the beginning of
December. One or more non-commissioned officers have also been sent with
the orderlies, and we believe that order has been better maintained by this
means. The power of the military officer is very limited, and might be
extended with advantage.

With respect to the supply of hospital furniture on board ship, we think that
it has not been in general sufficient. A comparison of the number of mattresses
and blankets supplied on board each vessel with that of the patients, will not,
indeed, give, in our opinion, an exact measure of this deficiency ; for Ave think
that in slight cases, whether medical or surgical, the want of a mattress is
probably not the legitimate subject of" complaint with men accustomed for
many months to sleep on the ground and under canvass. In many cases, also,
as in violent diarrhoea and dysentery, a mattress becomes unfit for use in the
course of a few hours, and might properly be dispensed with. With all due
allowance, however, for such cases, we are of opinion, after having inspected
several vessels with sick on board, and become acquainted with the general
character of the cases which have been brought down from the Crimea, that
the supply of mattresses was in general deficient.

The supply of blankets has in general been sufficient ; for, besides the number
which appears in the Table, every soldier was provided, with rare exceptions,
with his own field blanket, or two blankets.

The supply of hospital utensils and the ordinary appliances for meals appears
to have been almost uniformly deficient. Latterly this want has been to some
extent remedied ; but we think that, with few exceptions, the supply has not
been equal to the emergency.

The ventilation of the vessels has been almost uniformly dependent upon
scuttles and hatchways. Dui ing fine weather these are in general sufficient for the

C: 3

supply of fresh air, but in rough weather the scuttles must necessarily be
closed, and then the ventilation of the decks becomes defective.

The means of cooking have in many cases been insufficient. With few
exceptions the supply of water has been good.

Except in a few instances, the supply of surgical appliances, medicines,
and medical comforts has been represented to us as sufficient, and we have
no reason to doubt those representations. The ship's stores have been fre-
quently available for the purposes of the sick and wounded ; and although
we think it probable that men have occasionally had reason to complain
both of the quantity supplied and the manner in which their food was
cooked, we are disposed to attribute these faults to the want of order, rather
than to the want of a due supply of provisions or medical comforts.

The Table which we have above set forth shows that a considerable space of
time has on some occasions elapsed between the embarkation of the sick and
the commencement of the voyage. It will be observed that many days
elapsed between the first embarkation of sick and wounded on board the
"Echunga," the " Tynemouth," the " Shootino- Star," the "Arabia," the
" Edendale," the " Medway,"the "Avon," the "Timandra," and the "Australian,"
and the sailing of those vessels for their destination. This was owing partly to
boisterous weather, but more generally to the fact that the sick were brought
down to the harbour in small numbers daily, and the vessels were detained
until they had received their complements. The Australian appears to have
been detained in discharging her cargo, which she was doing while the sick
were being sent on board.

The length of time between the first embarkation and the final disem-
barkation has been in many cases very great. In three instances it exceeded
three weeks ; in six others it exceeded a fortnight. It has amounted fre-
quently to ten days, and has rarely been less than a week.

The mortality on board has been very high. In the " Caduceus," out of 430
men, 114 died in six days. This vessel was filled with patients chiefly suf-
fering from Asiatic cholera. In many other instances, however, the mortality,
though not so great, has been nevertheless high, and this we believe is in
some measure attributable to the length of time during which the men have
been kept on board. We regret to add, that the rate of mortality on board
continued high down to the end of January, and this we think is partly
owing, also, to the more aggravated forms of disease which have appeared among
the men, and also to the fact that their constitutions have been impaired by
those causes to which Dr. Hall attributes the increase of sickness since last
November : — severe duty, exposure, want of vegetable food, want of means of
cooking, want of shelter, and, until latterly (Dr. Hall was speaking on the
l6th January), want of clothing. We are happy, however, to state that a marked
diminution in the mortality is now observable. On board the " Melbourne,"
which arrived on the Uth of February with 170 sick, two men died, while the
"Brandon," which arrived two days later with 118 men, lost only one man.

The equipment of the two vessels first-mentioned, and, we are informed, of
two others, — the "Australian " and the " Sidney," — as hospital ships, relieves us
from the task of offering any suggestions upon this portion of the subject,
beyond recommending that both the medical officers and the orderlies should be
permanently attached to the vessels, and that the embarkation, voyage, and
disembarkation should always be performed with all practicable speed. The
" Melbourne" is the only one of these vessels which we have had the
opportunity of inspecting. She appears to us to possess all the substantial
requisites for the service on which she is engaged. She is fitted up with
standing bed places projecting at right angles ii-om the sides of the ship.
The bedding consists of thick wadded Turkish coverlets, which answer very well
as mattresses, large bolsters, and a proper supply of blankets and rugs. The
supply of" hospital utensils is sufficient; and besides a large stern cabin used as
a surgery, and amply provided with surgical appliances and medicines, the
vessel is stored with an abundance of medical comforts.

IV.

When the transport arrives off Scutari, the sick and wounded are landed.
Much delay, however, has frequently occurred in completing the disembarka-
tion. This was at firat mainly attributable to the ditficulty, to which we shall
have occasion presently to advert, in landing at the hospital wharf except in calm
weather, and in some instances also to the want of the requisite supply of boats.
Since the middle of December last, it has been caused principally by the
crowded state of the hospitals, which were not always prepared to afford
immediate accommodation to the patients on board.

Upon landing, those who are unable to walk are carried on stretchers, by
fatigue parties, either of our own men or of Turks. We have observed more
confusion than is desirable in effecting this landing, and we think that the
patients might be distributed in the wards with less delay than frequently
occurs. On their arrival at the hospital to which they are allotted, the clothes,
packs, and arms of the patients are carried to the pack store.

The situation of the hospitals at Scutari is healthy, but in other respects
it is open to objection. The shore of the sea of Marmora, near which
the buildings stand, is comparatively shallow. Two small piers, one near the
barrack, the other near the General Hospital, offer facilities for disembarkation
from open boats and even from small steamers in calm weather; but during the
prevalence of S. and S. \V. winds, the sea on the shore renders this accommoda-
tion wholly unavailable. The late Mr. Ward, the purveyor, and Mr. Potgieter,
the Deputy Assistant Commissary General at Scutari, informed us that in some
instances boats loaded with clothing and baggage had been swamped in
attempting to land at the hospital wharfs, which indeed are very insufficient.
The nearest landing places, when these are inaccessible, are the wharfs of
Scutari and Kadikoi, which are each about a mile and a half distant from the
Barraclv Hospital, and difficult to reach from that building, owing to the want
of good roads. Under these circumstances, the hospitals at Scutari are
frequently cut off' from the market from which they derive their principal
supplies, — Constantinople. Great delay, also, arises from the same cause
in getting on shore the stores which are brought out from England, and
similar delay as frequently occurs both in landing the sick and wounded men
who are sent down from the Crimea, and in embarking drafts destined for home
or for the seat of Avar. It has been suggested to us, that these disadvantages
are in some measure counterbalanced by the removal of our soldiers from the
contaminating influences of a large town population such as exists in Constanti-
nople; but it seems to us probable that those influences are quite as active in
the large town or suburb of Scutari as they would be found in the capital
itself.

To the disadvantages of situation which we have above indicated, the
magnitude and conveniences of the principal buildings which have been
appropriated as hospitals for the use of our army may perhaps be regarded as
a sufficient set-off. The edifices near Scutari at present occupied in this
capacity by the sick and wounded of our army are four in number. 1st, a
barrack erected by the Sultan Selim for Turkish troops; 2d, the hospital, and
3d, the stables attached to the barrack; and, 4th, a palace called Haidar
Pasha.

The Barrack is a quadrilateral building, with turrets at the external angles.
It is of great size ; its two longest sides being 220 yards long, and its shorter,
19-4 yards. It is situated on a ridge, which inclines downwards towards the
S., E., and W.,and the erection has been so adapted to the shape of the gi'ound
that the storey which, at the main entrance on the north or upper side, is the
ground floor, becomes, as it extends to the right and left and to the other sides
of the building, the first, and a little further on, the second floor. Above this
ground floor is another which extends along a portion of it only. Below the
storey which we have called the ground floor lie two others, commencing at a
little distance on each side of the main entrance. One half only, however,
of the upper of these two floors is at present occupied by sick and wounded.
The other half, and the whole of the lowest storey, are occupied by the depot,
or given up to the Ordnance, Commissariat, and Purveyor's departments, tor
stores. The several floors are connected by large stone staircases, which have

C 4

very spacious landing places. There are two of these staircases on each of
three sides, and one on the fourth or east side.

With the exception of the eastern and one half of the southern sides, the
building was in good repair when we first inspected it in November last.
The portions above mentioned were then in a state of dilapidation, and were
not put into tenantable repair until from the middle of December to the middle
of January last. This was done by the engineer department, by the direction
of the British Ambassador, who furnished the requisite funds for the purpose.

The general arrangement of the apartments is well adapted for hospital
purposes. It consists of a series of rooms occupying about two thirds of the
entire depth of the building, and placed on its external side. They open upon
a corridor which runs round the inner portion of it. The rooms vary in size ;
but they are, in general, large and lofty. The smaller ones, which were con-
structed for officers' quarters, have a servants' room, pantry, and privy generally
attached to them. The large rooms, intended for soldiers' barrack rooms, are
skirted by a low wooden sleeping bench, differing fiom that of our own guard
rooms only in its being horizontal. Both the rooms and the corridors are amply
lighted and ventilated by numerous windows, and are heated by stoves, which
were placed in them during the months of November and December last by
the engineer department. At the four inner angles of the building are extensive
privies of the ordinary Turkish construction. Each corridor has access to them
at its two extremities. They are sufiicient in number, but are not adapted to
the habits of Europeans, and are in consequence often in a most offensive state.
A fatigue party of Turks and Armenians is employed daily in cleansing them ;
but this duty has been in general very imperfectly performed. The upper
storey of the north side of the quadrangle, which we have described as not
extending over the entire length of that side of the building, is wholly destitute
of this kind of accommodation. The means of ablution are situated in ante-
rooms to these places.

In the lowest floor there is a kitchen, used only by the depot. Within the
quadrangle several wooden huts have been recently erected. We think that
the site was injudiciously selected, for the structures impede the circulation
of air through the barracks, and their occupants will receive but a vitiated
atmosphere, which they will corrupt still further, to the injury of the inmates
of the main building. In the same quadrangle are two kitchens of considerable
dimensions, one of which, however, has not yet been made available, owing to
some difficulty in procuring the requisite coppers for fitting it up. The
other is supplied with thirteen copper boilers, containing about fifty-six gallons.
The boilers are heated by a corresponding number of fire-places, fed at
the exterior of the building. As the chimney does not communicate with the
apartment, the latter is kept constantly damp by the steam which escapes from the
boilers. No means exist in this kitchen of cooking in any other way than boiling.

Besides those which were in existence while the barrack was still in the
occupation of the Turks, four supplementary kitchens have been recently
constructed— one in the basement, for the exclusive use of sick and wounded
officers, and three others for cooking the extra diets of the patients. One of
these was constructed in the middle of November, for the use of Miss
Nightingale ; another, on a landing place, in December ; and the last, in the
present month.

In other landings surgeries and offices have been established.

The supply of water is good and abundant, but is not as conveniently
distributed as Avould be desirable, there being but two or three places, besides
the depot kitchen, in the entire building, at which it can be drawn.

At a short distance from the building is a wash-house, containing 62 wooden
troughs. It was, until the beginning of this month, used as a store by the
commissariat, but it is now undergoing repairs, to adapt it to the purpose for
which it was erected.

The General Hospital is a quadrilateral building, resembling the Barrack
in the genei'al arrangement of its wards and corridors. It is spacious, well
lighted, and in tolerable repair. The wards and corridors are heated by stoves,
most of which were in the building while it was occupied by the Turks. The
ventilation and lighting arrangements are similar to those in the Barrack. The
privies, which are situated at the four outer angles of the building, are open

to the same remarks as those in the Barrack. The wash-house is furnished
with a hirge fire-place, and with wooden ti'oughs along the two adjoining sides.
The stone flooring is broken, and in need of repair. A supply of cold water is
laid on close to the fire ; but no supply of either cold or hot water is carried to
the troughs.

The kitchen was, until lately, very defective, but is now undergoing
improvement. It is still but imperfectly lighted by a dome studded with
small round panes of glass; and the floor, which is of stone, is uneven, broken,
inclining towards the fire-place, and affording lodgment for dirt and wet. The
fire-places are fed in the same manner as those of the kitchen in the Barrack
Hospital, and are supplied with 11 coppers, 9 of which contain 24 gallons, and
the others about 40.

The quadrangle is laid out as a garden, and partially cultivated for the supply
of vegetables. In its centre is a large fountain, which affords the means of supply-
ing abundance of water throughout the establishment, but at present the pipes
are out of repair. The hospital possesses an excellent Turkish bath Iiouse.

The principal stores of the purveyor and apothecary are in this building.

The palace of Haidar Pasha is situated on a lower level than either of the
preceding buildings. It lies at the bottom of a valley formed by the ridge on
which the General Hospital stands and that on which the town of Kadikoi is
built. It is about a mile from the sea of Marmora. It is approached from Scutari
and Kadikoi by a roughly-paved road oi' causeway. It consists of a series of
irregular buildings, consisting of a ball-room or theatre, hareem and pavilion.
The last-mentioned portion has been occupied but within the last few days.
The building is of wood. The rooms are well lighted. They are ventilated by
doors and loosely fitting windows, and warmed by stoves. The drainage is
defective. Surface water lodges in considerable quantity in the adjoining
meadow and road. This, however, may, we believe, be rectified by properly
scouring or reconstructing a drain.

The hareem is a building of two storeys ; the rooms open from very large
landings, on each of which there is a stove.

Near the Barrack hospital is a large stable, over part of which there are
several rooms, opening on a corridor. These have been used as wards since the
8th of January. The wards are three in number. There are small privies at
each end of the corridor, and at each end also are the quarters of the medical
officers and the surgery. In the court-yard below is an abundant supply of
water, and a kitchen with three coppers, amply sufficient for cooking for the
patients in the building. There is no supply of water in the wards.

Besides the several buildings above mentioned, a cavalry barrack, with its
hospital, at Kuleli, a town several miles up the Bosphorus, has been recently
occupied by the sick and wounded of the army. The barrack is built close to
the w^ater's edge, under a precipitous cliff.

It consists of six lofty wards, with galleries nine feet wide. These apartments
are well suited for hospital purposes, with the exception of the galleries, Avhich,
although well ventilated with windows, should, we think, be very sparingly
used as dormitories, as they ncccssaril}- receive the heated and vitiated air
from below.

The barrack has a good kitchen, supplied with seven large boilers, heated in
the same manner as those of the hospitals at Scutari. It possesses also a wash-
house, containing twelve marble troughs, each of which is supplied with cold
Avater. There is also a fountain at one end of the apartment. Adjoining it is
a Turkish bath-house.

The privies are of the usual '^Purkish construction, and are open to the
observations which we have already made respecting those in the hospitals at
Scutari.

Under one of the first-mentioned wards is a stable, the effluvium from which
must necessarily be injurious to the patients.

The building which Avas appropriated as a hospital for the troops quartered
in this barrack has also been occupied by us. It is a large square building,
containing on the upper storey seven wards, opening on corridors. Below this
storey is another, consisting of three wards, and of a corridor which is not
occupied ; and there is another in a still lower floor. The lower storey is
wholly unsuited for the accommodation of patients.

This hospital is provided with a kitchen, containing six large boilers, and with
an excellent wash-house, supplied with seven troughs. Adjoining to the latter
are a drying room, a small apartment in which water is laid on for a boiler, and
a small Turkish bath-house.

To ascertain the amount of hospital accommodation which these establish-
ments supply, we prepared the following Tables, showing the measurement of
the several wards and corridors occupied by patients, and the maximum
number of men which, in our opinion, they may properly accommodate. In
estimating this number we have allowed in the wards five feet per man, accord-
ing to the hospital regulations of the service, except where the height of the
rooms does not give, with that superficial measurement, the cubic space of 800
feet per man. In that case we have determined the number which can be
accommodated b}^ allowing that amount of cubic space to each person.

The corridors of the Barrack and General hospitals are at present occupied
by sick and wounded. Those of the Barrack contain two rows of beds, and
those of the General Hospital have a single row. We think it much to be
regretted that they should be so occupied, for such occupation is not only
injurious to the ventilation of the wards, but deprives the patients of the
place in which they can most conveniently take exercise during their recovery.
Making all due allowance, however, for the great demand fo]* hospital accommoda-
tion which has existed here during this winter, and for future contingencies, we
think that not more than a single row of beds should, under any circumstances,
be placed in the corridors ; and our calculation proceeds on the supposition that
each man in that single row has five feet in width allowed to him.

The following Table shows the dimensions of the corridors and wards of the
General hospital occupied by patients, and the number of patients which may be
accommodated therein.

Table No. 1.
Corridors and Wards of the General Hospital.

Corridors.

Length.

Feet.
1,112
674
350

Number of Persons
by Superficial Measurement.

Total number of persons in corridors

222
134
70

Number

of
Wards.

Measurement.

Number
of Persons by

Superficial
Measurement.

Lengtii.

Breadth.

Height.

F eet.

Feet.

241

352

241

300

241

Total number of persons in wards _ - -

Total number in corridors and wards „ _
Deduct 12 per cent, for wardmasterSj assistant wardmasters,
and orderlies - - -

Total number of patients - -

426

660

1,086
118

968

From the evidence of Major Sillery, it appears that the western and half of
the southern wings of the Barrack were given up to the medical authorities a
few weeks before they were occupied, — that is, before the battle of the Alma.
The apartments contained in these wings are now known as corridors B., F., G.,
and the western half of C, with the wards adjoining. The floor over the main
entrance, now called corridors H. and I., with their wards, were set apart at the
same period for Russian prisoners.

The following Table gives tlie dimensions and amount of accommodation which
these corridors and wards are calculated to give.

Taule No. "2.

Corridors and Wards ofB., F., G, L, H., and Western Half of C.

Corridors.

Length.

Numhcr of Persons
hy Superficial Measurement.

B.
F.
G.
H.
I.

i C.

Feet.
536
465
325
141
285
348

Feet.

107
93
65
28
57
69

Total amount ofp'^rsons in corridors

Corridors.

Number

of
Wards.

Length.

Dimensions.
Breadth.

Height.

Number
of I'ersons by

Superficial
Measurement.

Feet.

J 5

110

311

151

132

311

151

311

151

110

151

66 ■

821

151

110

Total number in wards - -

Total in corridors and wards - _ „ -

Allowing 12 per cent, for ward-masters, assistant ward-
masters, and orderlies - » „

Total number of patients - _

419

646
1,065

114

951

The other apartments now occupied by sick and wounded were given up on
or about the 5th November, and are now called corridors A., D., E., and the
eastern half of C. ; but of these, only coi ridors A. and E. and their wards were
occupied between the 5th Novembf^- and the middle of December, with the
exception of a few wards in the eastern half of C. corridor, which were occupied
for some days by dysenteric patients.

The accommodation thus afforded is as follows :

Table No. 3.
Corridors and Wards A. and E.

Corridors.

Length.

Number of Persons
by Superficial Measurement.

Feet.
561
3 83

Feet.
J 12
36

Total number of persons in corridors

Corridors.

Number

of
Wards.

Length.

Dimensions.
Breadth.

Height.

Number
of Persons by

Superficial
Measurement.

Feet.

151

110

Tola! number of persons in corridors and wards
Deduct 12 per cent, for ward-masters, assistant ward-
masters, and orderlies - - _ .

Total number of patients - -

148

154

302
33

269

Both that half corridor and corridor D. and their wards M'ere totally out of
repair, and did not, "with the exception above mentioned, receive any patients
until the 19th December, when corridor D. and the wards of that corridor
and of the eastern half of C. were first occupied.

The following Table gives the accommodation which was then gained :

Table No. 4.
Corridors and Wards of D. and Eastern half of C.

Corridor.

Lengtii.

No. of Persons by
Superficial Measurement.

Feet.
o20

Feet.
104

Total number

of persons in

corridor

104

Corridors.

No.

Dimensious.

No. of Persons
by Superficial
Measurement.

of Wards.

Length.

Breadth.

Height.

Feet.
4-2

Feet.

:31i

Feet.
15

154

(J5

311

32 I

))

15i

132

151

Total number of persons in wards . _ _

Do. - Do. in corridors and wards
Deduct 12 per cent, for ward-masters, assistant ward-masters,
and orderlies - . - - -

Total number of patients _ - - - -

370

474
51

423

Corridor half C. was not occupied until the 27th of January.

The tbllowino; is the amount of accommodation which it furnishes :

Table No. 5.

Length.

No. of Persons by

Superficial Measurement.

Feet.

348

Total number of persons in corridors - ! 69
Deduct 12 per cent, ibr orderlies, &c. - ' 8

Total number of patients - - ! 61

Of that part of the building which is now occupied by the depot, the
corridors and wards immediately under D. and the eastern half of C. would be
suitable for hospital purposes, and could probably accommodate about the same
number as those corridors and wards.

The wooden huts which are in course of erection in the barrack square,
waiving all objection to their site for hospital purposes, may, when finished,
legitimately accommodate from 550 to 600 persons, or, exclusive of orderlies,
from 490 to 530 patients.

The buildings of Haidar Pasha do not readily admit of any exact computa-
tion, but we think that, exclusive of the pavilion, which was opened only a few
days ago, and which Ave have not been able to inspect, they may perhaps
reasonably accommodate about 400 men.

Two of the rooms over the stables are 55 feet long by 18 in breadth
and 14 in height. The third is of the same height, and measures 28 feet by
25 feet. These apartments would afford accommodation for 57 persons, if
they were lofty enough to give 800 cubic feet per person ; but, adopting this
measurement, we think that they cannot properly receive more than 44 patients
and six orderlies.

We have already observed, that the galleries in the vv^ards of the barrack at
Kuleli should be sparingly occupied by the sick and wounded. — Allowing,
however, the ordinary superficial measiu'ement per man in the lower part of
the apartments, and diminishing by one third the number of persons who
might, upon the same allowance, be admitted into the galleries, the following
will be the maximum number of patients which may properly be received in
the five wards of the barrack now occupied as a hospital, and in the hospital
properly so called. The sixth ward in the barrack is capable of holding
66 men.

BARRACK.

Is umber

of
Wards.

Dimensions.

Length.

Breadlli.

Height.

Feet.
128

149

Feet.

36
37

Feet.
26 #

26f

26|

Total number of persons in barrack

I I O S P I T A L.

Number
of Persons by

Superficial
Measurement. ,

186

228
66

Xumber
of
Wards.

Dimensions.

Number
of Persons by

Superficial
Measurement.

Length.

Breadth.

Height.

Feet.

61 i

182

Corridors

407

Total number of persons in hospital

'J'otal number of persons in barrack and hospital
Deduct 12 per cent, for orderlies, &c.

Total number of patients

480

358

838
90

748

D 3

Upou comparing the maximum number which the General hospital can in
our opinion accommodate, viz., 968 patients, with the numbers appearing in
the weekly states of that hospital, and which will be found below (see p. 29- )>
we think that it was not overcrowded until the last week in December,
and that, with the exception of one week in January, it has been over-
crowded since that date.

A similar comparison will lead to a more unfavourable conclusion in the
case of the Barrack hospital. From the battle of the Alrna to that of
Inkerman, it afforded room for only 951 patients ; but the average number in
the building during that time was 1,276. From the last-mentioned date until
the 19th of December there was room for only 1,220, while the average
number in hospital during the same period exceeded 2,000. From the
19th of December to the 27th day of January, the accommodation was sufficient
for 1,643 patients, but the actual average number, according to the weekly
state, was 2,228. The addition of the eastern half of C. corridor made the
total accommodation lit for only 1,704; but we regret to state that the
hospital has continued down to within the last few days overcrowded by
about 400 patients.

It is unnecessary for us to pursue the comparison in the case of the other
buildings.

The supply of medical attendance, if it were judged by a simple comparison
of the number of medical officers of all ranks on duty, with the number of
patients, would appear larger than it is practically ; because the duties of the
higher ranks of the service are almost wholly foreign to the professional treat-
ment of sick or wounded. The duties of the Inspector General and of the
Deputy Inspectors are altogether administrative. The former is the Governor
of the hospitals ; the latter assist him in the work of general superintendence
and control. The sick and wounded are treated by second-class staff surgeons and
assistant surgeons, to each of whom wards are assigned. Over a number of
these wards, forming a division, a first-class staff surgeon is placed, and his
duties should consist properly in superintending the labours of the officers under
him, in attending in consultation upon every severe case in his division, and in
perfo]"ming all operations. These duties, however, with the exception of the
last-mentioned one, he has been practically unable to discharge in these hospitals.
Owing to the want, on the part of a large proportion of the assistant surgeons
employed here, not of medical skill or zeal, but of experience, and especially of
practical acquaintance with the habits of the class of patients under their
treatment, much time is necessarily consumed daily by the first-class staff
surgeon in revising their diet rolls, or catalogue of articles of food and drink
prescribed by them for each patient ; and yet it is difficult for him to perform
this task satisfactorily, owing to the little knovdedge which he has of the cases.
He is, further, daily engaged in seeing to the cleanliness of the wards, the
distribution of the meals, the collection of the daily returns of his inferior
officers, and the compilation from them of his own. Lastly, he is incessantly
called upon, at every period of the day, to inquire into the reality of the alleged
wants of articles of purveyors' stores arising in his division, and of counter-
signing the requisitions of his subordinate officers for them, when he has
satisfied himself that the things are needed. These multifarious avocations
leave him practically no time for attending to the most important of all his
duties, and those which he is by education and experience best fitted to perform.
For the purpose, therefore, of forming a correct judgment as to the sufficiency
or insufficiency of the medical attendance in these hospitals, it is necessary to
look to the different classes of medical officers, and see whether each class has
been sufficient. The following Table shews the number of medical officers
under the rank of Deputy Inspector General, employed weeklj' in the
hospitals between the 1st October and the 31st January, and the total number
of patients of all classes in hospital at the same periods. We desired to carry
the comparison further back, but the records of the hospital did not furnish us
with the necessary information.

It will be seen, upon examining this Table, that the first-class staff surgeons
have had from 1922 to 516 patients under their superintendence. This is u task
which they cannot in our opinion efficiently perform, even though they were
relieved from the unprofessional duties with which they are now incumbered,
w"hen more than from 400 to 500 patients are allotted to them, and we there-
fore think that the supply of first-class staff surgeons has not been sufficient.

The second-class sta^^■ surgeons and assistant surgeons have had from eighty
to forty-three men to attend to.

Although it is not possible to lay down what number of patients a medical
man can properly attend, since this must materially depend upon the nature
of the cases under his charge, still we think the former is too large a number
for a medical officer to attend to properly. When it is considered that his
labours in hospital admit of no intermission or rest, and that he has to visit
his patients at night as well as during the day, we think that, if he is to keep
his register daily according to the regulations of the service, fiom fifty to sixty
is as large a number as ought to be intrusted to his care for any length of time.

The assistance of dispensers during the month of October, and of dispensers
and dressers since the early part of January, must, however, be taken into
account. Upon the whole, therefore, we think that from the date of the arrival
of the men who Avere wounded at the battle of the Alma, — when, according to
Dr. M'Grigor and others, the hospital was short of surgeons, — until the third
week in October, the supply of second-class staff' surgeons and assistant surgeons
was inadequate, but that since that period it has been sufficient. In coming to
this conclusion we do not lose sight of the fact, that the number of medical
officers fit for duty is constantly liable to diminution by sickness. We have
taken that fact into consideration in forming the estimate which w^e have stated.

We have to notice, in connexion with this subject, a striking want in every
one of the hospital establishments here, which has been much felt by the
medical officers, and which admits of easy remedy. No room has been set apart
in any of the hospitals, except the General hospital, for operations. These
are necessarily performed in the wards, and in the presence of other patients.
Another want felt by the profession is the utter absence of sufficient accommo-
dation for post mortem examinations.

The orderlies have in point of numbers been always amply sufficient. In
ever\' other respect, however, except that of mere numbers, we regard this
branch of the hospital service as most unsatisfactory. The orderlies are drawn
from the ranks, without any regard to their aptitude or their inclination for the
employment, and are mostly men whose weak constitution unfits them for the
hardships of a campaign, or convalescents who have not sufficiently recovered
their health to return to active service. The duties of an hospital orderly are
frequently distasteful to them ; and the low rate of pay, Ad. a da}', is not
a sufficient inducement to them to overcome their repugnance. They arc also
liable to be sent back to their regiments ; and their places are then filled by
men of the same character, without the advantage of the experience which
their predecessors acquired. We must add, that the general habits of our
soldiers do not peculiarly qualify them for a situation requiring great steadiness
of conduct ; and fi'om the rank of life to which they belong, and the terms of
intimacy Avhich naturally subsist between themselves and their patients, they
have never the authority to prevent, and seldom the inclination to report any
irregularities which may come under their notice.

The ward-masters and assistant ward-masters are generally intelligent and
respectable non-commissioned officers ; but they do not possess that degree of
experience in the duties of their office which ought, in our opinion, to be an
indispensable condition to their employment in such a capacity in our military
hospitals.

The cooks, also, are soldiers ; and although they may be useful as assistants,
we think that they are but indifJerently acquainted with the peculiar style of
cooking required in hospitals.

The pack-storekeepers are non-commissioned officers, but, like all other
soldiers, are liable to be ordered off to their regiments.

Besides the above hospital attendants, we have to notice the staff of female
nurses under the superintendence of Miss Nightingale. That lady arrived at
Scutari on the 4th November, accompanied by thirty-eight nurses. These are
employed to attend to such cases as the medical officers in charge, and the staff

surgeons of their divisions, concur in considering cases requiring such attendance.
They are employed chiefly, according to Miss Nightingale's evidence, among the
wounded, the operation cases, and the severe medical cases. Their duties
consist, in surgical cases, in washing, and preparing for the morning visits of
the medical officer, such wounds as they are directed by that officer to treat
in this way ; to attend upon him in dressing the wounds ; and to receive, and
take to Miss Nightingale, his directions as to diet, drink, and medical comforts.
In surgical cases, a corridor and two wards are generally assigned to four nurses.
In medical cases, their duties consist in dressing bed-sores, seeing that the food
of the patients is properly cooked and properly administered, and that cleanli-
ness, both of the wards and of the person, is attended to. We have reason to
believe that the services of these hospital attendants have been extremely
valuable.

With respect to the supply of medicines, hospital furniture, medical comforts,
and provisions in these hospitals, we regret to state that the information which
we have been able to collect is most unsatisfactory.

The first step which we took on entering upon the inquiry directed by our
Commission was to write to the apothecary and the chief purveyor at
Scutari for a return of the several articles which were in their stores on the
1st of September last, of the articles received by them subsequently to that
date, distinguishing from what quarters these had been obtained, and of the
daily issues from their stores down to the day of the date of our letters, the
28th November.

"We regret to state that we failed to procure the particulars thus applied for.
The apothecary was suddenly seized with illness about the date of our letter,
and died within a day or two after. As his successor did not furnish us with
the returns in question within a reasonable time, we made a personal inspection
of the stores and books ; and having come to the conclusion, from the state of
both, that the information, if attainable at all, would not be attained without
much delay, we were compelled to resort to another and much less satisfactory
mode of ascertaining whether the supply of medicines and surgical appliances
had been sufficient or not.

We proceeded, accordingly, to examine in the middle of December, every
surgeon who was still doing duty, and who was in the hospital about the time
vv'hen the wounded from the battle of the Alma arrived. Those gentlemen
v/ere fourteen in number; viz.. Doctors Menzies, M'Grigor, Ancell, Sunter,
¥/ishart, Hungerford, Reid, Tydd, Evans, M'Munn, Wood, Hamilton, Johnson,
and Caldcr. AVe al>o examined Mr. Darrac and Mr. Andrews, the dispensers
at the General and Barrack hospitals during the same period. The evidence of
all these gentlemen is appended, and the conclusion to which it would, per se,
lead is, that from the time of the arrival of the wounded in September, until
the date of their examination, there was no want of surgical appliances, with
the exception of the double incline plane, or M'Intyre's splints, used occasionally
for compound fractures of the leg, of which there was not a sufficient supply,
—of oii silk for about two days in the middle of November last, — and of tow
on one occasion, when the more expensive material, charpic, was used in its
place. As it had been generally rumoured that lint and old linen, and other
such appliances, had been wanting for dressing the wounds of the men who
had been brought to the hospital after the engagement of the 20th September
we directed the attentioii of our witnesses more speciall}^ to those articles, ba.
Vv^e did not elicit that any such want had been experienced.

The evidence of the same gentlemen also would tend to show that the supply
of medicines was always sufficient during the same period, with the exception of
nitric acid, which was wanting tor about forty-eight hours in the beginning
of Decembei", and for which chloride of antimony was used, — ^of bicarbonate of
soda, which was wanting for about the same length of time, towards the middle
of November, and of powdered opium, for about the same space of time, on
one or two occasions, for which the various other preparations of that drug
were substituted.

We subsequently obtained li'om Miss Nightingale the following list of
apothecaries' stoj'es supplied by her since her arrival at Scutari.

Surgical Appliances, &c.

No. supplied.

Fiom
Public Stores.

Prom
Private Sources.

200

Stump pillows

Oiled cloth 200 vards

Air bed and cushions

300

Arm slings - -

son

100 sheets

Pasteboard for splints

1 C\{\ «llAfatG

Eve shades - -

1 sack

Chloride of lime

1 sack

374 lbs.

Soap _ _ _

10 lbs.

364 lbs.

Surgical sponges

Chloroform instruments

ad libitum

Padded splints

100

2 bales

Cotton wool - - -

, 2 bales.

2 casks

Olive oil

2 casks.

2 cases

Castor oil - -

2 cases.

This Table, — coupled with Miss Nightingale's statement, that she did not
issue any of the articles which it contained without having first been assured
by the apothecary that they were not in store, and were not expected — as well
as the evidence of the medical officers to which we have above referred, would,
under ordinary circumstances, afford strong evidence that the stores which failed
to supply the articles in question were destitute of them. We hesitated, how-
ever, from the knowledge we had acquired by personal inspection of these
stores, to adopt this inference, and subsequent inquiry satisfied us that
any such inference would be unsafe. With the view of testing the reason-
ableness of our doubts, we procured from the office of the Principal Medical
Officer the return of the stock taken by a Board which was lately appointed to
take stock of the apothecary's stores. This return is dated the 5th E'ebruary.
Upon examining the file of requisitions on those stores between the 1st and
10th of February, we find that the following medicines were refused, although
they were, according to the return of the Board, in the stores on the 5th of the
same month, in the quantities set opposite to them: —

Quantities in Store

Articles.

No.

of Times

at the

Unpacked.

Total.

refused.

General
Hospital.

Barrack
Hospital.

lbs.

Prepared chalk _ _ _

100

105

Tinct. catechu - . _

120

Bicarbonate of soda - -

200

Comp. tinct. cardami - -

Vin. ipecac. _ . _

Aromat. confection - -

These few instances will suffice to show the fallacy of inferring from the
refusal of articles required that they were not in store. Our observations,
however, should not be understood as casting blame on any individuals, for such
is neither their aim nor their necessary efiect. The want of storage-room, both
in the General and the Barrack hospitals, may perhaps account in some measure
for the confusion which we have noticed. Upon the whole, we come to the con-
clusion that although it is not impossible that some of the surgical appliances and
medicines mentioned by the medical officers whom we have above named, and
by Miss Nightingale, may have been wanting on two or three occasions during
the last five months, yet in the absence of positive and precise evidence on the
subject we are unable to specify either their precise nature or extent. We think
it right, however, to add that the Barrack hospital has, to our own immediate
knowledge, been left unsupplied on more than one occasion with articles in
store, owing to the neglect to keep the surgeries properly furnished.

With respect to the adequacy of the supply of hospital furniture, clothing,
and medical comforts, we have been equally unsuccessful in obtaining the
information which we demanded, or any other evidence of a sufficiently precise
character to enable us to arrive at an exact conclusion upon the subject.

From the evidence of Mr. Sabin and others, there appears to have been a
great want of bedsteads, mattresses, bedding, and hospital utensils, when the
wounded arrived in September, and the want of bedsteads has continued to be
felt to the present time. At present the furniture of the hospital appears tolerably
complete. With the exception of some bedsteads still wanting at Haidar Pasha,
we do not notice any want of hospital furniture. At Kuleli the bedsteads are
provided with shelves at the head, in imitation of the French hospital bedstead,
and this arrangement contributes much to order in the wards.

For the purpose of obtaining a more exact view of the deficiencies of this
department of the hospital establishment than is afforded by evidence of this
general character, we applied to Miss Nightingale for some returns, which she
was good enough to furnish to us. It is only necessary to premise, that that
lady, shortly after her arrival at vScutari, commenced to supply the hospital
with articles of furniture, clothing, and medical comforts. Her store, it will
be seen, was supplied partly from the public, but chiefly from private sources,
and the issues were made solely on the requisitions of medical officers in charge
of wards, countersigned by the staff surgeon of the division. The issues of
clothing and furniture were made, also, only after Miss Nightingale had ascer-
tained from the purveyor that the articles demanded were not in store, and
that he did not expect them from England or Constantinople. We also made
a similar application to Mr. Macdonald, a gentleman who has been engaged,
both here and in the Crimea, for the last three months, in expending a large
charitable fund, placed at the disposal of the proprietors of The Times news-
paper, for the benefit of the sick and wounded soldiers of the British Army in
the East; and that gentleman readily consented to furnish us with a list of the
articles which he had supplied, as well to the hospitals of Scutari as to those of
Balaklava and the field, and to the transport ships ; but, having learned from
him that he had not, like Miss Nightingale, inquired of the purvevors, before
sending his donations to their destination, whether the goods were in store
or expected, we found that the information which we demanded was unavailable
for the purpose for which we desired it, viz., as a test of the deficiency of
the purveyors' stores.

List of the principal Articles of Hospital Furnituee, &e. supplied by F. Nightingale,
on the Requisitions of the Medical Officers, to the Hospitals of Scutari, from
10th November 1854 to 15th February IS 55.

No. supplied.

*10,537
*6,823
- *4,607
6,173
1,508
1,350
*2,674
*427
. 443
*615
*301
379
Ad libitum
*789
*20
*247
150
715
1,117
4,326
557
1,786
75
*155
*280
*100
319

* The articles
rejrula tions of the

Cotton shirts
Flannel shirts
Drawers

Prs. socks and stockings

Nightcaps

Prs. slippers

Comforters

Prs. mits

Hospital suits of clothing
Handkerchiefs
Flannel belts

Sheets _ _ .
Old linen sheets
Towels

Hair mattrasses
Hair pillows
Straw pillows
Knives and forks
Spoons

Drinking-cups ftin)
Drinking-cups (earthenware)
Plates (tin)
Meat dishes
Bafeins (zinc)
Basins (earthenware)
Basins (wooden)
Bedpans

Obtained from
Public Stores.

400
400

50
270
300

150

379

150
20

150
70

100

300
57

300

Obtained from
Private Sources.

10,137

6,423
4,607
6,123
1,238
1,050
2,674
427
293
615
301

2,000
639

247
150
645
1,017
4,026
500
1,486
75
155
200
100
319

marked -with an asterisk form no part of the Hospital furniture
service.

E 2

and clothing, according to th«

No. supplied.

v)Dt£iin6u irorn

Obtained from

Public Sources.

Private Sources,

270

Urinals - . _

270

Close-stools and pans

*28

Buckets - -

- - -

*192

Tin pails for soup

192

Wooden trays _ - _

Hair brooms - _ _

136

Hand scrubbers _ _ _

- - -

J 36

Long scrubbers _ _ _

- - -

Mops - . - _ _

*93 sets

Shoe brushes - _ _

- - -

93 sets.

*22i dozen

Blacking - -

92^ dozen,

*528

Combs - - - _

444

*106

Lamps and lanterns

- - -

106

*51

Prs. scissors - _ _

- - -

*S9

Mats (cocoa nut)

- - -

baucepans - - -

Boiler -

Candlesticks . _ _

- - -

*24

Sick-feeders _ . _

- - -

Expectorating cups

138

Gallipots - _ _ -
Tables - - - -

138

1 4<4,

X VL Ilia - — • —

*19

Clocks - - - _

Baths - - . _

Operating tables

Having regard to the inquiry made of the purveyors before the issue of
the articles here set fortli, and having no reason for believing that any dis-
order prevailed in their offices, the above list would, p?-imd facie, tend
strongly to prove that the public stores were not always kept duly supplied
since November last with the articles described as being derived from private
sources. It fails, however, to prove the whole extent of the deficiency, for
Miss Nightingale's supplies were not always equal to the demands upon them ;
nor does it afford any indication of the deficiency of anj- other articles which
Miss Nightingale did not furnish.

On the other hand, it must be observed that a considerable number of the
articles furnished by Miss Nightingale form no part of the ordinary hospital
furniture. But further, confining ourselves to such goods as do, according to the
hospital regulations, form a part of such furniture, the list must not be regarded
as conclusive proof that the articles mentioned in it were invariably wanting
in the stores, for goods have been refused, although they were, to our personal
knowledge, lying in abundance in the store of the purveyor. This was done
because the}' had not been examined by a Board of Survey. On one occasion,
in the month of December last, we found that this was the case with respect to
hospital rugs, and it is probable that this has not been the only instance of
such an occurrence.

As a further means of ascertaining, if not the extent of the deficiencies in the
purveyors' furniture and clothing stores, at least the nature of the articles which
have been from time to time wanting, we requested to see the file of requisi-
tions kept in the purveyors' ofKces in the Barrack and General hospitals since
October last. To explain the bearing of these documents upon the question,
it is necessaiy to state that articles of hospital furniture and clothing are
issued by the purveyor only upon written demands. If he is wholly unable to
comply with a requisition when it is presented, he returns the document to the
bearer ; but if he can supply some of the articles demanded, he retains and
files it, striking out, often in pencil merely, those articles which he is unable to
furnish. The file of requisitions, therefore, does not faithfully represent the
whole of the wants of the hospital. It does not show the whole quantity of
articles refused, nor perhaps even all the various kinds of such articles, but
indicates merely that some articles which were demanded at the same time as
others could not be supplied.

An examination of the lists of articles which we found struck out in the
requisitions between October and January, both inclusive, will show some of
the wants which were not supplied when required ; but, for the reason which
we have stated, we attach little value to the trifling evidence which it affords.

Before leaving this subject, we have to express our opinion that the practice of
issuing articles on requisition is very objectionable, and should be limited
as far as practicable to the supply of casual and unforeseen wants. According
to the " Instructions of the Purveying Department of the Army of the East," of
14th November last, bedding, dresses, and utensils are to be issued to the
steward on demands duly approved by the senior medical officer ; but the
time of the steward is so wholly engaged, as we shall presently show, in
dealing out provisions, that he is unable to attend to any other branch of his
duties. The task of making these demands, and consequently of inquiring into
the state of the supply of such articles in the wards, is in practice thrown, in
these establishments, on the medical officers in charge of wards, whose requi-
sitions, as we have already noticed, need the countersignature of the staff
surgeon of the division. We think that this duty should not be cast upon the
medical officers. It is, in our opinion, an evil that the wards of a hospital are
not furnished with their periodical supply of sheets, shirts, and even of fuel or
candles, or obtain their full complements of bedsteads, bedding, and other
articles of furniture, without a formality which encroaches upon the time and
interferes with the legitimate duties of medical men. We think that all such
wants ought to be inquired into, or rather periodically anticipated, by the
officer whose duty it is to supply them.

From the neglect to file those requisitions which are altogether rejected,
coupled with tlie practice of never issuing articles except upon written
demands, it sometimes happens, that while wards are in want of articles, a
quantity of these is lying in store, and might be had upon application. We
found this to be the case on more than one occasion in the course of our
inquiry. The following instance may be mentioned. It may be seen, upon
reference to the list of furniture in the purveyor's store on 31st January, which
will be found below, that there were on that day a number of boards and
trestles in store, and yet, upon inquiring, a few days later, we ascertained that
there were still wanting in the Barrack hospital alone 289 bedsteads, viz.,
142 in the first division, 87 in the second, and 60 in the third, to complete
its furniture ; while in Haidar Pasha a considerable number of patients was still
unsupplied.

It is not to be inferred that the surgeons neglect to make the wants of their
w^ards known. This state of things is the result of the omission to make a note
or memorandum, when a requisition is not answered, of the article demanded,
and of the person demanding it, — an omission which leaves the purveyor without
the means of furnishing the goods when his store is replenished, but compels him
to wait for a fresh requisition. ^¥e have been assured that steps are taken to
give due notice of the arrival of goods which have been in demand ; but we
beheve that those steps have been very ineffectual. We have found that surgeons
whose requisitions were not complied with when they were made, have remained
long in ignorance that their demands might be supplied if repeated. On the other
hand, the refusal which they have met becomes generally known, and requisi-
tions for the article in question cease to be made. We believe that many
deficiencies which have been at different times observed in the furniture of the
wards is to be attributed to the practice of issuing only upon requisition, and
to the neglect to supply at a subsequent time those requisitions which were
not immediately answered.

In support of the practice of issuing upon requisition, it is said that those
documents are necessary, or at least convenient, as vouchers to prove that the
articles mentioned in them have been supplied ; but we think that in this
respect their value is worthless, because it must constantly be optional with
the purveyor or clerk receiving the requisition whether he shall or not draw
his pen or pencil through those articles which he is unable to supply. In this
respect a receipt by the recipient after the article has been furnished is of far
superior value and effect. We think it right, after making this observation, to
add, that we have not the slightest ground for suspecting that any such fraud
as we have alluded to as of possible occurrence, has even been attempted ; but,
in pointing out the evils of the system, we do not think it right to omit all

E 3

notice of such a defect as this. For the reasons above set forth, we think that
the practice of issuing on requisition is vicious, and should he limited as much
as possible.

The following return, which we obtained a few days ago, shows the quautitj'
of hospital furniture in the purveyor's store at Scutari on the 31st January.
This was before the arrival of the "Eagle," freighted with a large cargo of articles
for the use of the hospitals, including, among other things, 27,000 cotton
shirts.

Return of Bedding and Utensils iu Purveyor's Store at Scutari, 31st January

1855.

Articles.

neral
pital.

rrack
pital.

Total.

Articles.

neral
pital.

rrack
pital.

Total.

AtGe
Hos

At Ba
Hos

AtBa
Hos

. „

. ,

Palliasses

1 inn

'^dn

O^KJ

1,440

Tubs ...

Bolsters -

1 nnn

yyo

1,998

Trays (meat)

Blankets

o,voo

5,772

Hand sweeping brushes -

—

Sheets

O 984.

Q98

3,212

Knives

—

Rugs - -

319

Forks

—

304

Gowns, serge

O 1

837

Spoons

1,853

q
o

1,856

Trowsers, serge

644

Candlesticks

—

Waistcoats, serge

Q
O

552

Snuffers, jiair

Caps, Avorsted

9nn

266

Ladles, tin

Gowns, cotton

O 1 /I

324

Flesh forks

Trowsers, cotton

Odd.

1 n

254

Pint pots

100

1 nn

100

Waistcoats, cotton

1 nnn

1,033

Lamp burners

357

Caps, cotton

T Od

194

Stretchers

—

Towels, round

408

Hatchets

1
o

Towels, hand

9 nnn

2,000

Cotton wicks

1 '^n

170

Shirts, flannel -

—

Saws - -

Q
O

Shirts, cotton

dDK

434

Straps for hospital can-

Stockings, pair

T 1

teen

—

Socks, pair

"^Qd
OC74:

QfiK

1,379

Thread, white, lbs.

—

Hair beds

Thread, white-brown, lbs.

—

oyj

Hair bolsters

1 Q

Hammers

1 9

Turkish beds

1 d
IT:

Pickaxe handles

—

Flock pillows

—

Slipper baths

Turkish pillows

Earthen basins

—

ot)

Turkish quilts

1 OyJ

150

Earthen chamberpots

—

697

Small cushions

—

Delf plates

—

121

Turkish gowns

Door matts

—

Boards

913

Glass urinals

Trestles , - -

200

204

Turkish curtains

141

Combs

168

Iron trivets

Tin plates

166

199

285

Whitewash brushes

109

112

Chamber pots

Pack saddles

Closestool pans

Bedpans

Boxes, tools

Urinals ...

Funnels

123

Closestool frames (wood)

106

114

Nests of kettles (8 in

Mops

each)

Hair brooms

Meat choppers

Long scrubbers

Scales and weights (sets)

Hand scrubbers

250

256

Chisels

Passage lamps

104

112

Sets of measures for wine.

Hand lamps

&c.

Water-cans - - -

Matches (boxes)

168

168 .

Water-pails

137

194

Hessou, pieces

Fryingpans

Waterproof bedcovers -

Saucepans

Mop handles

170

Boilers (12 gallons)

Mallets

Tin dishes

Bottoms of stoves

102

Tea kettles

Sides of ditto

470

Teapots

232

Pieces of piping ditto -

615

Coffee pots

Selkirk Stuart,

Purveyor to the Forces.

In order to form an opinion of the adequacy of these supplies to nie. t future
demands, it is necessary to bear in mind that the stores at Scutari arc intended
to meet all the wants, not only of the Barrack and the General hospitals, the
Stables, Haidar Pasha, the Hulk, the " Bombay," and the establishments at
Kuleli, Abydos, Smyrna, and Gallipoli, but also to some extent those at
Balaklava and the hospitals in the field. On the other hand, it may be im-
portant to observe, that a vast quantity of hospital furniture is at present in
use, and that that quantity may suffice for future demands, if the number of
patients should decrease. In judging, however, of the probable wants of our
military hospitals, we possess no sufficient grounds for calculating upon any
diminution in the numbers under medical treatment. We therefore think it
probable that the supply of hospital furniture and clothing set forth in the
above list, with the exception of blankets, sheets, and perhaps of two or three
other articles, will not be found sufficient for the wants of the sick and wounded.

The following inventory of the furniture now in use at the Barrack hospital
has been furnished to us by Mr. Stuart, the purveyor.

Return of Puiiveyor's sStores in use at the Barrack Hospn-AL, Scutari.

Articles.

No.

of eacl).

Remarks.

Palliasses

Bolsters

Blankets

Sheets

Rugs

Boards

Tressels

Gowns

Trowsers

Waistcoats

Towels

Stockings

Tin plates

Knives and forks

Spoons

Chamber-pots
Close stools
Bed-pans
Urinals -
Tubs -
Baths

2,894
3,338
4,956
4,490
4,300
7,183
4,551
2,120
1,958
1,540
194
1,072
1,110
674
233
992
276
204
36
19
14

A certain niimber of articles of
bedding, dresses, towels, &c. at the
wash, are not included in the num-
bers stated in this Return, altliough
it may be said they are in use at
this hospital, being required to keep
the thing working, and supplying
clean linen, &c.

Barrack Hospital, Scutari,
February 12, 1855.

Selkirk Stuart,

Purveyor to the Forces.

Immediately connected with the subject of hospital furniture and clothing is the
provision which has been made for the washing, both of bedding and personal
clothing. 'J'his, we are of opinion, has not been satisfactory. At the General
hospital, indeed, eight or ten Armenians are employed for this purpose, and we
have heard no complaints from the men there, except that they frequently get the
shirt of another instead of their own from the wash ; and this we may observe
involves a greater evil than the mere loss of property. The washing is effected
without boiling, and without this process it is impossible to get rid of animal
matter. Under such circumstances the exchange complained of is peculiarly
objectionable. The washing of the bed linen is very badly done there, the
sheets which return from the wash being frequently found in a more filthy
condition than those which they are intended to replace.

From the following Table, which has been furnished tons by the purveyor, it
will be seen that 7,824 shirts were washed at that hospital during the month of
January, which gives to every man about two shirts per week. The number
washed at the Barrack hospital during the same period was only 3,837 ; and as
the average number of patients in that building exceeded ivi January 2,200, all
the men did not even get one shirt in a fortnight from the public washing
establishment.

E 4

bx)

•S

!=!
•T3

•\

P3
O
H
O

^
H

!zi
O
U

<I>
ai

^
I— I

o
W

a
'A
«

T?
P!
cS

iJ
<!
«

o
s3
o

bJO
d

bfl
PI
o
I— I

I— (
«
Q

-4

!2r

00
3

tz;
o
o

Total
Pieces.

28,033
23,402

51,435

•sasso.iWT!j\[ diqg

t -

■spcj

■snAvoQ qsijjanjj

•sdBOjqSl^

r -

1 ^

•sSai5[30}g JO s.iit!j;

•*

oi 1

« 1

7,824

•SI3SJ4.0JX pjuaniiSajj;

1 OD j 00

1,347

•S3IOBS.13AT3I-X

1 S

1 5

■*

•spaa J

•SAS.Oinj "

1 (M

00
CI

•spaa -iFH

1 00

•saScpuBg

1 s

•saajuoQ

1 to

CO
CD

•Siaii'BjQ;

CO
OS

•suns

7,824
3.837

11,661

•J 'pj 'sjasMOjj,

CO m

■J "H 'siBODjsrejVV

f-i Cl
»0 00
<N ^

VI 'H 'snitog

O CT.

r— CI

O CO

1 O ?D

' CO CO

•S4aaqg

d CO
I- CI

•s}a[aaA03 "

1 s

•SAvoinj

'spajj qsi5[.xn"f^

1 n

•sjsaqg

4,844
5,797

10,641

•sSny;

<o ^

O I»
O CO

1,637

•s;a5tUBia

3,254
5,984

cr.-

Cl^

•s.ia}S[oa

215
1,068

1 283

•sassBjKBj

CI l-H

-f

General - - -
Barkack - - -
Totai, • -

H
W

The washing- at the Barrack is done by contract, and not only is the quantity
washed in general insufficient, but the washing is very inadequately performed,
Miss Nightingale states, in her evidence in l^^ebruaiy, that she had seen
" blankets come back from the wash torn and covered with stains." She
added, that she had herself " sorted these blankets when taking in sick, and
" been compelled to throw away the so-called clean blankets till they could be
" carried away and destroyed." Mr. Stuart gave us a similar description of the
washing at an earlier period. We must add, that wc heard of some shirts
having been brought into the wards, on one occasion, as clean which were found
on examination with lice upon them ; and Dr. Calder states in his evidence the
same thing with respect to blankets.

With the view of meeting to some extent the want of proper washing,
Miss Nightingale established a wash-house on the 30th November, which was
provided with boilers, partly from the engineer office, partly from her own
resources. The average number of articles washed weekly at that establish-
ment during the month of January was 500 shirts and 150 other articles; but
these figures, like the other returns which we obtained from the same quarter,
do not indicate the Vvhole extent of the evil sou<2rht to be remedied. We are
glad to state, however, that washing, wringing, and drying machines have
ari'ived from England, for the purpose of doing all the washing of these
establishments.

With respect to the supply of medical comforts, the following Table will show
to some extent their deficiency. Beyond this we have obtained no information.

AA'ERA(iE Dau,y Issue of Extka Diets supplied froiu F. Xightingaee's Kitchens to the
ExTiiA Diet Rolls of the Medical Officer'?, Barrack Hospital, Scltai:i, from
13tli January 1855 to 13th February.

No. supplied.

I From

From

j Public Stores.

Privste Sources.

25 fjalions

Beef tea - . .

80 lbs. beef.

*i5 - -

Chicken broth

28 chickens

1 2 chickens.

*40 ,, - -

Arrow root

Ai'row root.

J5 „ - -

Sago _ - - -

: : :

Sago.

'2-\0 quarts

Barley water

Rirley. [

10 „

Rice water

Lemonade

_ ,

Lemons.

*:{()

Milk

Milk.

275 portions -

Rice puddings

Rico. 1

*15 bottles

Port wiue

Port u inc.

Marsala _ - _

Marsalu.

*:5

Brandy - -

i'ra.i)dy.

15 lbs. - -

Jelly " -

I.singlas^.

4' dozen

Egos - .

Eg|;S.

•'40

Ciiickens.

28 chickms j

i 2 chicken-!.

From Miss Nightingale's evidence, it appears that some of the articles which
she supplied from private sources were so supplied, not because the purve)'or
was unable to furnish the goods in question, but because the quality of those
which he procured was not good. This w-as the case with respect to the
articles marked with an asterisk ; viz., chickens, arrow root, milk, port wine, and
brandy. The other articles in the list, Avhich were supplied from private sources,
were refused to Miss Nightingale on n^quisition.

W^ith exception of such articles, the observations, which -vve have already
made upon the bearing of Miss Nightingale's supplementarv assistance to the
purveying departments apply to the list lastly set forth.

We think it right to observe, with respect to one important article in the
catalogue of medical comforts, viz., port wine, that the quantity which has been
used, as we are informed, in these hospitals, has been in our opinion greatly
excessive, and wholly disproportioned to the real wants of the sick.

The following Tables show the supply of medical comforts in the j.ur\oyor"s
store on the 31st of January, and the state of the supplies of articles of extra diet
in the charge of the connnissa] iat on the last days ot' October, November,
December, and January

-3

1 "
O

•(somog ui) loojAvojJV

IJ TO

^ CO

^ '

1-5

lib.
|Tins.

lib.
Tins.

CO
ITS

•ssojBi)Od; paua

•sao^Bjo^ paAjesajj

1 i •

Tins.
116

CD
r-t

1 pint
Tins.

10
li5

la
i-i

s '

■J98{I JO oauassg;

Cases.
16

i pint
Tins.

570
100

•f)ooi*\oiJV

Lbs.
1,790

456

o5 o
' 2

i-a

o
o

■831'a

S 1 1

Bot.
2,928

1 '= .

•A'puujg

1 ' s

CD
IN
1-1

1 ' i

Casks.
17

r-i

•Xiiaqg

1 r-t

•oSug

Lbs.

1,253

100

CO
CO

"^uaTnij'BQ

Lbs.

1,288

300

00
CO

•aotnj" otott;

1 " '

•sa^q'B^aSajV

Lbs.
100

Lbs.
846

1,820

CD
CD

•in^uoisEODO O •^aja'Eg;

rn CO O

CD
CO

co"

"* i-h"

o
a

•S[A\OjJ

6 o

•saSiiujo

O
O

■suotnai

•sSSa

1369

CO
CO

O uaijaoci;

la 1 <^

Is 1 1 ^
g ■§ § g

E-i
02

O
>

P-l

-3

H
O

o
O

o
o
o

-a

<1>

o
m

Ph
ft

M
H

i— I
M
<

Oi
t>

I— I

<!
cc
m
1— I

o
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iz;

o T3
COM

O
H
O

F 2

o
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H
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00
c3

►-5

1-3
Bh

«+-)
o

-3

U2 Q

2ti

The diets are generally abundant in quantity. It would he perhaps more
strictly true, if we described them as superabundant, for quantit ies of fragments
of unconsumed provisions are to be found daily in the wards and corridors.
In point of quality, the milk is bad. The meat is good, but ill-cooked ; and
all the other articles of food and drink are, we believe, of good quality.

According to Mr. Wreford, the purveyor-in-chiefi porter, ale, and occasionally
barley, sugar and rice, are procured for the hospital from the commissariat,
wiio also supply straw, wood, and charcoal, and, according to Mr. Stuart's
evidence, candles and oil. The meat is furnished by a contractor whose con-
tract is with the commissariat. Fowls, eggs, bread, potatoes, and vegetables
are also supplied under the same contract. " When the hospital," says
Mr, Wreford, '^was first established, the purveyor made the contract. Aftre-
" wards the Commissary General claimed the right of making the contract,
" but appended the condition that the purvej'or was to pay. This was done
" about Julv or Auoust. Things continued under that arrano;ement till 1st
" January, Since that time we have reverted to the usage that the commissa'y
" pays the contractor, on the verified account of the purvej^or." Arrowroot,
sago, tea, and port wine, and other articles of consumption in the hospital,
are procured by the purveyor.

The diets, ordinary and extra, are issued and distributed in the Barrack Hos-
pital in the following manner, according to the evidence of Clifford, the steward,
Hill, the cook, and Jennings, an orderl}-, whom we examined upon this subject.
The medical officer prescribes daily in his morning visit the diet and articles of
medical comfort which be thinks suitable for each patient for the following day.
This diet roll is, as we have already observed, submitted to the surgeon of the divi-
sion, who revises, and returns it to the ward-master, in whose custody it remains
until the following morning. At 64, a.m., an orderly from each mess, which con-
sists of about tvv^enty-five men, attends at the purveyor's store with his diet roll,
and produces it to the stev/ard, who delivers the quantity of bread required for
bj'eakfast, and at the same time makes a memorandum in his book of the
number of full, half, low, spoon, and milk diets on the diet roll- This is done
because tlie book containing the diet ro^l is not available after breakfist, being
in use for marking the diets for the next day. As the number of orderlies
thus engaged is necessarily considerable, an hour or an hour and a half is
employed in this manner. The bread is delivered, not in portions, but in loaves^
The tea is obtained by another, or sometimes by the same orderly, from the
kitchen. As soon as breakfast is concluded, that is, between 9 and 10 a.m.,
the orderly returns to the store, and obtains from the steward the proper
quantity of meat (which is weighed and delivered to him raw and in bulk),
bread, and salt for dinner. This process engages the time of the steward till
l'2h P M., or even later. The orderly carries the meat to the kitchen, ties it
up, puts a skcAver through it, and marks it with a tally, for the purpose of
distinguishing it from the numerous other messes to be boiled in the same
coppe]'. The men arrive at the kitchen for this purpose, in slow succession,
from about a.m. to p.m, WHiile the ordinary diets are in process of
cooking, the orderly goes to his ward, and as soon as the medical officer has
finished his round, and no longer needs the book in v;hich the diet rolls are
bound up, talies that document, and returns again to the steward, from whom
he now obtains the due allowance of porter, which he forthwith distributes.
He then returns once more, and obtains the other articles of extra diet, such as
chickens, wine, lemons, eggs, arrovv'root, sago, brandy, &c. By this time the
dinner is cooked ; and notwithstanding the tallies, and the best efforts of
the cook to see that the messes are issued fairly, mistakes occur, and
the diets of one ward arc sometimes taken to another. According to the
evidence of John Hill, the cook, the distribution of this meal, including soup,
occupies an hour and a half. The orderly carries up the dinner on a round
wooden tray, Vk^iich he places on the floor, and then divides the meat into as
many portions, — assigningto each its dueallow^ance of bone, — asthereare patients.
To eat this meat, the men are but imperfectly supplied with plates, knives, and
forks. As soon as it is concluded, the ordeily goes for the extras which have
been prescribed for the more weakly patients. They are now prepared by
the cooks attached to the extra-diet kitchens ; but before these were opened
they used to be cooked hy the orderlies themselves, sometimes in the kitchen
coppers, but more commonly in their own tin canteens, and either in the cook-

F 3

house or in some of the sheds in the barrack square, and not unfrequently in
the stoves of the wards. When the articles in question are cooked, the orderly
delivers to each patient all the extras prescribed for him for the day, without
regard as to whether the food is to be administered at one or several times.
He then cooks his own dinner, and afterwards gets the tea of his mess.

In the General hospital the meat is delivered out to the wardmasters, and
when cooked the whole is taken out, and is then cut np in the kitchen.

The result of these complicated arrangements is, that the greater part of the
stewards' and orderlies' time is wasted; that the meals are neither regularly
distributed nor comfortably served ; and that the patients are exposed to the risk
of not obtaining the food which has been prescribed for them. In the General
hospital, especially, the dinners are almost invariably quite cold before they
are served. The distribution of the extras is even more objectionable, because
the patient is practically limited to one meal in twenty-four hours ; and while
he is unable to consume at once the food allotted to him for an entire day, he
has often no difficulty in drinking at once the wine or brandy which was
intended to be taken at several times.

It will be noticed, upon examining Miss Nightingale's return of hospital
furniture and clothing, that in the course of about three months that lady issued
10,537 cotton and 6,823 flannel shirts, of which only 400 and 400 respectively
were obtained from the public store. Besides these, 11,234 more have been
furnished from the purveyor's store between the 1st October and the l6tli
February. This enormous supply, co-existing with constant complaints of the
want of the articles in question, needs explanation. Under ordinary circum-
stances, shirts form no part of hospital clothing. Every soldier is required to
have three shirts, and these are used by him when in hospital, and are deemed
sufficient in quantity. Upon the invasion of the Crimea, however, the men, as
we have already mentioned, left, in obedience to orders, their knapsacks in the
vessels which had carried them to Kalamita Bay, and many did not recover
them until long after, while some never recovered them at all. The sick and
wounded, who arrived at the hospitals immediately after the battle of the Alma,
were, v/e believe, destitute of all clothing, except that which was on their
persons ; and the majority of those who subsequently arrived from the Crimea
have been, until recently, in a similarly destitute condition. Even the shirts
which are found upon them on their admission into hospital are often in so
filthy a condition that it is necessary to cut them off.

Under these circumstances, it became necessary to provide them with shirts,
and when they leave the hospital they are permitted to take with them the
one actually in wear.

The subject leads us to notice a want which is still felt in these hospitals.
When a patient is convalescent, his clothing is not inspected, and every article
essential for the completion of his dress provided, before he leaves the hospital.
A quartermaster's store has been established here since the 5th of December
last, but no inspection of the men's clothing takes place until after they have
left the hospital. It must be obvious, however, that patients leaving the ward
of an hospital for the comparative discomfort of a barrack -room, and the duties
of a depot, must, unless properly clad, be liable to cold, and to a recurrence of
sickness ; and we therefore think it most desirable that no patient should be
suffered to depart from the hospital until his kit has been examined, and all its
essential deficiencies made good.

Upon leaving, the man resumes such of his effects as have not been destroyed
or lost. These are kept, during his sojourn in the hospital, in the pack store ;
and we believe, from personal inspection, that that store has been always
carefully and properly kept at the General hospital. At the Barrack, however,
it is in a state of great confusion. The storage room is insufficient, the
place is not properly fitted up for the purpose, and no register has, until
recently, been kept of the men's effects. Losses consequently must occur
from want of due arrangement, and also, we must add, from misappropriation ;
for in the condition in which we found the store on the two or three occasions
on which we visited it, it appeared to us that any dishonest soldier might, with-
out risk of immediate detection, claim and carry off the property of any other
man of the same regiment. Indeed, we heard many complaints on this subject.

The convalescent, on leaving the hospital, either joins the depot, which, we
have already mentioned, is quartered in the Barrack hospital, or goes on board
the Hulk (a Turkish frigate) or the " Bombay " transport,— two vessels lying
at the mouth of the Golden Horn, and which have been fitted up for the
reception of convalescents.

In the following Table will be found some account of these vessels and their
equipments.

Keturn of Equipment of Turkish Hulk and Bombay Transport.

Name

of
Vessel.

Tonnage.

No. of Hammocks.

No. of Cots.

No. of Mattrasses.

No. of Blankets.

Waterclosets.

Niglitstools.

Bed-pans.

Urinals.

Chamber pots.

titate 01
Ventilation.

Means of
Ablution.

No. of

Surgeons
and Assistant
Surgeons,

IN 0. Oi

Orderlies.

Me&QS of
Cooking.

Hulk -

2,300

Lower

670

198

1,500

Hatchway

35 tubs

1 surgeon

3 Serjeants

3 coppers

Deck,

and

6 ft.,

Ports.

2 baths.

1 assistant

15 orderlies.

24 saucepan

and

surgeon.

Main

Deck

7 ft. lin.

Bombay

1,500

6ft, 2 in.

159

520

Hatchway

Buckets

1 surgeon

1 Serjeant

1 copper

deck.

and

Ports

bowls.

1 assistant

13 orderlies.

3 tin cam.

surgeon

We have only to observe upon this subject, which perhaps does not in strict-
ness fall within the limits of our task, that as the men onboard have, as a class,
ceased to need medical treatment, the amount of accommodation and the
supply of surgeons and other hospital attendance, and such matters, are
to be judged by a different standard from that which applies to a ship or
hospital containing sick and wounded. Wc think that the Turkish Hulk is well
suited for the accommodation of the men, but the " Bombay " is not so well
adapted for this purpose, being too lov*^ between decks. Fler upper deck, however,
is well ventilated by large ports. In our opinion, it is veiy inexpedient to send
convalescents on board a ship. The confinement which is incidental to living
on board is prejudicial both to their health and spirits. For the purpose, how-
ever, of collecting in one place invalids intended for home, it vvould be very
convenient, having regard to the unfavourable situation of Scutari for embarka-
tion, to make the Hulk a depot for such men, in order that when a vessel is
prepared to convey them home, they may be embarked without any of the
delays which are at present of common occurrence.

The account which we have given of the condition of the sick and wounded
in the field, on board ship, and in the General hospitals, applies to officers as
well as to men, with the exception of the hospital accommodation provided
for them. In this respect their condition differs from that of the common
soldier. In the field the officer is treated in his own tent. On board ship, he
is provided with a cabin or a share of a cabin, and in the hospitals of Scutari
he has a room to himself, or, more frequently, he shares it with one and some-
times several companions. The chief want which has been felt by them has
been the want of good cookery. Upon this subject we heard frequent, and, in our
opinion, well founded complaints at the General hospital. The Barrack hospital
has been better provided in this respect. A kitchen was established in December
last, for the use of officers, and it has, we believe, contributed to their comfort.

There is only one other subject connected with the condition of the sick or
wounded officers of our army in the East which demands separate notice.
Complaint has been made to us of the numerous formalities which must be
complied with before sick or w^ounded officers can obtain sick leave. According
to Mr. Cattell, Assistant Surgeon of the .5th Dragoon Guards, and Major Thomp-
son, the Commanding Officer of that regiment, who corroborates Mr. Cattell's
statements, it would seem that these formalities are not mere!}' tedious, but
have proved disastrous also. In order to obtain authentic evidence upon this
subject, we wrote to the Adjutant General of the Army in the East for copies
of all general or divisional orders issued respecting it. We obtained no answer

to our letter, and we have been therefore obliged to resort to other sources of
information.

The following is, we believe, the substance of a divisional order issued on the
6th December last, and still in force : — Before an officer obtains sick leave, the
surgeon of his regiment has to lay his written certificate of the state of the officei's
health before the commanding officer of the regiment, who must write an official
letter on a half margin, which is to be sent to the General of the brigade.
Upon receiving the signature of this officer, it is transmitted to the General of
the division, by whom it is similarly to be signed. Both documents are then to be
sent to the StatF Surgeon of the division, who is to sign the former if he approves
of it, and to transmit both to the Principal Medical Officer. By him they
are to be laid before the Adjutant General for submission to the Com-
mander of the Forces in the East. If the leave which is granted upon consi-
deration of these papers extends to Scutari or to England, a letter from the
Quartermaster General is necessary to provide the officer with a passage. This
letter is addressed to the Transport Agent, who, on receipt of it, furnishes the
bearer with another for the master of the transport by which he is to sail.

It is not competent for us to judge how far these formalities are essential for
the purpose of maintaining order and discipline in the army ; but, having regard
solely to the health of the officers in the East, and to the extreme importance
which we attach to the immediate removal of all serious cases from the field,
where, as we have already stated, we think it extremely difficult to treat them
successfully, we recommend that means should be devised to simplify, as iiuich
as is consistent with other considerations which do not concern us, the
formalities connected with the grant of sick-leave to officers.

It remains for us to submit such suggestions for the improvement of the
military hospitals in the East as have occurred to us in the course of our
inquiry. Some of those which we have offered in other parts of our Report
will probably be found applicable to this branch of the subject also.

1. We think that the employment of soldiers as hospital attendants is inex-
pedient. The duties of a steward, ward-master, assistant ward-master, cook, and
hospital orderly, demand a degree of education, skill, and experience Avhich
men casually drawn from the ranks seldom possess. We think that the ward-
masters, assistant ward-masters, and orderlies especialh^ should, as far as prac-
ticable, be men who have undergone a course of previous training in other large
hospital establishments ; and, to ensure to the hospital the permanent services of
duly qualified persons, that they should be independent of the military power,
which, under the present system, can at any time order hospital servants to
rejoin their regiments. Respectable non-commissioned officers and soldiers
would, if withdrawn from the array altogether, be probably found efficient
members of such a body of hospital servants as we propose.

2. Under existing circumstances, and indeed at all times of great pressure, it
may be found impracticable to provide a sufficientlj' large body of civil hospital
servants. In such a case, no soldiers should be selected for this emploj-ment
except men of strong constitution, active habits, intelligence, and good
character, and, when found duly qualified, they should not be liable to removal by
the military authorities as long as their services were required in the hospital.

3. The pay of hospital orderlies ought to be sufficiently liberal to attract
efficient men to the service ; and w'ith a view of maintaining in good health
persons who are peculiarly exposed to danger from contagion, infection, and
other noxious influences, we think they should be supplied with good and
abundant diet, properly cooked for them ; that they should be quartered out of
the wards ; and that a reasonable time should be allowed to them, daily, for
recreation and exercise. For the maintenance of order, they should be under
the sole and immediate control of the chief officer, or Governor of the hospital,
who should have ample power to punish all breaches of discipline without
resorting to the military power.

4. We think that the proportion of first-class staff surgeons employed in
every hospital should be one for any number of patients not exceeding 450, and of
second-class and assistant surgeons, one for any number not exceeding sixty. We
recommend, further, that means should be devised for relieving these officers as
much as possible from the extra professional duties which are at present cast

upon them ; and that, for the reasons for which we made a similar suggestion
in the case of the orderhes, they should be quartered beyond the precincts of
the hospital.

5. For the purpose of providing most conveniently for the due supply of
the last-mentioned officers, we think that whenever an increase of the medical
establishment of the army beyond its ordinary strength in time of peace is
required, that increase should be made on the staff, because it is always
more easy to attach a staff officer to a regiment in any emergency, than
to detach a regimental officer from his corps upon any special duty. The
services of the former are understood to be always available in whatever
direction they are needed, while those of the latter are of a more specific
character, and are in strictness hmited to the wants of his regiment. Except
after an action, or in times of extraordinary sickness, a surgeon and an
assistant surgeon, especially if they had the assistance of an apothecary, should,
in our opinion, amply suffice for attending to all the medical and surgical wants
of a regiment. Any further assistance which they might require in circum-
stances of unusual pressure could alwajs be readily afforded from the staff.

The demands of the army during the last six months on the professional
services of medical officers appear to us to afford strong indications that the
increase ought to be on the staff. Those demands have been, to a great extent,
for the charge of sick and wounded men in our general hospitals and on board
transports; duties by no means regimental, and for which, therefore, staff officers
are more readily available than regimental ones. If the suggestion which we
have already made, viz., that the sick and wounded should, with the exception
of very slight cases, be at once removed from the field to the rear, should be
adopted, the expediency of strengthening the staff rather than regiments would
be still more obvious.

6. We think that the duties of the purveyor in our hospitals in the East are
too numerous and heterogeneous to be efficiently performed by one person, and
that they might be conveniently distributed. Those duties appear to be the
following : — He has to provide clothing, stationery, provisions, and washing ;
and to issue the former, and superintend the last. He has, further, to
superintend the servants, and the cooking and distribution of meals ; to see to
the cleanliness of the passages and exterior of the building ; to report its want
of repair ; to make funeral arrangements ; to keep a register of the patients,
officers and servants ; to make out the pay and ration returns of officers,
their servants and horses ; and to make the wills of any patients needing that
assistance.

It seems to us that the duty of providing hospital furniture, clothing,
stationery, provisions, and medical comforts might be advantageously trans-
ferred to the commissariat. We think that the purveying department, so
far as it is a special commissariat for hospitals, is unnecessary under existing
circumstances, and that its duties in that capacity would be much more
efficiently performed by the commissariat of the army — a body which has
much larger resources, and a much larger staff always at its disposal, than
the purveyor of an hospital, and which has duties of a similar kind to
perform. Already the commissariat has relieved the purveyors of the task of
landing their stores; and both the Hospital Regulations of 1845 (Art. 59.) and
the Instructions of November last (Art. 25.) point to the same body as the
proper quarter from vv'hich all articles of diet required for the sick should be
procured. We think that those directions might be advantageously extended
to hospital furniture, stationery, and clothing. To impose upon two separate
departments the discharge of duties so closely analogous, appears to us rather
as the unnecessary employment of two agents for practically one purpose than
a sound division oflabour.

The washing of bedding and clothing might also be well left to the
commissariat. When it cannot be done by contract, a proper body of servants
should be employed for the purpose. The commissariat should be intrusted
with all the financial affairs of the establishment.

A strong ground for believing that the transfer which we propose would be
greatly conducive to the efficiency of our hospitals, is the fact that in the
military hospitals of the French, which appear to be well conducted, the various
duties of furnishing provisions and washing are discharged by their commis-
sariat.

7- When a building is opened as an hospital, it should, we think, be furnished,
not as at present, ward by ward, but division by division. Assuming that each
division should contain the maximum number of patients which we think can
be properly superintended by a first-class staff surgeon, that, is about 450, all
the articles necessary for completing its due furniture might be supplied to the
steward direct. A list of the articles which would probably be found necessary
and sufficient for this purpose will be found in the Appendix. It was prepared
for us by a person in whose judgment and experience in such matters we place
entire confidence.

The steward would see, in the first place, to the due arrangement of the
furniture thus supplied, and afterwards to the due preservation of the articles in
use. To him also would be intrusted the custody of the linen and other goods
not in use. Upon this officer would devolve the duty of issuing from his
stores, which would be kept supplied by the commissariat, all articles of
extra diet and medical comforts for the patients of his ward, and the requisite
daily and other periodical supplies of fuel, candles, and other such matters. He
would issue from his stores all such articles of furniture, clothing, and
stationery as might be from time to time required, taking receipts for his
vouchers for the supply of those goods, instead of requisitions. It would be
his duty also to make all funeral arrangements.

When the establishment is very large, like the Barrack and General hospitals,
it would probably be found necessary to appoint a steward or an assistant
steward to each division, which might in such cases be advantageously provided
also with a separate kitchen.

8. The duty of repairing and keeping in proper condition, not the buildings
merely, but the approaches and court-yards, should rest with the engineer
department, and that of drawing the wills of patients with the medical officers.

9. We think that the distribution of the meals might be much simplified and
improved, if the food were issued to the orderlies only when cooked and served
ready for use. This might be easily managed, if the steward were supplied in
due time with an abstract, showing the total number of ordinary diets, and of
articles of extra diet demanded for the division for the following day, and he
were to deliver to the cook direct, and not to the orderlies or ward-masters, the
proper quantity of the various articles required, which should be issued at
fixed hours, cooked and divided into portions for each patient.

10. It should be the duty of the pack storekeeper to attend upon the
admission of every patient, to receive the man's clothing, accoutrements, and
effects, and make an inventory of these in his presence. It might be found
necessary to attach a pack store to each division.

11. Before the patient is discharged from hospital, his kit should be inspected,
and he should be supplied with every essential article necessary for the com-
pletion of his dress, llie cost of these might be fairly borne by the man or by
the nation, according as the loss or destruction of the articles which they
replaced, was owing to his own default, or was caused by superior orders, or
other circumstances beyond his control.

To these suggestions, which are applicable to our military hospitals in
general, we add a few which bear only upon our principal establishments at
Scutari.

1. The first of these is, that a large store ship should be anchored as near
as convenient to the wharf of the Barrack hospital, for the immediate storage
of medical and purveyors' stores, and all other packages, whether coming from
England or elsewhere, destined for the hospitals or any of their inmates, until
they can be conveniently landed. We think that by this means vessels will
be enabled to discharge their cargoes without delay, and that the goods will not,
as is now, we are informed, sometimes the case, be lost in the custom-house
at Constantinople.

2. We think that a small steamer should ply incessantly every day in calm
weather between the wharf of the Barrack hospital, and in rough between the
wharf in the town of Scutari, and Constantinople, for the convenience
of the hospital establishments and of the large number of persons connected
with them.

3. A proper supply of large open boats should be always kept ready for the
landing of sick and goods without delay.

With respect to the Barrack hospital, we have to recommmend that the depot
which is now quartered in that building should be forthwith removed. Upon
this subject we may limit ourselves to repeating the observations which we
addressed on the 26th of January to Lord Wm, Paulet, the commandant : —
" As long as the building which is now chiefly devoted to the accommodation
" of the sick is partially occupied by duty-men, convalescents, and a large
" number of soldiers' wives, and consequently is liable to be frequented by
" a varety of other persons, either connected with the canteen which is
" established in the place, or otherwise, we are of opinion that great difficulty
" will continue to exist in establishing order and regularity in the hospital."

Lastly, believing, for the reasons which we have before mentioned, that
the situation selected for our hospital establishments is objectionable, we would
suggest that all further hospital accommodation should be sought in or near
Constantinople, where all the resources of the country are most accessible, and
where the embarkation and disembarkation of men and goods can at all times
be effected without difficulty or danger.

As the hospital establishment at Varna was broken up early in December,
we have not visited that place.

With respect to Gallipoh, we have left it also unvisited, thinking it more
important to report without delay upon the several questions Avhich form the
subject of this Report. The troops quartered there consist of a portion of
the 4th Regiment. Mr. Meikleham, the surgeon in charge, favoured us, without
delay, with full replies to the letter which we addressed to him in terms similar
to those in which our communications to the apothecary and purveyor-in-chief at
Scutari were framed. From his answers, which we append, it will be seen that
the number of patients admitted into the military hospital at Gallipoli between
the 1st September and SOth November was only eleven.

In concluding our Report, we feel that some explanation of the delay which
has occurred in presenting it is due to your Grace. The chief cause of this
was the death of the late Dr. Spence, one of the original members of our body.
That gentleman proceeded, on the day after our arrival at Constantinople, to
Balaklava, on a special mission with which his colleagues yvere unconnected.
He was lost on the 14th of November by the foundering of the Prince,
and it was not until 27th of the same month that the Commission was re-
constituted.

We have the honour to be,
My Lord Duke,
Your Grace's most obedient and humble servants,

A. GUMMING.
P. BENSON MAXWELL.

P. SINCLAIR LAING.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMMISSIONERS.

Gentlemen, War Department, October 23, 1854.

The Duke of Newcastle's attention having been called to various
statements which have been made as to the condition of the wounded and sick
soldiers of Her Majesty's iVrmy in the East, and the inadequacy of the hospital
accommodation, medicines, medical attendance, stores, and comforts provided
for the soiiliers so disabled for active service, I am desired by his Grace to
request that you will undertake, on tiie part of Her Majesty's Government,
to visit Constantinople, Scutari, Varna, Gallipoli, and the Crimea at the
earliest practicable opportunity, and that you will make a combined and personal
examination and inquiry into the following subjects : —

1. The present condition and wants of the sick and wounded officers

and soldiers of the British army now serving in the East, and who
at the present time are by such wounds, injuries, or disease, dis-
abled for active service with the Queen's troops.

2, Into the state and condition of the hospital accommodation provided

for the British army in the East, especially at Scutari, Varna,
Gallipoli, and the Crimea; including in such inquiry the amount
of provision made and in actual operation for the supply of medical
and other attendance, medicines, and medical stores and comforts
necessary for the relief and preservation of the sick and wounded
soldiers of Her Majesty's army in the Crimea and Turkey, and
the adequacy or inadequacy of such provision for any future con-
tingencies, according to your opinion arid belief.

In these branches of inquiry you are directed by the Duke of Newcastle
to request and invite the attendance and assistance, at the most convenient
periods, of such of the medical and commissariat otTicers connected with
Her Majesty's army in the East, as can afford you the best information and
advice. You are also directed by his Grace n)utually to confer with each
other, before entering upon such inquiry, both as to the persons to be
examined by you, and also as to the mode and course of examination v.'hich
may mutually and collectively seem to you most desirable and possible to
be pursued.

The Duke of Newcastle also desires me to state, that in order to secure
the utmost eflRciency in the present inquiry, and also to attain the greatest
practicable security as to the value, nature, and character of tlie evidence to be
received by you, Ids Grace has selected one of your number especially, on
account of his legal and practical fitness for, and experience in the examination
of witnesses, and in the conduct of inquiries of a public, official, and judicial
character ; and his Grace is therefore desirous that upon that gentleman, so
selected, should devolve the duty of more especially conducting the examination
of witnesses and in recording the evidence to be collectively taken by you
whilst pursuing the various duties of this your commission.

Tlie Duke of Newcastle also desires me to request that the utmost aid may
be rendered to the objects he has in view, on the part of tiiose of your

number who are possessed of medical and hospital experience, by an unreserved
and free communicaticn of their several views to each other upon all or any
points most desirable to be kept in view in pursuing your mutual and several
duties, so that there be a combined and active co-operation in attaining the
full and complete truth, and in presenting to his Grace the most compre-
hensive report and the most desirable suggestions with respect all to those
several matters which are thus entrusted to your investigation and con-
sideration, and with a view to the correction of any deficiencies which may
exist or arise in the conduct of the hospital establishments, the amount of
the medical staff, the supply of medicines, medical stores, medical comforts,
and accommodation necessary for the use and welfare of the wounded and
sick soldiers of the Queen's army on service in the Crimea and Turkey,
and the means of transport placed at the disposal of the medical authorities,
with a view to the proper distribution of such stores and medicines, as well
as of the medical statf itself, where they may be from time to time most
required, whetiier with the army in the field or with the regimental or general
hospitals.

I am also authorised by the Duke of Newcastle to offer each of yon the
following terms of remuneration, to be paid by the Lords Commissioners of the
Treasury, viz., the sum of 800 guineas each, in full of all claims, demands, and
expenses, during three calendar months, commencing from the day of your
severally leaving England on the purposes and for the objects of this inquiry,
and whilst prosecuting the same ; and also the further sum of 4Z. each, per diem
for any day of absence or of occupation upon the duties aforesaid, beyond the
said term of three months which may be absolutely necessary for the puposes
of the said inquiry, and the completion of your report thereon to his Grace,
such several times, however, not to exceed altogether, and inclusive of the said
first-mentioned term of three months, the period of four calendar months.

The Duke of Newcastle further, and lastly, desires me to request that in case
of the sickness or inability to act on the part of any one of your members,
you will obtain th^ assistance of some qualified person most suited to supply
the absence of such of your colleagues as may be so incapacitated from acting
with you.

And it only remains for me, under his Grace's commands, to impress upon
you the urgent necessity of your prosecuting the responsible duties of the
inquiry now committed to you with the least possible delay, and of furnishing
his Grace with your report thereon at the earliest period consistent with a due
fulfilment of the trust imposed upon you, and which you have severally con-
sented to undertake at his Grace's request.

I have, &c.
(Signed) H. Roberts.

Alex. Camming, Esq., M.D.
Thomas Spence, Esq., M.D.
P. B. Maxwell, Esq.

I.— 11.

TRANSPORT OF SICK AND WOUNDED, FIELD HOSPITALS,
AND HOSPITAL AT BALAKLAVA.

Letter from Dr. Hall to Lord Raglan,
My Lord, Varna, August 3, 1854.

In obedience to your Lordship's order, I have the honour to submit a few observa-
tions concerning medical arrangements for the comforts of the wounded, on or near the ap-
proach of the opening of an active campaign ; and as I wish these observations, if approved of
by your Lordship, to be issued to the medical officers of this array employed under my su-
perintendence, I venture to enter more into detail than I would otherwise have done, and for
this unprofitable occupation of your Lordship's valuable time, I crave your indulgence. I
shall now proceed to the ambulance of the army, and state what 1 consider necessary for
one division from which the amount required for the whole army can be easily computed.

L The ambulance equipment for one division of the army, consisting of two brigades of
three battalions each, the battalions being 800 strong, should consist of two large store wag-
gons, to be under the care of a purveyor's clerk, at the head quarters of the division ; these
waggons to contain a reserve supply of medicines, materials, medical comforts, tents, and
bedding. Each battalion surgeon should have a pack Iiorse for the conveyance of his
instruments ; a few medical comforts for immediate use, such as a bottle of brandy, half a
pound of tea, one pound of sugar, and four ounces of arrowroot, a few tins essence of beef,
some medicines, and a supply of surgical materials agreeably to the printed scale laid down
in the regulations. A spring waggon should also be attached to each battalion for the
removal of the wounded off the field, and for the conveyance of the hospital canteens A and
B, with twelve sets of bedding, ten canvas bearers, and the hospital marquee on the line of
march; or when the spring waggons are either small or are reqviired for the conveyance of
sick and wounded, a reserve waggon might be attached to each brigade for the carriage of
these articles. Canvas bearers with long poles and shoulder straps, in the proportion of two
to every 100 men, will also be required.

So that the statements will stand thus, viz., —

2 large store waggons for head quarters of division.

2 smaller ones for brigades, provisonal.

6 spring waggons or carts, one for each regiment.

Total 10 for a division.

Canvas bearers per regiment 16(10 have been issued already), with long poles and shoulder
straps, and 32 men to carry them ; 24 taken from the bandsmen, drummers, and pioneers,
and eight from the ambulance corps : — •

Total of canvas bearers for division, 96 ;
with 192 bearers for them, — 144 taken from regiments, and 48 from the ambulance corps.

According to this calculation, the present army in the field in Turkey, which consists of
three divisions of infantry, one of cavalry, two troops and 10 companies of artillery, would
requure, g divisional store waggons - - 1

6 brigade waggons - - - i Infantry

18 regimental carts - - " - J

Total 30 of waggons for infantry.

2 store waggons - - - "1 r i

4 spring waggons - - - j ^^^^

Total 6 of waggons for cavalry.

2 store waggons - - - -1 ArtlUerv

4 sprmg waggons - - - .j artillery.

Total 6 of waggons for artillery.
Grand total 42 waggons for the whole army.
Canvas bearers, —

Total for infantr I canvas bearers with 576 men, — 432 taken from regiments,
^ \ and 144 from the ambulance corps.

Total for cavalr i canvas bearers and 48 men from the ambulance corps for
y \ cavalry.

Total for artillery i bearers and 48 men from the ambulance corps for

•' \ artillery.

Total for army: .336, with 672 bearers, — 432 taken from regiments, and 240 from
ambulance corps.

2. Before a division takes the field, the principal medical ofiicer should satisfy himself,
by personal examination, that the equipments of surgeons of regiments are complete in every
respect ; and it would be a necessary precaution for him to sec the pack horses loaded in his
presence, as by that means he would ascertain that no straps, buckles, or cords were wantin"-

H 2

3. When an action with the enemy seems inevitable, the surgeon of each regiment will
make arrangements for the removal of the wounded of his corps from the field ; and it
would be desirable for him to give some instructions to the bandsmen and others employed
in that duty, how to apply a field tourniquet, to restrain dangerous hemorrhage until the
assistance of the medical oflacer on the field can be obtained ; and for this purpose a tourni-
quet should be given to each party of bearers. The bearers should also each of them carry
a canteen full of water.

4. While the troops are advancing, the medical officers will follow Avith the spring
waggons and bearers, and any other conveyance that is available ; but when they deploy
or form for action, all, except one medical officer per regiment will move a short distance to
the rear, out of musket range, and will prepare for affording aid to the wounded, and perform-
ing such primary operations as may be deemed absolutely necessary. For this purpose the
surgical panniers must be brought up, and instruments, ligatures, dressings, and cordials
(brandy), got ready : and above all things an abundant supply of water provided, for the
safe and easy conveyance of which the leather bags or skins, formerly recommended, would
be found roost convenient.

5. Dr. Hall takes this opportunity of cautioning medical officers against the use of
chloroform in the severe shock of serious gunshot wounds, as he thinks few will survive
where it is used. But as public opinion, founded perhaps on mistaken philanthropy, he
knows is against him, he can only caution medical officers, and entreat they will narrowly
watch its effects, for hovf ever barbarous it may appear, the smart of the knife is a powerful
stimulant, and it is much better to hear a man baAvl lustily, than to see him sink silently
into the grave.

5. One medical officer for each regiment, — generally the junior assistant surgeon, — should
follow the troops within musket range, so as to be at hand to check any alarming hemorrhage ;
and to expedite the removal of the wounded off the field to the rear, and for this purpose
the bearers should be placed under his orders, and the regimental spring Avaggon be so
stationed as to be within easy reach, to convey them to Avhere the surgeon and his assistants
have established themselves. The field assistant should carry with him in his haversack,
his pocket case of instruments, Avith a fcAV ligatures ready cut, two field tourniquets, some
lint, and two or three bandages ; and he should be accompanied by three men, one Avith a
knapsack or haversack containing a pint bottle of brandy, and some other stimulants,
24 bandages, half a pound of lint, three sponges, six long and six short solid splints, tAvo old
sheets, cut into quarters before starting, for the purpose of rolling fractiu'ed limbs in, and
so prevent them from sustaining further injury in the men's removal from the field. This
is best accomplished by placing the old linen txnder the limb, and rolling the splints up in it
from the outer edge, and rolling tOAvards the limb on each side, and then securing the
whole by tAvo or three bands of tape. In this Avay Dr. Hall thinks medical officers Avould
find they can temporarily secure fractured limbs better and much more expeditiously than
in any other manner. The orderly should have in his knapsack, in addition to the above
articles, a piece of tape, some pins, and two or three rolls of tow.

He should carry a canteen, either of Avood or of India rubber, full of water, and a
drinking cup. The second man should carr^^ a canvas bearer Avith shoulder straps, and,
like the former, should have a canteen full of water. The third man, I think, should be
armed to protect the party against stragglers and marauders, and, like his felloAvs, carry a
canteen full of AA'ater. The second assistant surgeon should receive the Avounded from the
field, see them carefully placed in the spring waggon, and then accompany the spring
waggon to Avhere the surgeon and third assistant are stationed, ready to afford them the
surgical aid they require. For this service the second assistant surgeon should be accom-
panied by tAVO men to assist in placing the men carefully in the waggon ; these men
should accompany the waggon, and assist in like manner in taking the Avounded out.
These men should likewise carry canteens full of water, and there should be a skin of
water as a reserve in the Avaggon, with a drinking cup.

6. The site selected by the staff surgeon of brigade for the reception of the Avounded
from the field should be as sheltered as possible ; and if not easily distinguished, a flag
should be put up ; and if any houses be near, calculated for the reception of Avounded
men, they should be taken possession of at once, and an abundant supply of water and, if
possible, straw provided.

7. Should the action prove decisive, tents can be pitched for the temporary accommoda-
tion of the AA'ounded ; but should the army advance, the surgeon and one assistant at least
should accompany their regiments, leaving one or two assistants, according to the number
of wounded, to aid the divisional staff, aa'Iio will pitch the reserve marquees, and make all
requisite preparation for the comfort and accommodation of the Avounded, by having tea,
broth, or essence of beef (Avhich is readily made into broth by adding hot water), Avine,
and brandy, &c. ready. Should the army unfortunately meet Avith a reverse, all available
transport must be pressed for the removal of the AVOunded to the rear, and they must be
sent off as speedily as possible ; but neither here nor in the field of battle should any one
be carried, Avhose hurts are so slight as to admit of his Avalking ; nor should commanding
officers of regiments, when Avounded, be alloAved to take medical officers of their oavu corps
to the rear Avith them, or officers of any grade be permitted to appropriate the spring
waggons for the special conveyance of themselves and their luggage ; and positive orders
should be given to prevent bandsmen, drummers, or pioneers, specially told off" to assist
the wounded, from being left in charge of officers' houses and eff'ects.

8. Should the army have to effect a landing on an enemy's coast, with an opposing force
to meet it, the men should eat a good meal before leaving the ships, and sliould cook wliat-
ever nrovisions it is deemed necessary to serve out to them before they start. Pork ia
better than beef for this purpose, as it warms up more readily with any vegetable the men
may find on shore. The medical officers should land with the last boats of their regiments,
and should carry with them their haversacks, dressings, and canvas bearers, if the landing
be opposed, so as to be able at once to bring the wounded to the boats for conveyance to
the ships set apart for their reception. Care should be taken that each boat employed in
this service contains a supply of water and a drinking horn.

9. Should a landing be eifected, and any horses be disembarked, the surgeon's pack
horse and panniers should be amongst the first. As soon after an action as possible, medi-
cal officers in charge of corps will make out and transmit to the Inspector General of
Hospitals, for the information of the General Commanding in Chief, returns of casualties,
made out agreeably to the following form :

Ketukn of Killed and Wounded in the Regiments, in the
Action or

Killed.

Wounded.

Total
Wounded.

Eemarks.

Danger-
ously.

Severely.

Slightly.

Officers - - -

Non-commissioned
officers and pri- >
vates J

Names of officers
killed and
Avounded to be
inserted here.

(Signed) John Hall, M.D.,
To Field Marshal Lord Raglan, Inspector General of Hospitals.

&c. &c. &c.

Letter from Dr. Hall to the Deputy Quartermaster General.

Sir, Varna, August 11, 1854.

In the event of the army taking the field in force, I beg to state that conveyance
will be required for at least 400 tons of medical and purveyors' stores, besides the waggons,
men, and horses of the ambulance train, and it would be convenient, if it could be so
arranged, to have the whole shipped on board the vessels that are to be employed as hos-
pital ships.

I have, &c.
(Signed) John Hall, M.D.,
The Deputy Quartermaster General Inspector General of Hospitals,

to the Army in Turkey, Varna.

List of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, &c. for the use of the Sick and Wounded of
the British Army to the Crimea, received from Mr. J. M'Intosh, Dispenser of
Medicines in charge, Varna, by J. E. Kersey, Dispenser of Medicines in charge
on board the "John Masterman," Store Ship, Sept. 2, 1854.

Transferred from
" Medway," to
" John Master-
man," in Bala-
klava harbour.

Numbered

I c

Packed in Cases -

Chests

Cask s

> Total -

Quantities
as per
Invoice
herewith,
dated

185

No.

Quantities
received.

Broken. |

Damaged.

Remarks, and Statement of Causes,
or probable Causes of
Breakage, Damage or Deficiency.

Lib.

Lib. Unc.

Acacias - -

— contrit.

25 0

7 0

Acid, acetic.

25 2

2 0

hydroclilor.

5 0

1 0

nitric.

5 0

1 0

sulphuric.

5 0

H 3

Transferred from

" Mcdway," to
" John Master-
man," in Bala-
klava harbour.

Medicines, Ac— continued,
supplied by

Quantities
as

per Invoice^

Quantities
received.

Broken. 1

Damaged.

Remarks, and Statement of Causes,

or probable Causes of
Breakage, Damage, or Deficiency.

Lib.

Lib. XJnc.

Lib. TJnc.

1 f

Acid, tartar, contr.

20 0

1 0

Aloes -

5 0

—

Alum. ■ - .

5 0

3 0

Ammoniac.

5 0

—

4
*

Ammoniae liydroclilor.

5 0

—

sesquicarb.

25 0

10 0

7
1

3 2-lb. and 1 1-lb. bottles

broken, and their con-

tents evaporated.

1 7

Anthemidis

20 0

—

Antimon. Asher rects.

10 0

9 8

— T7 potassio-tartr. -

5 0

1 2

Aq. rosas - - -

—

Argenti nitrat.

3 0

0 5

Calcis clilorin.

—

60-lib. calc. chlor. taken

amyli

30 0

3 0

out at Varna.

Camphor.

10 0

6 0

"77

Cerati caterei

—

TtO

calamina3

400 0

—

— resinse - -

20 0

3 0

Chloroform

35 0

29 8

Cinchon. disulph.

10 0

2 9

Q
O

Creta, prep.

10 0

Confect. aromatic.

10 0

5 4

species, pro

—

opii

10 0

6 0

species, pro

—

rosas

10 0

0 12

Copaib. - -

50 0

—

Cubeb. contrit. -

20 0

—

Cupri sulph.

4 0

0 8

Creasote - - -

1 0

0 11

Emplastr. cantharidia

100 0

12 8

resinae

150 0

—

Extract, belladonnas

1 8

0 8

colchic. acetic. -

—

conii

2 8

0 8

hyosciami

2 0

0 4

opii

—

sarsee liquid

20 0

3 0

—

Emplast. hydrarg.

4 0

—

plumbi -

10 0

—

o 0Z>

sulph. -

2 0

—

Glycyrrhizae

—

Guaiaci contrit. -

—

lig. deras.

—

Hydrarg. bichlorid.

1 0

0 1

—

chlorid. -

20 0

8 8

c. creta

6 0

lini. pulv.

200 0

20 0

lodin. -

2 0

—

1 o

Ipecacuanhas contr.

15 0

7 12

—

Jalapas contr.

30 0

3 0

Liniment, saponis

50 0

12 0

—

4 2-iib. bottles broken.

Liquor, ammonias

10 0

6 8

plumbi diacetat. -

30 0

3 0

o
ii

potass, arsenit. -

2 0

—

soda chlor.

30 0

8 0

Magnesiffi carbon. -

5 0

2 0

• sulphat.

9cwte

, 21 0

Magnesia -

2 8

0 8

Morph. acetat.

2 0

0 12

1 8-oz. bottle morph. acet.

broken.

hydrochlor.

2 0

0 6

01. olivas sec.

50 0

12 0

— menthas piperita

2 0

1 8

— oliviffi opt.

50 0

0 0

19 lib. deficient.

— ricini -

200 0

106, in

2-ffallon

40 lib. deficient.

stone bottles.

tpvpbintHinrp - -

40 0

18 8

4oz.

— tiglii - - -

0 5

0 1

Opii contrit.

6 0

Pil. aloes c. myrrlias

4 0

Transferred fW)m

" Medway," to
" John Master-
man," in Bala-
klava harbour.

Medicines &c. — continued,
supplied by

Quantities
as

3er Invoice.

Quantities,
received.

Broken,

Damaged,

Uemarks, and Statement of Causes,

or probable Causes of
Breakage, Damage, or DeficiexK^.

Lib.

Lib. TJnc.

Pil. scilte comp.

2 0

—

Pilul. colocynth. comp. -

20 0

4 8

hydrareryri

20 0

12 0

Plumbi acet

10 0

9 8

Potass, acet.

4 0

—

bicarbon

—

■ bitartr. contr.

40 0

0 12

carbon

— — hydrat. -

nitrat.

30 0

1 5

1 2-lib. bottle potassii iodid.

Potassii iodid. -

10 0

4 4

broken.

Pulv. antimonii comp.

6 0

—

Jacobi -

3 0

0 14

cinnamomi comp. -

—

cretjE comp.

26 0

20 0

—

cum opio

20 0

—

ipecacuanhce comp.

30 0

15 2

1 4-lib. bottle broken.

Idoz.

Papier chyrurg.

—

Quassije concis.

, , -

—

Quinse disulph. -

10 0

8 8

Rhei contrit. -

20 0

10 12

Sinap. contrit.

20 0

3 cases mustard received

from H.M.S. " C^radoc'

Sarsse concis.

—

Sassafras concis.

—

Scammon. contrit.

2 0

—

Scillae recens exs. contr. -

4 0

Sennse - -

40 0

—

Indie.

—

SodfE bicarbon.

20 0

10 0

—

biborteis -

2 0

—

potassio-tart. contr.

25 0

0 4

—

sulph.

—

Spirit, tether, comp.

20 0

10 0

—

nitric.

20 0

9 0

—

rectificat. imp. pts.

80 0

16 0

—

Ammon arom.

10 0

all issued.

Syrup, ferri iodid.

—

Spirit aether, rect.

—

Sicffilo. cornut

Tinct. camphor, comp.

30 0

7 12

cantharid. -

cardam. comp.

30 0

5 4

—

catechu, comp.

—

cinchon. comp.

—

colchici

10 0

2 0

—

digitalis -

4 0

2 0

—

ferri sesquichlor -

4 0

gentian, comp.

10 0

5 4

—

hyosciami

10 0

2 0

— '

iodin. comp.

10 0

2 0

—

guaraci

10 0

—

myrrh.

—

„

—

<' opii - - -

50 0

—

rhei comp.

50 0

7 0

—

scillse

20 0

2 0

• sennae comp.

20 0

2 0

oOZ.

matico

Vin. antim. potassio-tart. -

colchici

10 0

ipecac.

10 0

3 0

opii -

Ung. cetacei

200 0

19 0

hydrarg.

50 0

5 4

nitrat.

5 0

1 0

sulphur, comp.

25 0

Zinchi sulph.

5 0

1 12

Zingiber, contrit.

10 0

4 4

H 4

<S: acq 9

etlic ines, &c. — continued,
supplied by

Quantities
received.

Surgical Instruments, &c.,
supplied by

Quantities
received.

80 lbs.
25 No.

150 yds.

40 „

5 sets

10 No.

Medicine chests, viz. : —
Regimental, complete
Detachment „

Lint, Bowen's - - lbs.

Taylor's - - „

fine - - - »

2nd - - - „

Surgeon's tow - - „
Old linen sheets - No.

Skins of leather - - »
Calico, pieces - - „
Linen sp''. with adh. pl^. yds.
Calico, do. do. „
Oiled clotli - - „
Pins - - papers

Grain scales and weights sets
Ounce do. do. - „
Pound do. do. - „
2 lbs. do. do. - „
14 lbs. do. do. „
Graduated glass measures No.
Minim. do. do. „
Pewter ounce measures „
Pill boxes - - papers
Bolus tiles - - No.
Composition mortar and ")

pestle - - -J "
Middle sized do. do. - „
Small metal do. do. „
Pewter measures - „
Half-pint, pint, and ■)

quart do. - -/ "
Tin panakins - - „

funnels - - „

Iron ladles - - „
Copper decoction pots - „
Air cushions - - „
Water do. - - „

Hair sieves - - „
Straining cloth - - yds.
Pill boxes - - papers
Spongio piline - - pieces
Horn cups - - No.
■| oz. phials - - doz.

1 oz. do. - - „

2 oz. do. - - „

3 oz. bottles - - „

4 oz. do. - - „
6 oz. do. - - „
8 oz. do. - - „
Bath thermometers - No.
Atmospheric do. - „
Gallipots in sorts - doz.

rPhial - - gross
j Pint - - „

o^ Quart _ - - „
vBungs, in sorts - „
Packthread - - lbs.
Cord - - „

Bedpans - No.
Dressing trays - - „
Double inclined plan - „
Liston's splints - ,,

Whalebone do., leg - sets
Do. do., thigh - „
Do. do., upper arm „
Do. do., fore do. „
Startins, wire feet - „

150
220
250
100
824
199
100
8

450
250
50
100
6
6
1
1
1

2
50

34
46

18
12

2i
3

5
6
5
5
2

6
1

15
10
19

30
28
32
30
73

Capital Instruments full sets

Do. - portable do.

Pocket do. full sets

Amput. saws - small do.
Cupping instruments - sets

scarificators No.

Catling - - ' „
Jointed thigh splints - „
Tooth instruments - sets
Hyanocete appar. - No.

i. punches - „

4 cases amput. knives „
6 do. do. and 2 Catlin's „
Lancets, cases of 6 - „

Do. cases of 4 - „
Coxeter's bullet scoops „
Bullet forceps - - „

Do., armed with caustic „
Bougies, flexible, metallic cases
Asilini's tensentum - No.
Catheters, elastic gum - „

— silver - „

female - „

Stomach pumps - - „
Syringes, pewter urethra „

glass - „

pewter clyster

and pipes
Spare pipes for do.
Silver probes

Do. do. lung
Needles

Do. cases
Probangs, pipes for
Stethoscopes
Oiled silk

'-}

- yds.

Flannel for fomentations, pieces

Surgeon's sponges
Bandages, calico

flannel

linen

18 -tailed

Trusses, bag

steel

double -

Blood porringers
Broad tape
Narrow do.

Thread for ligatures -
Silk for do.
Splints, common
Ellis's apparatus for frac-
tured clavicle -
Arm slings
Spreading spatulas
Pot do.
Bolus knives
Pocket spatulas -
Corkscrews
Counter scissors -
Field tourniquettes
Strait waistcoats
Fracture cradles
Wooden legs
Crutches - - -
Stump pillows
Isinglass plaster
Gutta percha

No.

pieces
)>

lb.

sets

I No.

pairs
yds.

6
20
19
14
6
7
7
15
8
1

2
1
15
15
56
30

6
12

8
30
4

36
8

200
14

6
10
27

1,200
11,785
3,635

309
100
50
20
36
48
48

24
10
1
16
20
8
6
100
24
75

39
347
24
51

Proportion of Hospital Stores for Field Service for the Sick in every 1,000 Men,
ordered for an Expedition about leaving Varna for the Crimea, to be shipped on

board the John Masterman, Store Transport, showing the
packed and marked.

manner

in v/bidi they are

For one
Proportion

Total for
Propor-
tions.

In Bales

and
separate
Packages.

Total.

5. — Case No. 1 ; weight, 98 lbs.

4
4
4
2

A
t

8
8
2
1
3
6

Brushes, head, long scrubbing - . -
„ „ sweeping - - . -
„ Hand scrubbing - - -
„ sweeping - - . -

,, YV illieWcioXl, i7 UOz.. ~

Lbs. thread, packing, large . . . -
„ „ middling - ...
„ _ „ small - - - -
„ Twine, sail, 2 tliread - - -
Candlesticks, iron - -
Snuffers . _ - - -
Lanterns, tin, punched - - - -
Lamp, hand, agitable - -
Rollers, wood, for towels - - - -
Brackets - -

^ofa. xnreaQ, wniie - - - - -
„ whited brown - -

5 — Case No. 2 ; weight, 106 lbs.

20
20
20
10
20
25

40
40
10
5
15
30
10
10

30
30

— -

20
50
50
10

40
40
JO
5
15
30

•J
o

Bath, slipper - - - -

t\ f»f^'lAQ ■fin A. niiQTfo • _ _
jA-cttieb, ted, tllJ, T UUcilta * — ~

Pots, „ pewter, 5 pints - . . .

„ „ „ 3 pints - - -

„ Coffee - -
Funnels, tin, quart - - -
„ pint - ...

5.— Case No. 3 ; weight, 62 lbs.

5
15
20
20

5
10
10

—

5
lo
20
20

5
10
10

8
8

Q
O

Lamps, passage or ward - -

Burners for ditto, double wick - -

Lb. cotton wick for ditto * - .

5. — Case No. 4 ; weight, 63 lbs.

40
40
15

60
60

140"!
140 V*

oU J

8
8
3

Lamps, passage or ward - -

Burners for ditto, double wick ...

Lb. cotton wick for ditto . - . -

10.— Case No. 5; weight. 111 lbs.

401
40 >
15j

[ncluded
above

in the
Totals.

150

Plates, tin ----- -

10.— Case No. 6 ; weight, 106 lbs.

1,500

3,000

20
48
2
150
18
12

Dishes, tin, ] 3^ inch - - - -
Knives and forks, common - -

„ carving -
Spoons, iron, large - - -
Yards huckaback - - -
Boxes of matches or waxed lucifers, in one tin case

200
480
20
1,500
180
120

189

389
480
20
1,500
180
120

* Case No. 4 included in these Totals.

orti(

1
1

2
2
18

120

10
3
3

6
6
8
10

1
10
1
5
12

1
1
1

2
2
2
4
2
2
1
4
50
100
09
4
4
2
1
1

Total for
Propor-
tions.

In Bales

and
separate
Packages.

10 — Case No. 7 ; weight, 100 lbs.

Nest of saucepans, tin, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 quart and 3 pint -

Frying pan - - - - -

Ladles, iron - - - -

Flesh foriks - - -

Drinking cups, tin, quart - - - -

„ „ pint - - - -

10.— Ca3e No. 8 ; weight, 112 lbs.

Chamber pots, pewter - - - -

A portion of these are zinc, but the number is not
ascertainable, unless all the packages be opened.

10.— Case No. 9 ; weight, 112 lbs.
Chamber pots, pewter - -

10 — Ca^e No. 10; weight, 104 lbs.

Bed pans, pewter -
Urinals

Tea kettles, iron, 7 quart - -

; 10.— Case No. 11 ; weight, 109 lbs.

Frames, close stool, iron - - - -

Pans, „ pewter - - -

Basins, washhand, ,, 9 inch - - -

;Pots, spitting „ ' - - -

': : 5. — Case No. 12 ; weight, 77 lbs.

Set of scales and beams, with copper pans, to weigh 28 lbs.
; Weights for ditto, viz., 14, 7, 4, 2, l^, i lb. ; 2, 1, i oz
, Set of diet scales - - - - -

Weights for ditto, 2, 1, 1 :i lb., 2. oz.
: Mop heads, with nails - - - -

■ ' 10.— Case No. 13 ; weight, 117 lbs.

i Nests of 8 tin kettles, each - - - -

j 10.— Case No. 14 ; weight, 60 lbs.

Tools.

Felling axe - -
Cooper's adze - '- . -

Tap borer, small size
Chisels, socket, 1 and 1^ inch
Cocks, brass, with keys
Choppers for meat -
Gimlets -
Hatchets -

Hammers, claw, large and small
Mallet, carpenter's . . -

Needles, packing, assorted

_„ _ sewing
Nails, iron - - - -

Screws, assorted

Padlocks, middling " - - ■

Staples and hasps, iron

Hand saws - - - ' -

Screw driver -

Brace, and screw driver bit

10
10
20
20
180
1,200

300

300-

100
30
30

60
60
80
100

5
50

5
25
60

10
10
10

20
20
20
40
20
20
10
40
500
10,000
1,000
40
40
20
10
10

Included in the
preceding Total.

45
45

100

* Those in No. 9 cases included in this Total.

For one
Prpportion.

■ i

Total for
Propor-
tions.

In Bales
and

Packages.

TOTAI*

10 Case No. 15 ; weight, 106 lbs.

Pairs sli

Dpers, brown leather

500

-500

Piece of

hessen, 50 yards - -

—

200.-

-bags, Nos. 1 9 to 52 ; weight, 85 lbs. each.

Each bag containing 3 sets of beds, viz. : —

(Total 102 sets.)

204

Blankets, single - - -

l,/00

2,000

102

Rugs

600

1,500

2,100

102

Paillasse

600

1,995

2,595

102

Bolster cases - - . o.

600

2,000

306

Sheets, hospital - - - -

1,800

4,000

5,800

Each set of bedding consisting of 2 blankets, 1 rug,

1 paillasse, 1 bolster case, and 3 sheets.

100.— Bags, Nos. 53 to 72 ; weight, 52 lbs.

Each bag containing 2 beds and 2 bolsters, viz.: —

Hair beds, single -----

200

300

500

„ bolsters - - - - - -

200

300

500

10.— Bale, No. 73 ; weight, 48 lbs.

: 20

Bed covers, waterproof -

200

Loose.

ino

X\J\J

Trestles, wood - - - ' - -

150

Boards for ditto ,- - . - - -

1,700

—

1,700

Equal to 50 stretcher bedsteads, each 3 trestles and

3 boards.

50 bales, Nos. 74 to 78 ; weight, 97 lbs. each.

Each bale containing 12 gowns, 12 trowsers, 12

waistcoats, and 12 worsted caps, viz.: —

Gowns, blue serge - - - -

600

—

600

Trowsers - - -

OUv/

Waistcoats - - -

600

. —

600

Caps, worsted - - - - -

600

—

600

3 bales, Nos. 79 to 81 ; weight, 92 lbs. each.

Each bale containing 20 gowns, 20 trowsers, 20 waist-

coats, 20 caps, 10 pair socks, worsted, viz.:— •

Gowns, cotton - - -

Trowsers - - -

Waistcoats - - - -

Night caps - - - -

Pairs socks, worsted - -

10.— Bale, No. 82 ; weight, 112 lbs., viz.:—

Shirts, flannel -

300

—

300

„ linen -

600

Towels, round - - -

120

>»

hand -

120

—

120

6 bundles of 5 bearers each; weight, 75 lbs.

Bearers for wounded men - ' - -

—

1 bundle.

Tarpaulins for coats, 12 X 9 - - - ,

A n
4U

1 bundle; weight, Hi lbs.

Shovel, common -

Spade

Pickaxes -

I 2

For one

IVonorti fin

Total for
Propor-
tions.

In Bales

and
separate
Packages.

Total.

1 bundle ; weight, 24 lbs.

4
4
12

Handles for long scrubbing brushes - - .
„ „ sweeping „ - ...
„ „ mops - - - -

Loose Weights.

— •

Copper, 20 gallons, 49 lbs. each - - -

„ 12 „ 30 „ - -
Trivets for do., iron, 15 jj -
Pails, water 6 „ - -
Washing tubs, hospital, 18 „ - -

20
45
65
20
50

—

45
65
20
50

3.— Case, No. 16; weight, 361bs.

Measures, one set of each for every 3,000 men.

For oil, tin (7 of sizes to each set) ...
For wine (2 copper and 5 pewter, of sizes to each set)

—

o
o

Case, No. 17 ; weight, 92 lbs.

Scales, one set for every 3,000 men.

Set of beams and chains for scales, to weigh 112 lbs. -
5 weights for ditto, viz., 14, 7, 4, 2, and 1 lb.
1 pair of scale boards for ditto, sent loose, to accom- "I
pany Case No. 17 - - - - -j

1
1

—
—

The 561b. and 281b. weights in Case 18.

i^ase, iNO. lo 5 weignt, yo ids.

2 weights for 112-lb. scales, viz.: — 56 lbs. and 28 lbs. -

Beams and Chains in Case No. 17.

Pairs of canteens of hospital utensils, A and B

Pairs of medicine panniers - - - -

Pack saddles, complete - - - -

Bridles for bat horses _ . . .
Cherry's carts - - - - -

Hand carts ------

Spring waggons, hospital, small size - - -
Water bags, india rubber _ - .
Clark's patent bedsteads* - - - _
Cholera belts - - - - - -

Webbing yards . -

8
8

100
100

—

4.000
1,000

8
8

100
100
4,000
1,000

Large hospital marquees, complete • - -
Small „ „ „ - - - -

* Irons for only 94 bedsteads.

List of Medical Comforts embarked on board the " John Masterman" Transport
No. 9, to accompany the Expedition about leaving this place for the Crimea.

Port wine - - -

200 dozen.

Brandy - - -

. - 44 gallons.

Tea

260 lbs.

Sugar - . . .

- 1,197 lbs.

Arrow root - - -

151ilbs.

Ground rice -

594 lbs.

Essence of beef - - -

520 :^-pint3.

Preserved mutton

586 lbs.

■ ■ ■ ■ potatoes

- - 38 cases.

• milk

- 414 -^-pints.
198 tins.

cocoa and milk

(Signed) John Hall,
Varna, 1st September 1854, Inspector General of Hospitals.

LETTER ADDRESSED TO SURGEONS OP REGIMENTS.

gju^ Scutari, December 3, 1854.

Having been instructed by the Duke of Newcastle to make certain inquiries into
the condition of the sick and wounded officers and soldiers of the British army in the
East, we have to request that you will favour us at your earliest convenience with the
following information :

1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating their names
and rank.

2. The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed, and their general
fitness for their duties in that capacity.

3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your opinion as to its
sufficiency.

4. The quantity and nature of bed and bedding supplied for each patient, together with
your opinion as to its sufficiency ; also the number of close stools, bed pans, urinals, and
other such conveniences.

5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical comforts usually
kept with the regiment.

6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the means of keeping them in order and
repair.

7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or inadequacy
of such means.

8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and wounded in the field, for hospital
tents and stores, medicines, medical comforts and provisions, and surgical instruments,
materials, and appliances.

9. Is the number of medical officers, orderlies, or other hospital attendants, under you
sufficient; if not, have you at any time applied for more, and if so, what was the result of
your application ?

10. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea, and if so, how often, and for how long on each occasion, (to the best of your
recollection,) to procure on requisition, within the ordinary and proper time for obtaining
such things, a supply of any and what —

Medicines.

Surgical instruments, or repair of them.
Surgical materials and appliances.
Medical comforts.

Hospital furniture and conveniences.
Provisions for the use of the hospitals.

11. Have you on any occasions since the landing of your regiment in the Crimea been
obliged to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or apothecary, any articles
comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question ; if so, state from Avhat quarter
you procured them, and what the articles were ?

We shall feel obliged by any further information and suggestions which you can give us
bearing in any way upon the subject of the above questions.

We have, &c.

(Signed) A. Gumming, Inspector General of Hospitals.
P. Benson Maxwell.
To the Medical Officer in P. Sinclair Laing.

charge of — Regiment.

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE ADJUTANT GENERAL OF THE ARMY
IN THE EAST AND MEMBERS OP THE COMMISSION RESPECTING THE
ABOVE LETTER.

Letter from the Adjutant General to Dr. Gumming.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 2fi, 1854.

The officer commanding the division to which the 46th Regiment is attached has
sent to me certain papers of questions, which had been addressed to the officer commanding
the 46th Regiment by you. The general officer commanding the division has done so with
a view to the papers being submitted to the Commander of the Forces, and in order to
obtain his Lordship's sanction before the questions were answered.

I am instructed by Lord Raglan to inform you that his Lordship has approved of the
course taken by the officer commanding the 46th Regiment and the general officer com-
manding the division, it being strictly in accordance with the rules and practice of the
service ; but I have desired that the commanding officer and the surgeon may afford you
the fullest information upon all the points to which you have directed their attention.

I am further instructed to assure you and the Commission of which you are the head,
that every facility shall be given to you to ascertain all particulars relative to the subject
you are charged to investigate ; but his Lordship requires that your questions shall be
communicated through me, and submitted by me to his Lordship, for his information and

I 3

sanction, and that you may not address any individual of this army, of whatever rank^
direct, without his Lordship's special permission.

I have, &c.

Dr. Gumming, (Signed) J. B. Bucknall, Estcourt,

&c. &c. Adjutant General.

Letter from Dr. Gumming to the Adjutant General.

Sib, Balaklava, December 31, 1854?.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 26th instant,
which, while assuring my colleagues and myself that every facility shall be given to us to
ascertain all particulars relative to the subjects which we are charged to investigate, re-
quires us at the same time to communicate our questions in the first instance to you, with
lie view of their being submitted to the Gommander of the Forces for his information and
sanction.

As the task of examining witnesses has been, by the terms of our Commission,
specially entrusted to the legal member of our body, I communicated your letter to him,
and I beg leave to state that he expresses himself unable to comply with this condition.

Independently of the difficulty which, he says, he would feel in conducting, under the
control of any other person, an inquiry entrusted to his own judgment, he observes that
the delay and labour of reducing to writing the numberless questions which he might find
it desirable to put to the dilFerent witnesses, would be far greater than he ever contem-
plated or could encounter.

As you are good enough to state that every facility shall be given to us for the prosecu-
tion of our inquiry, my colleagues desire me to unite their request to mine that the
Commander-in-Ghief will permit, and if necessary require, all persons, of whatever rank,
under his Lordship's command, to furnish us with all such information as we may demand,
and to answer all such questions, whether verbal or written, as we may put to them, direct,
connected with the subjects of our inquiry ; and further, that his Lordship will dispense
with the submission of our questions for his sanction before being put to the witnesses.

I have, &c.
(Signed) A. Gumming,

The Adjutant General, Inspector General of Hospitals.

&c. &c.

Letter from the Adjutant General to Dr. Gumming.

Sir, Head Quarters, Gamp, January 1, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to inform you that I have submitted your letter, which I
received yesterday, to the Gommander of the Forces.

His Lordship is desirous that the Medical Gommission should have every facility given
to it to enable it to make the inquiry entrusted to it ; but at the same time it is necessary
that the calling of witnesses, without reference to those who are conducting the military
duties of this army, would be very inconvenient and improper.

His Lordship therefore desires me to say that, whilst he has no objection to any
questions being put to those the Gommission may wish to examine, nor to the questions
which may be proposed in writing being answered without reference to his Lordship, yet
that the Commission will be required to send the names of those they wish to examine to
me, with the day and hour when it is wished they should attend. I will then instruct
them to appear before you, if their military duties wUl admit of their doing so.

This letter will be presented to you by Mr. Romaine, the Deputy Judge Advocate, who
will call upon you and will give you any further information respecting Lord Raglan's
views that you may desire.

I have, &c.

Dr. Gumming, (Signed) J. B. Bucknall Estcourt,

&c. &c. Adjutant General.

Letter from Dr. Gumming to the Adjutant General.

Sir, Golden Fleece, January 2, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, dated January 1st,
and beg that you will tender to the Commander of the Forces my respectful thanks, and
those of my colleagues, for the facilities his Lordship has given us for making the inquiries
with which we are entrusted.

We propose, in the first instance, making a personal inspection of the field hospitals ;
and as we shall probably have to ask, without the formality of an examination, many
questions of surgeons and other persons whom we may find on the spot, we hope that his
Lordship will not think it necessary that we should return the names of such persons to
his Lordship.

After this inspection shall have been concluded, we shall probably have to examine some
gentlemen, and take down their evidence in writing in the regular way, and we shall gladly
submit their names in due time to his Lordship, in order that we may obtain their
attendance.

We are expressly enjoined by our commission to consult the personal convenience of
those whose evidence we require, and we are most desirous of observing this injunction
on every occasion.

I have, &c.

The Adjutant General, (Signed) A. Gumming,

&;c. &c. Inspector General of Hospitals.

Letter from the Adjutant General to Dr. Gumming.

Sir, Head Quarters Camp, January 2, 1855. ,

You are quite at liberty to take the course you propose ; to visit the hospitals in
the field, and to ask questions of those you find on the spot.

When you come to the after examination, and require attendance of officers and others
at a distance from their camp and duties, the course which has been pointed out by me,
and which meets your concurrence, will be the most convenient, and afford you every
facility you may desire. In case, unexpectedly, you should meet with any difficulty, I
would beg of you to give me information of it.

I have, &c.

Dr. Gumming, (Signed) J. B. Bucknall Estcourt,

&c. &c. Adjutant General.

Letter from F. Benson Maxwell, Esq. to the Adjutant General.

Sir, Camp, January 8, 1855.

In the course of my inspection of the field hospitals this day. In conjunction with my
colleague. Dr. Laing, I was informed by one of the medical officers, that several surgeons
and commanding officers in the second division had been restrained from answering a series
of questions addressed to them by us, by the following order issued, I was told, by Major
General BuUer, —

" Memo. December 22, 1854.

" Officers commanding regiments, and medical officers doing duty with them,
" will be good enough not to furnish answers addressed to them iTpon the hospital arrange-
" ments, &c. &c. by any person, imless under authority proceeding from his Lordship the
" F. M. commanding the Forces in the Crimea.

" The above refers to civilians, and unknown without such authority."
I have to request that you will favour me by submitting this order to F. M. the Com-
mander of the Forces, with the view of his removing this obstacle to the progress of our
L nqulry.

I have, &c.

The Adjutant General, (Signed) P. Benson Maxwell.

&c. &c.

Letter from the Adjutant General to. P. Benson Maxwell, Esq.

Sir, Head Quarters, Camp, January 10, 1855.

I HAVE laid your letter before the Commander of the Forces and I am desired to
express his Lordship's regret that you should have met with any difficulty In prosecuting
your Inquiry.

His Lordship has desired me to communicate to all the Generals of Divisions that he
wishes every facility to be given you in the duty with which you are charged.

I have, &c.

To P. Benson Maxwell, Esq. (Signed) J. B. Bucknall Estcourt,

&c. (fee. Adjutant General.

Letter from the Adjutant General to Dr. Gumming.

Sir, Head Quarters, Camp, January 10, 1855.

I am extremely sorry that your letter has not reached me in time to admit of
Dr. Hall attending you to-day. But presuming that to-morrow will not be iuconvenient
to you, I have ventured to beg liim to be with you to-morrow.

I am sorry also that at the Second Division you should have met with any obstacle to your
inquiry ; but I am directed to desire that you may not be Impeded in any way, and that
those you may choose to address may be directed to answer you.

I have, &c.

Dr. Gumming, (Signed) J. B. Bucknall Estcourt,

&c. &c. Adjutant General.

P.S. By a communication this morning with Dr. Hall, I am enabled to say that he will
be with you to-morrow at 12 o'clock.

I 4

ANSWERS OF SURGEONS TO THE FOREGOING LETTER (sup. p. 65.)

Robert Cooper, Esq., Surgeon 4th Dragoon Guards.

Gentlemen, Cavalry Camp, Crimea, December 24, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 11th,
and am happy to afford some information bearing upon the questions submitted to my
consideration.

The inquiry instituted is of so important a character, and of such interest in reference to the
army in general, and to the future efficiency of the Medical Department in particular, that
I shall not abstain from expressing myself with the utmost degree of candour and faithful-
ness in reference to the various tojjics brought to my notice, regardless of consequences,
holding in mind solely my respect for the sick, my desire to discharge my duty conscien-
tiously to my suffering countrymen, and my expectation of the good likely to arise out of
a searching inquiry into every particular relating to the past management of the affairs of
a department, the members of which have had good reason to complain throughout the
campaign. I have a right to look forward to a better time, to brighter prospects, and to
indulge in the hope of seeing my professional brethren placed on a more efficient footing in
reference to their duties. We feel like men, enjoy the happiness of doing good, are
anxious to be instrumental in alleviating the sufferings of the sick, but cannot hold to
contentedness so long as the means of being useful are not within our reach. Medical
officers are, naturally enough, aggrieved, and therefore do not refrain from uttering their
sentiments when they meet, and such as are of a manful temperament hail with satisfac-
tion the present opportunity of placing on record the deficiencies, &c. which have been
interwoven and connected with the department through so many months. It is to be
hoped that the timid and circumspect will have the honesty to announce particulars
instead of withholding facts of the utmost consequence to be made known. We cannot
tell on whom blame will rest, nor can we be expected to entertain any concern on that
subject. It is sufficient for us to know that our wants have not been attended to in
accordance with our position ; that we have been desirous of discharging our duty faith-
fully as public servants ; that all we have to announce is our anxiety to have the department
placed on a better footing during the campaign, and that greater facilities may be afforded
to each branch of the medical service to carry on its peculiar functions, so that, by a com-
bination of well-arranged and properly organized efforts, the medical officers may be in
possession of the means of carrying on their duties satisfactorily to themselves, and in a
laudable manner to the State.

Previous to entering upon the questions I may, perhaps, be allowed to remark that up
to the 31st October I was employed on the staff from the day of my arrival at Scutari,
about March last. On the 26th October I appeared in orders as surgeon of the 4 th Dra-
goon Guards, but could not be relieved of my charge at the general hospital at Balaklava
until the 31st of the same month, after which I joined my regiment. My regimental
knowledge therefore will be looked upon as inconsiderable, and yet it has been sufficiently
extensive to enable me to offer a few practical remarks, in keeping with the information to
be derived from gentlemen of longer standing. It is not to be overlooked that as second
class staff sui'geon in Bulgaria and in the Crimea (from the date of the army landing
thereon), I have had abundant opportunities of associating with regimental medical officers,
who have, one and all, at all times, been loud in their complaints. During the intercourse,
I have been informed on many topics about which so much has been said and written of a
reflective and unsatisfactory nature. But for the information obtained from the sources
referred to in the preceding paragraph I should have remained silent, under the impression
that the past few weeks have been characterized by new features in my department ; such,
however is not the case. Discontent commenced in Bulgaria, and has continued to follow
the army at every step of its progress. I may then, anticipate, in confidence being excused
for assuming the unpleasant office, and disagreeable duty, of openly avowing the truth
relative to the stages of our unsatisfactory condition, it being a privilege of my social
state to listen, and to retain impressions communicated by others, and it is now my
delight to make them known out of the department, that improvement may follow the
revelations.

It now remains for me to comment upon the questions contained in your letter, and to
afford, as far I am able, the information required.

Answer 1. Surgeon Robert Cooper, Assistant Surgeon William Bruce Armstrong.

2. One hospital sergeant, one cook, two orderlies. — The hospital sergeant is an excellent
man ; the cook is suited to his position ; and the orderlies moderately well, for a field hos-
pital in standing camp. The orderlies would not, however, answer on a line of march, or
to attend upon bad cases. The most delicate men are selected by the commanding officer
to assist at the hospital. The regiment is weak, and cannot at present spare a better class.
The medical officers should be furnished at all times when practicable, and particularly on
active service, with strong, willing, active, intelligent, trustworthy, and energetic soldiers
to assist at the hospital. This subject deserves great attention on the part of the authorities.
The utility of an hospital depends in a great measure upon the excellence of the staff

connected with it. The sick ought to experience the greatest consideration in the army,
and everything should be done by commanding officers and others to secure their wants
being well att'ended to, both in the time of peace or war. It costs the nation much to
form°soldiers, whose services are easily lost to the country by inattention to the necessities
incidental to their position under all circumstances. Intercourse with the suffering impresses
daily this fact more enduringly on my mind.

3. There are four bell tents for the hospital. One is used as a surgery and store room
for medical comforts, &c., to ensure their security, and three for the accommodation of sick
men. For a long time we were compelled to restrict ourselves to two tents for the patients,
on account of the impossibility of procuring any addition to the number, and great incon-
venience was experienced in consequence, several of the patients being obliged to seek
shelter in their troop tents, an expedient by no means favourable to their recovery.

Observation 1. With reference to bell tents as part of an hospital establishment, I
must place on record my opinion of their inefficiency, owing to their being excessively
hot in summer, wet in autumn, unpleasant daring windy weather, cold in winter, too
confined for the performance of professional duties, ill adapted to the nursing of sick
men, and far too limited on the floor to enable medical officers to render patients in any
degree comfortable. On the line of march they may suffice as a shelter for transient
and slight cases.

2. Marquees can be made comfortable in a standing camp by means of portable
bedsteads arranged on each side, with a passage along the middle. They are temperate in
hot weather, dry when it rains, moderately comfortable during the prevalence of high
winds, atford greater shelter than bell tents against cold, enable medical officers to
approach the patients with more comfort to themselves, and permit the orderlies to
attend better to the wants of the sick.

I have made several ineffectual efforts to obtain a marquee from the purveyor at
Balaklava, both by personal application and through the medium of requisitions, but
have always failed in procuring one, there being none in store. When the 4th Dragoon
Guards disembarked at Balaklava on the 1st October, Surgeon Pine landed the
hospital marquee, but was ordered immediately to re-ship it by the Quartermaster
General of the Cavalry division ; in that way it has been lost to the regiment.

4. A field hospital without transport cannot be burdened with beds, bedding, &c. WTien
the regiment has been ordered to move a short distance, the greatest difficulty has been
experienced in transferring the patients to the new encampment. I have felt the anxiety,
inconvenience, immense trouble, and great risk ever since I joined my corps, arising out of
the late alterations in the position of the Heavy Brigade of Cavalry. The Commissariat
cannot give carts or waggons in sufficient numbers to meet the demand whenever an order
to move is given. The great want in the British army ever since it landed in the Crimea,
has been land transport. Medical officers would seek in vain for conveyances to carry off
a few hospital articles should the enemy threaten the position. How can we expect to
receive assistance when there is but a miserable outline of land transport to carry provisions
to the men serving in front of Sebastopol ? So badly is the army off for carriage that the
cavalry horses have been caused to convey food for the men serving in the trenches, and
the over-tasked soldiers have to walk daily in large numbers from the advanced works into
Balaklava to obtain rations for themselves and comrades.

Each division of the army should have attached to it a proper system of transport for
the sick and hospital stores, &c., &c. The Commissariat have never provided a sufficiency
from the date of our arrival in Turkey. The ambulance train failed in its intentions from
the first. The absence of means for the conveyance of the sick and wounded on the line
of march after our landing in the Crimea was sensibly felt. Who can look back to the
battle of Alma without failing to condemn the parties whose duty it was to have provided
the force with ample means for removing the wounded ? While on this topic I cannot
refrain from animadverting upon the error of obliging medical officers to walk, when it is
known that our duties commence frequently at the end of a long march ; such was the case
on the ever-memorable conflict on the Alma. On leaving Varna 1 was forbidden to embark
a horse for my own conveyance, and therefore had to toil along the Crimea the best way I
could with a heavy weight upon my shoulders. On the afternoon of the battle in question,
I was far from being in a fit state to continue the labours of my profession on the field, my
strength, energy, and physical ability having been previously nearly exhausted by the
fatigue of walking for hours under a load I was compelled to carry. Let it be remembered
that men are gifted with a certain amount of endurance which cannot be taxed beyond its
legitimate length. Since then it is unfair to expect nature to yield above the limit of
forbearance, so should it be deemed unjust to anticipate from medical officers superhuman
efforts. We can do our duty when fresh and vigorous, but we must protest against too
much being expected from us. If the professional part of an army on active service is to
be deemed at all times thoroughly effective, and prepared to commence on its labours at any
moment, its members must not be called upon to expend their strength by marching to
fields of action — in other words, to exhaust their vital energies on the tramp.

5. The quantity of medicines and medical comforts kept with the regiment must necessarily
fluctuate. I have always been anxious to have by me a supply sufficient to render me
independent of the stores in Balaklava for at least a week in advance. This precaution is
necessary, owing.to the impracticability of sending frequentlv to the depots, from regimental

and other causes, over which I have but little control. The nature of the supplies sought
for is ever in keeping with the class of cases under treatment. I have never made an un-
reasonable request.

6. I have surgeon's instruments in sufficient abundance to meet any emergency, my own
property. I know not how they could be repaired if out of order. 1 am told there is a
cutler attached to the department in Balalclava, who is without tools or means of restoring
damaged instruments. He possesses the facility of giving an edge to a knife, which is far
from being sufficient at the seat of Avar, where everything is liable to be damaged and
rendered useless on the shortest notice. It is said his tools have been left either at Varna
or Scutari. It is to be hoped such statements are incorrect. I cannot bring myself to
believe in their veracity, considering the importance of the duty he may be called upon to
execute at any moment. A surgeon without his instruments in order is not of much use
(trhen called upon to operate, unless he be privileged to mangle limbs.

7. Until within the last week or so the hospital was ill supplied with cooking utensils.
The purveyor, on landing pots and kettles, enabled me to obtain sufficient. Very great
inconvenience was felt when we had to prepare diets and extras for thirty-six patients Avith
only two cnmp kettles, Avhich was the case until an addition to the kitchen was secured.

8. Again 1 have to comment upon the melancholy deficiency in transport. I always
felt for the poor fellows, when compelled to order them to walk from one encampment to
another. One ambulance waggon to a division is of little avail when a brigade is ordered
to sliift its ground, and three commissariat carts fall short of the occasion, even if the
medical officer in charge has the good fortune to succeed in procuring that number.

9. Tlie reply to this question is embraced in the second answer.

10. I am unable to enter at length into the subjects included in this question, having so
recently been transferred from the staff to a regimental surgeoncy. My predecessor (First-
class Staff Surgeon Pine) doubtless could afford very useful information on the heads
contained in the inquiry. It is enough for me to state, that ever since I joined the regiment
I have experienced the utmost difficulty in procuring sufficient medicines for the treatment
of the cases in hospital. I have over and over again applied for some of the most useful,
commonest, and most familiar di*ugs, without being able to procure them. ^My requisitions
have never been responded to in full, and the quantities applied for (when the
drugs were in store) have invariably been sadly curtailed. I have been under the
necessity at all times of modifying and rewriting requisitions in accordance with the
medicines in the depot, and the quantities issuable at tiie period. I have felt humiliated
when obliged to make it a personal favour to procure even a small amount of a medicine to
enable me to treat patients under my charge. It is a false position for a medical officer to
be placed in when obliged to supplicate in place of receiving Avithout any difficulty being
raised. We all feel aggrieved on this subject, are surprised it should be alloAved to con-
tinue, and look in anticipation to speedy improvement. We do not desire that onr
demands should be acceded to if extravagant and unreasonable, but simply claim for the
soldiers under our professional care a sufficiency of medicines at all times to enable us to
do them justice, in accordance Avith the nation's Avish, and in unison Avith the dictates of
our conscience.

Until very lately I have used but few medical comforts, having heard of the difficulty in
procuring them, and moreover, having been unprovided with the means of cooking extras
until Avithin a late date.

11. The hospital has not been supplied Avith fresh meat for the last three Aveeks, neither
have the duty men had any issued to them during the same period. I have reported the
circumstance of the sick being unfurnished Avith fresh meat to the commanding officer of
the regiment, who has forAvarded my letter to Lord Lucan, the General of the Division.
No reply has been received, neither has the hospital been provided with fresh meat since.
The letter was transmitted two days ago. Live stock is received elsewhere in the army
and consumed by healthy troops.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Egbert Cooper.

Surgeon 4th Dragoon Guards.

p.S, I must be excused for sending a letter so much blotted, and can only plead

in extenuation the misery of writing in a bell tent Avithout proper accommodation and
facilities, with the thermometer beloAv freezing point, and no means of contributing warmth
to one's body or fingers ; under more favourable circumstances I should have rcAvritten the
document and have communicated to a greater length.

K. C.

W. Cattell, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 5th Dragoon Guards.
giBj Camp Kadekoi, 30th December 1854.

I have the honour to forward the following replies to the Commissioners circular of
inquiries : — ■

Answer 1. One assistant surgeon, W. Cattell.

2. One hospital sergeant, two orderlies, in every respect satisfactory. Extra orderlies
readily granted from the troops when required.

3. We disembarked from the Jason, leaving the marquee and hospital canteen on board,
and they have only been landed within this Aveek ; meanAvhile we had at first a bell tent.

Afterwards I obtained possession of a three-chambered house in Kadekoi, which we were
compelled to vacate suddenly on the 28th October, when the sick rejoined the division,
now encamped witliin the Frencli lines. This being some distance (three miles) from general
hospital, whither all troublesome cases had hitherto been speedily removed, 1 obtained two
bell tents extra.

4. There are twelve complete sets of bedding, and twelve blankets extra. Each man Is in
possession of two blankets, and I find them quite sufficient for the sick One close stool,
one bed pan, and one urinal, are also sufficient.

5. The prescribed contents of panniers, which are replenished when required by requisi-
tion on the general hospital, whence also I draw the many other medicines which I require,
for the panniers are fitted with a very restricted number of medicines. The supply has
frequently been insufficient at the general hospital.

6. A detachment field case of capital instruments ; a P. M. case of cupping instruments,
all in good order.

7. The means for cooking the patients' rations and extras are sufficient, being those con-
tained in hospital canteens A and B.

8. Since our disembarkation we had no special mode of transport ; the hospital camp
(tent?), &c. conveyed with the regimental stores by the quartermaster, who, however, is only
allowed a single two-wheeled drag, capable of conveying only about 350 lbs., so that our
regimental transport is altogether very deficient. At our last encampment the sick were in
several cases left on the ground, under the care of an assistant surgeon, until they could
be brought near (two miles). In my case,- — I had previously sent several bad cases into the
general hospital, — I was fortunately able to remove my hospital immediately, and the sick
were by order conveyed on troop horses. The roads have frequently been so heavy as to
prevent the employment of the ambulance waggons, which are very cumbersome, and jolt
the sick very much. The hospital transport has also to convey all the accoutrements of
the sick, no light burden. The panniers are mounted on a mule, and such other medicines
as can be are conveyed, packed in the cooking tins, by hand. I would humbly suggest
some addition to the ambulance corps. Assimilate to the admirable French service, b}^ the
addition of slung stretchers, which might be used Avith the mules when the waggons were
unserviceable, and an additional number of mules might be fitted also with spring beds,
which are much more convenient and practicable than the waggons, carry an equal number
per mule, and have proved their vast utility in our receiving aid from the French corps to
transport our sick and wounded ; and I may also mention, lately so many sick have lain
at the front and could not be moved, that the cavalry have made several journeys, and
brought them down on led horses.

9. I have myself done the whole duties since the 10th August. The orderlies are suffi-
cient and capable. I have never been refused additional orderlies when required.

10. I have always obtained from the purveyors and hospital stores such medicines and
medical comforts, furniture, &c., as I required, provided they had them at the time ; the
provisions, salt at least six days in the week, latterly oftener much more, and I consider
unfit for the sick. A plentiful supply of glaze, or solid essence of beef, would be very
beneficial, if, instead of a comfort, it were issued in a sufficient quantity for the diets when
fresh meat cannot be procured. Pepper, salt, although necessary, I have failed to procure
from the purveyor.'

11. Until lately I have been unable to procure wine, but since landing on the Crimea I
have used the nearest substitute at hand. I would further he<x to offer a sucro-estion, which
I feel compelled to do by painful experience, that facility should be granted for the imme-
diate removal of officers who are sick into some suitable place, such as on shipboard,
&c., and that in cases of severe illness a Board might be summoned at once, or that his
removal might be sanctioned by the signature of some of the neighbouring surgeons,
without the tedious formality which has lately been required — an officer remaining
under canvas in many cases for several days before leave of absence appears in orders. An
application for removal of an officer on board ship at present requires signatures of the
No. 1, division staff surgeon. No. 2, Dr. Hall, No. 3, the Commanding, and No. 4, the
Brigadier General. It has then to be forwarded to the Adjutant General's Office, where
it is frequently detained, and was in a recent case mislaid, and when the sick officer's name
appears in general orders, and not till then, we are vmable (able ?) to remove him. The case I
allude to was forwarded as urgent and severe by the division surgeon, and after some
days, and no order appearing, he being much worse, and kept constantly wet by rain drop-
ping through his tent, was sent to await it on board ship by his brigadier. An application
for a Board was now made, but the answer came two days afterwards, and meanwhile the
ship had sailed for Scutari, the officer being too ill to be removed. He only survived the
voyage one day. The Board was moreover ordered to assemble in camp. The two days
previously he was unable to leave his bed. I, therefore, feel it my painful duty to suggest
that such delays are not only useless as checks upon malingering, but prove very great
impediments to the recovery of officers, who, in this respect, enjoy far less privileges than
the private soldier. I have, &c.

(Signed) W. Cattell, Assisting Surgeon,
5th Dragoon Guards.

J. R. Brusu, Esq., Surgeon, Scots Greys.

Gentlemen, The Camp, Balaklava, January- 23, 1855.

I HAVE been prevented by illness from sending an earlier answer to your letter of
the ] 1th ultimo, and which was received by me nearly a fortnight after date.

I have the honour to forward the following answers to the questions contained in that
letter, taking them in tlie numerical order therein laid down.

Answer 1. Two surgeons — J. R. Brush, M.D; assistant surgeon, J. T. Armstrong

2. Three hospital attendants, namely, one sergeant, one cook, and one orderly, and in
addition, one fatigue man told off daily to cut wood and carry water, &c. for the patients.
These hospital attendants are in every respect fit for the duties of tlieir situations.

3. Three tents, not one of them weather proof, and totally insufficient.

4. Eighteen hair mattresses and twelve blankets ; these, together with the men's own
great coats and blankets, have been, found sufficient for the sick accommodation in the bell
tents. In addition there are two bed pans and two urinals.

5. The general nature of the medicines has been good, and the average generally
sufficient, as well as the medical comforts kept with the regiment. In making this state-
ment, I must add that when surgeon of the 93d Highlanders at Varna, having experienced
the greatest difficulty in obtaining various articles required by me, I resolved, on taking
medical charge of the 2d Dragoons at Koolalie, to lay in a supply of extra medicines
and medical comforts, which I obtained from the General hospital at Scutari, before the
regiment proceeded to the Crimea. Tliis supply I have been enabled to keep up, by con-
stantly going into Balaklava, and watching day after day the arrival of fresh stores. I have
had to perfonii not only the duties of medical officer, but likewise those of medical orderly,
by which alone have I been enabled to keep up a proper supply of medicines and medical
comforts for the sick.

6. Surgeon's case of cnpital instruments. Assistant surgeon's field case ditto. Surgeon's
and assistant surgeon's pocket case of instruments. Cupping instruments complete.
Stomach pump complete. Fracture apparatus box complete. Surgeon's and assistant sur-
geon's cases of lancets. There is a cutler attached to Lord Raglan's head quarters for the
purpose of keejiing surgical instruments in repair.

7. Two or three kettles picked up by accident on the taking of Balaklava, and nearly
five pans of different sizes have been obtained, which are sufficient for all the purposes of
cooking rations, extras, Kc.

8. No means of carriage except a broken-down araba, which is now perfectly vxseless.

9. Number of medical officers sufficient, but not the hospital attendants. A cavalry
regiment is so constituted that in the event of any great amount of sickness, it is out of the
power of commanding officers to give the requisite number of hospital attendants. Every
sick dragoon is a man taken from his horse, and every hospital attendant is an additional
one. The proportion of dismounted men ought to be much greater. Without these
dismounted men it is impossible to keep a cavalry camp in a proper state of cleanliness.
Bodies of dead hoi-ses are lying about our camp in scores ; the cavalry have no tiitigue
men to bury their carcases.

1 0. The only medicines I have been deficient in, and that for a period of about one month,
are, tinct. catech., tinct. kino, and creta prepar., and occasionally at intervals pul. cret.
c. opio. For about a month after landing in the Crimea I had not a single article of
hospital furniture or convenience.

11. I have not been obliged to procure any articles, &c.

In conclusion, having consulted with the commissariat officer of the cavalry division, we
came to the opinion that it would be absolutely necessary on the march to have two mule
carts, each drawn by two mules or horses, attached to each regiment, for the purpose of
conveying the hospital marquee or tents, bedding, blankets, stretchers, surgical appliances,
medical comforts, and extra medicines, &c. These carts to be made like the commissariat
mule carts, somewhat lighter, and with an iron railing round. As to the conveyance of
the sick, that is an affliir altogether pertaining to the ambulance department ; but I cannot
conclude without referring to the admirable arrangements of our allies, the French, as
regards their medical department, a thorough inquiry into which I would most earnestly
recommend to be made by the gentlemen to whom I have the honour of addressing this
letter. With the French authorities, 1 believe the greatest deference is paid to the medical
department, and every assistance rendered them; nobody has presumed to say that this is
the case in the British Service ; it is a notorious fact that the very reverse holds good.
WHien a man gets sick, he is handed over to the doctor, and generally speaking nobody but
the doctor takes much interest in him. During the time I have been in the Crimea, that
is since the landing of the regiment in September last, no General Officer has visited my
hospital, nor to my knowledge interested himself in any way about the sick. What is the
cause of this apparent apathy, it is impossible for me to conjecture ; but this I maintain, and
this 1 would most earnestly beg to impress on the minds of the gentlemen whom I have now
the honour to address, that tmless General Officers or those high in command do take an
interest in their sick soldiers, or until they do lend a helping and willing hand to their
medical officers, it will not be possible for the duties of the medical department to be
satisfactorily and efficiently carried on in the field. I have, &c.

(Signed) J. E. Brush, M.D.,

Surgeon Scots Greys.

H. Kendall, Esq., Surgeon 4tli Light Dragoons.

Light Cavalry Brigade, Balaklava, Crimea,
Sir, December 20, 1854.

I HAVE the honom- of submitting to your notice my replies to the queries in your
letter of the 11th inst.

Answer 1. Two, Henry Kendall, M.D., surgeon, and R Orr Crighton, M.D., assistant
surgeon.

2. One hospital sergeant and two orderlies. All good.

3. Four, which in the present reduced state of the regiment is sufficient.

4. There are 12 sets of hospital bedding, each set consisting of a bolster and pallias, filled
with straw, a rug, two blankets, and three sheets ; in addition to the above, each patient
has a blanket, cloak, &c. I would recommend that a waterproof sheet be issued for each
set of bedding, one close stool, one bed pan, one urinal.

5. The panniers are filled with the usual medicines and medical comforts, as we can
obtain them.

6. One case of capital instruments, which have not yet required any repairs, &c.

7. A fireplace in the open, which, however, is very inefficient for the purpose, espe-
cially in wet weather. The cooking utensils we have in the hospital canteen.

8. No means of carriage for sick and wounded, or hospital stores, &c. Medicines,
comforts, and instruments, are carried in the panniers by the hospital pony.

9. Quite sufficient. Orderlies are given, on requisition to the commanding officer, in
the ratio of 1 orderly to 10 sick men.

10. Requisitions for medicines and medical comforts have frequently been sent in, but
when the articles have not been in store we have been compelled to do without, when we
could not obtain them elsewhere.

11. Occasionally we have obtained medical comforts from the officers of the regiment, &c.
In addition to the waterproofs recommended in paragraph 4, I would suggest a stove

for the purpose of cooking, in a tent or hut set apart for that purpose, and a waggon with
its appliances for the conveyance of sick and wounded, hospital stores, &c.

A depot for medicines, stores, &c., attached to each brigade, would be advantageous.

I have, &c.
(Signed) H. Kendall, M.D.,

Surgeon 4th Light Dragoons.

A. FoKTEATS, Esq., Surgeon Royal Dragoons.

Camp near Kadekoi, Crimea,
Sir, / _ January 15, 1855.

In answering* the queries of the Commission, I find by the copy that I have
retained that I omitted to offer a suggestion, which I humbly conceive v/ould be of
some importance ; viz..

That every soldier should be furnished with a book, similar to his account book, in
which each time he was admitted to, or discharged from hospital, should be entered along
Avith columns for disease, when and where contracted, exciting cause, symptoms on
admission, peculiar symptoms, treatment, result, duration. This book to be in place of
medical registers, which might be reserved for uncommon cases and for death reports.
The book to be kept either in the possession of the hospital sergeant, or troop or company
sergeant, and to be produced each time the man reports himself sick.

By this means the man's previous medical history would be seen at a glance— a great
help to a medical officer, Avho has frequently great difficulty at arriving at the truth,
especially on being newly appointed to the regiment, and with men sent to general hospitals,
or in invaliding.

I have, &c.
(Signed) A. FoRTEATH, M.D.,

Surgeon Royal Dragoons.

Charles John White, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 3d Dragoon Guards^ in medical charge

of the 8 th Hussars.

Cavalry Camp, Kadekoi,
Gentlemen, December 24, 1854.

_ With reference to a circular received from you, dated 11th December 1854,
mquiring into the condition of our sick, relative to hospital accommodation and medical
comforts, I beg to afford the following answers to the questions therein contained. Having
only been in charge of this regiment during the last six weeks, my information on many

* The communication here referred to was never received. Dr. Forteatb was requested to
iorward another copy, but none came to hand.

K 3

points is greatly circumscribed, but such knowledge as my sbort charge has furnished me
with, I have the honour to transmit to you, trusting it may be of some service to the end
you have in view.

Answer 1. One medical officer, Charles John While, assistant surgeon, 3d Dragoon
Guards.

2. One hospital sergeant and one orderly. Both perform their duties to my entire
satisfaction.

3. Until within the last ten days the amount of tents supplied for hospital use were
three, but the numbers of our sick increasing, the extra accommodation of one tent was
asked for from the regiment and was obtained.

4. For the first five weeks of my charge there were no beds or bedding at all supplied
to the hospital, the only extra allowed to the sick being another blanket ; but about a
week since a supply of 12 mattrasses, 6 water decks, and 26 mats were sent in for our use,
but the blocks to rest the poles on, so as to prevent the mattrasses being on the ground,
were not sent, only the poles were provided, thereby rendering them of much less service
than they otherwise would be. Wc have no close-stools, only one bed-pan, no urinals, or
any such conveniences.

5. The supply and quantity of medicines are very small, but our supply of medical
comforts are amply sufficient.

6. The surgical instruments contained in the capital case are in good order and repair,
but there are no means of keeping them so to my knowledge.

7. The means for cooking the hospital rations require much amendment. The supply of
cooking utensils is perfectly inadequate, and the want of a cook is much felt, the orderly
being incapable, through having other duties to perform, of properly attending to the
cooking.

8. We have no means of carriage for our sick, with the exception of the occasional use
of an ambulance ; neither have we any means of conveyance for our hospital tents, stores,
stores, medicines, medical comforts, and provisions, and surgical instruments and appliances,
beyond that furnished by an hospital pony, and now and then a regimental mule.

9. The number of hospital attendants is very insufficient. I have made application for
another orderly, but the diminished strength of the regiment, and the want of men for the
duties to be performed, precluded my application from being listened to.

10. Since I have been in charge I have never experienced any difficulty in obtaining my
requisitions for medicines and medical comforts, &c., provided they were in store, which
was not always the case.

1 1 . My short charge of this regiment prevents me answering this question, my know-
ledge on the subject being but slight.

As far as lies in my power I have answered your questions, and trust they may be of
some use. As to making any suggestion, my being so junior in the service would render
it an act of presumption on my part, and therefore I will decline writing anything on the
subject.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Charles John White,

Assistant Surgeon 3d Dragoon Guards,
in medical charge of 8th Hussars.

J. B. St. C. Crosse, Esq., Surgeon 11th Hussars.

Sir, Balaklava, December 19, 18.54.

In reply to your letter of the 1 1th inst., just received, I beg to offer the following
replies to your questions.

Ansicer 1. Medical officers present, &c. — Surgeon Crosse, Assistant Surgeon Wilkin.

2. Hospital orderlies, &c. — One hospital sergeant-major, two orderlies. Have been so
employed for a long time ; in every way up to their duties, and efficient till within a short
time ago, when both orderlies became knocked up, are now under treatment, and replaced
by one man lately returned from Scutari.

3. Hospital accommodation, &c. — Hospital marquee left on board " Trent" steamer,
and landed with only panniers and two sets of bearers by order of Dr. Mitchell, late staff
surgeon. Supplied with one tent, marked " Hospital, XI Hussars," after Alma, from Lord
Lucan's lines, which on the march was carried by Dr. Mitchell's araba, and which was
obliged to be sent for and returned on halting or moving. At present there are three
tents in use, but there has been, and always is, great trouble in procuring tents for
hospital purposes.

4. Bedding, &c. — On leaving Varna, the XI. Hospital was supplied with 12 sets of
bedding (unfilled) and two canteens, marked "A." and "B." The former were made use of
by the cases requiring them most, and as the numbers of sick were seldom under 20 and
always over 12, it follows there could not be sufficient; this however was immaterial till
after arrival on the heights near Inkerman, when the Aveather became cold and wet.

The canteen contained one urinal, one bed-pan, one close-stool (with cooking and other
vessels, &c.), which were obviously insufficient when bowel complaint and fever were
prevalent.

5. Medicines, &c. — Left the regimental and detachment chests with six months' supply
of medicine, &c., at Yarna, and, on requiring a further supply, had to ride from Devna to
Varna myself, and carry back the same ; which on a second occasion I declined doing,
preferring to borrow medicines, or give others in exchange, to riding 40 miles, and losing
time which could be more usefully employed.

I have, however, no complaint to make in respect of medicine or medical comforts,
having always procured whatever I myself went or asked for, except soap ; and I generally
contrived to keep, whilst in Bulgaria, a fair amount of each, and of which a portion was
left on board ship and subsequently landed at Balaklava.

6. Instruments, &c. — One of the panniers contained my own capital case, a set of
cupping and post mortem instruments, which, with the exception of a double-edged knife
and bistoury, damaged on 25th October, are in good order.

7. Means of cooking, &c. — The means of cooking hospital rations I have tried and
failed in carrying out ; the men were therefore, according to their cases, allowed their meals
from their troops, and the extras were cooked with difficulty by one of the orderlies, who
had to procure and carry water some distance. This, in Bulgaria, Avhere milk and eggs
were to be had in any quantity, answered ]>retty well ; but on landing in the Crimea, where
neither one nor the other were procurable, no cooking appai-atus existed, and the utmost
difficulty was experienced in making arrow-root, sago, or tea for the sick soldiers.

8. Means of carriage, &c. — The greatest difficulty has been experienced in procuring
transport for the sick since landing in the Crimea ; on some occasions compelling me to
send men on board ship whom I otherwise should have detained, and at other times being
obliged to mount sick men on spare horses, with whom I have mnrched ; and during the
last few moves (and here I may state that since the arrival of the XI. at Balaklava, on the
25th September, no less than 14 or 15 moves have been made, which though not of very
great distance, still entailed the same trouble and inconvenience in a cavalry regiment) the
sick were, in the majority of cases, obliged to walk as best they could, and when the
regiment came down from Inkermann to the present lines on the 2d of this month, the
sick Avere left behind for several days, and very often reached this place by a portion
walking, and those unable to do so being conveyed, ns a personal favoiir to myself, by the
artillery waggons and commissariat arabas of another division, my own and a borrowed
bat pony carrying the tents, &c.

9. Number of medical officers. — For the number of men in muster, I consider the
medical staff sufficient, during ordinary times, although from half-past 4 A.M. till 9 P.M.
during our station at Devna and Jenibazar there was nothing but work — work all day
long. Of course this does not refer to periods such as after a battle, when an extra hand,
always procurable, I consider indispensably necessaiy. \Yith regard to further assistance
in the shape of orderlies, men convalescing are generally employed, as from the paucity of
men and amount of stable duty, some disinclination always exists to reducing that nvimber,
and a greater to asking for it. I have, however, no reason to doubt the result of insisting
on this point if required.

10. Requisites, &c. — "With the exception of the repair of instruments, I have always
managed to procure whatever I demanded in the shape of medicines, &c. At the same
time I may remark that I liave used my own brandy, arrowroot, rice, and sugar, there
being no purveyor attached to our brigade, and neither the staff surgeon or commissariat
possessing such articles.

n. I have on occasions procured from the different cavalry surgeons, quinine, Dover's
powder, and hyd. c. creta, for which I have given other articles; but this does not
infer that I could not have procured the same on requisition, time and distance being the
consideration that led me to this step.

In conclusion, I must record my humble opinion, that the attempt of treating disease in
tents is most unsatisfactory and trying ; the sending men, however urgent it may appear,
on board ship, tends rather to encourage malingering, and that were it possible to house
those under treatment, I am convinced in a fortnight the number could be reduced one
half, and the regiment rendered more efficient.

I have, &c.
(Signed) J. B. St. Ceoix Crosse,

Surgeon 11th Hussars.

Joshua Paynter, Esq., Surgeon 13th Light Dragoons.

Camp near Balaklava, Crimea,
Gentlemen, December 23, 1854.

I have the honour to forward an answer to your questions, dated Scutari, 11th
December 1854.

Answer 1. There are two medical officers now present with my regiment, viz., Joshua
Paynter, surgeon, 13th Light Dragoons, and L. Armstrong, M.D., assistant surgeon, 13th
Light Dragoons.

2. One hospital sergeant, with two orderlies, are employed at present ; their essential
fitness for their duties being as good as one can expect under our present system.

K 4

3. We have at present three bell tents in use, in every way quite unfit for a hospital
establishment ; however, had we had these during our moves in the Crimea we could not
have carried them, as no means of transport was provided for even a sick man. When avc
last moved from the heights of Sebastopol to our present encamping ground, I was obliged
to carry one hospital tent on my own horse, and walk myself; the other two being left,
with part of our sick men who could not walk, on the ground, and I afterwards sent for
them on my pack pony. A hospital marquee, belonging to the regiment, is on board the
" Jason " transport ; but of course it was useless bringing it on shore when landing in the
Crimea, as we were informed that transport would not be allowed for it, or for any other
article, save what we could place on the bat pony.

4. There are eight cases for bedding, with nine bolster cases, in my possession, but not
any bedding, or anything to fill these cases ; indeed, we could not have carried anything of
the sort, as the cases have only been landed fi-om the " Jason " transport within the last
few days. There are two close stools, two bed pans, one urinal, and in fact ample utensils,
but we have never been able to carry one of them. These have also just been landed from
the " Jason " transport.

5. I have always had ample medicines and medical comforts; i.e., as much as I could
possibly carry. These have been always of a good quality.

6. I have a capital case of instruments, — pocket case with tooth instruments, — all my
own property ; a set of cupping instruments, and a stomach pump ; also a fracture and dis-
location apparatus belonging to the public. Hitherto these have not required any repair ;
should they, I am not aware how it could be done.

7. I have now ample means for cooking, having received cooking utensils from the
" Jason " transport a few days since, where they were left when the regiment landed in
the Crimea. Should we move, however, there is no means of transport for these, or in fact
anything else.

8. The bat pony is the only means of transport in my possession, and this has been
always a source of much annoyance; as we were furnished with a pony which would never
carry the panniers without kicking, consequently everything is broken, and out of repair.
The panniers contain the medicines and my surgical instruments, with the smallest space
possible for a few little necessary extras. I have stated above that we have never had any
mode of conveying sick men, tents, or any other article, except the panniers.

9. I have at present sufficient hospital attendants under me.

10. I have always had everything supplied to me that I required. I asked for little, as
I felt I never could carry it with me.

11. I have not found it necessary to procure anything from any source, except the pur-
veyor or apothecary. The only difficulties again here have been that of sending for these
things, and means of transport. In cavalry corps there is always a difficulty in obtaining
even a fatigue ; this is, however, impossible to help.

I trust the foregoing answers have been sufficient to prove that the great drawback
medical officers have had to contend with in this war has been want of transport for sick
men, first and foremost, and then for a sufficient quantity of everything necessary for a
surgeon on service. This has been one great drawback ever since we landed, both in
Turkey last June, and since in the Crimea. I trust I may be excused making a few sug-
gestions, and having been on a former occasion for two years with an army in the field,
may be allowed to do so, perhaps, Avithout seeming over zealous.

I think every medical officer should be independent of his neighbour, —have his own bat
horse, panniers, and medicines, &c.,^ — in this war. I have been more pestered with people
drawing on my supplies than I can tell ; and in fact the medical men, in my opinion, have
been ample if all had felt that they should have gone into the field provided with what was
necessary, and without which he may as well have remained at home. In Bulgaria, I never
could reckon on how much medicine I might have on the morrow, as the staff medical officers
had orders to draw on the regimental.

I have not sufficient standing in the service to excuse my making many other suggestions,
which I should like to do.

I have, (fee.
(Signed) Joshua Paynter,

Surgeon 13th Light Dragoons.

H. H. Massy, Esq., Surgeon 1 7 th Lancers.

Gentlemen, Camp near Balaklava, December 29, 1854.

In reply to your letter, dated Scutari, December 11th, in which, by the instruction
of the Duke of Newcastle, you make certain inquiries into the condition of the sick and
wounded officers and soldiers of the British army in the East, I have the honour herewith
to transmit answers to your questions numerically in order.

Answer 1. One, Hampden Hugh Massy, M.D., Surgeon 17th Lancers.

2. A sergeant and three orderlies. I conaider them fitted for their several duties, as they
have been carefully selected.

3. One hospital marquee and two bell tents, quite sufficient for the present strength of
the 17th Lancers. The marquee has only been obtained within the last few days, prior to
that period four bell tents were the hospital accommodation. I consider bell tents very ill
calculated for hospitals, from various reasons ; their circular shape necessitates a crowding
towards the centre. The pole interferes with the extensive employment of tressels or any
species of bedstead ; that is, that each tent cannot hold the proportion of sick it ought.
The most serious objections are, however, in summer (as experienced in Bulgai-ia) from
their thinness they don't keep out the direct rays of the sun, which is very distressing to
sick men. In winter, from the same cause, they are excessively cold, and in wet weather,
in spite of all the aid of intrenchments, &c. are not impervious to heavy or continued rain ;
they leak from the sides above the curtain. These remarks, as to the sufficiency of tent
accommodation, only apply to the Crimea, as in the summer in Bulgaria we had only one
hospital marquee and two bell tents, though the regiment was then double its present
strength. I consider the accommodation in Bulgaria was not sufficient ; I hardly think any
species of tent a judicious plan to treat sick men in winter in a cold climate.

4. There is a tressel for every patient, and one hospital blanket. There are ten hair
mattresses for the use of the hospital. The difficulty of procuring carriage has heretofore
hindered my having a mattress for each patient. All these, however, have been obtained
within the last fortnight, except the blankets, which were served out about six weeks
back. Prior to these periods there was neither bed or bedding. I am of opinion that with
a mattress for each patient there would be a sufficiency. There are three close stools and
two bed pans ; these are no doubt sufficient.

5. The supply of medicines and medical comforts has always depended on clrcimistances.
When the army landed in the Crimea, the supply merely consisted of what the panniers
would hold ; but since the army has been befoi'e Sebastopol, I have always had a sufficiency
of the medicines and medical comforts I am in the habit of prescribing. The medical
comforts consisted of wine, brandy, arrowroot, sago, and ground rice, and latterly of pre-
served meat, essence of beef, and potatoes.

6. The surgeon's capital case of instruments, and the field case, supplied by the public ;
and the pocket cases of the surgeon and assistant surgeon, when an assistant was with the
regiment. These have up to this time been sufficient to perform the surgical operations
requisite in the 17th Lancers, without needing repairs. After the battles of the Alma and
Inkerman, when operating on the wounded of other regiments, and upon the Russians, I
used the public instruments that were always available wliere the wounded were
collected.

7. I applied twice for the A. and B. canteens, but they could not be given. I was
supplied, however, with cooking utensils which have answered the purpose.

8. No wheeled carriage that I have seen is so valuable, in my opinion, for the convey-
ance of wounded or sick, as our ambulance waggon, capable of carrying ten, six sitting up
and four reclining, but from the wretched state of the roads it is not sufficient. No
wheeled ambulance could be efficient in the present state of the roads. No means were
supplied for carrying the hospital tents and stores since we have been in the Crimea. The
light cavalry brigade has had several short marches since we have been before Sebastopol,
but I can hardly say how the tents, &c. were carried. The marches have not exceeded a
few miles at a time, and we have never moved two days consecutively. We have by this
been enabled to send back, day after day, the bat pony, or any species of conveyance
procurable, until everything was brought up. Beyond what could be packed into the
panniers, the medicines and surgical instruments, &c. were similarly conveyed.

9. When the assistant surgeon joins the regiments, I conceive I shall have sufficient
assistance in every way to carry on the duties of the regiment at the present strength
of cavalry regiments. I once applied for an assistant surgeon during the sickness of the
one belonging to the regiment. C ae was immediately granted to me.

10. The only medicines I have ever applied for, without being able to obtain them,
were tlnct. catechu and opium ; the former was some time back, and the latter was
within the last few days. About a week back I was unable to procure some arrowroot on
requisition, but have been since supplied.

11. Never.

It must be remembered that the above remarks are only applicable to a cavalry
regiment which on its arrival from England in Turkey did not exceed 300 men, and is
now reduced, by the casualties of battle and sickness, to about 160 duty men.

I beg to state^ to the Committee that it has always appeared to me that one of the most
serious deficiencies In the management of sick soldiers has been the want of carriage.

When the light cavalry brigade was at Devna, in Bulgaria, the worst cases of sickness
were usually sent to the general hospital at Varna, a distance of nearly 20 miles ; the only
conveyance was the araba of the country ; these sick were commonly 10 hours on ^he road.
During marches likewise in Bulgaria, the carriage for the sick, hospital, and stores was
similar ; It was very deficient. The sick suffered much, and never used to arrive at the
end of the march until many hours after the regiment. In the Crimea, until the waggons
were landed, there was also no carriage for sick. I really cannot tell how the sick managed
to get on sometimes. In many respects is this want of carriage most seriously felt, some-

times coiupletely tying the hands of surgeons of regiments. Some time back I obtained a
hospital marquee at the store, a mile and a half from our camp. T applied in every
direction for a means of carriage ; none whatever could be supplied. I w^as obliged to send
the bat pony day after day ; on each occasion bringing up some portion of it. Tressels
and mattresses were supplied at the same time, and had it not been for a complimentary
loan of a commissariat cart, I do not know how I could have brought these things to the
camp. On the day I received the marquee, I was informed tliat I could procure boards
for flooring, by requisition. I did not apply for them, as I have no means by which I
could convey them from the store to the hospital.

I could afford numerous illustrations of the want of carriage for hospital purposes, and of
the serious inconveniences that arise in consequence of this deficiency. The mule ambu-
lance of the French army supply every want.

I have, &c.
(Signed) H. H. Massy, M.D.,

Surgeon 17th Lancers.

R. C. Elliott, Esq., Surgeon Ordnance Medical Department, attached to Head-quarter a

Staff, Eojal Artillery.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 20, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, which arrived late last
evening, and in reply, beg respectfully to infoi-m you that, although the senior Ordnance
medical officer out here, I have nothing whatever to do with the assistant surgeons attached
to the troops of Royal Horse Artillery or batteries, who are, as well as myself, under the
orders of the principal medical officer. Dr. Hall, Inspector General of Hospitals; this
arrangement has existed since our partial amalgamation with the army medical department.
I have made these remarks to show you that it is not from want of inclination I am unable
to answer some of your questions.

Ansioer 1. C Troop, Assistant Surgeon Protheroe, Royal Horse Artillery.
J. ,, „ Thornton, „

A. Battery,

McMunn, Ordnance Medical Department.

B. „

Webb, 36th Regiment, vice Gilborne, invalided.
Fasson, Ordnance Medical Department.

E. „

F. „

Combe,

G. „

Perry,

H. „

Ward,

P. „

Wright,

Fogo,

Right siege train,

Park,

Bowen,

„ Staff

Chappie.

Hearn.

Left siege train „

Haughton.

33 53

Taylor.

53 J>

King.

Cockerill,

33 35 v>yv^Jiv^J.j-Li, „

Head-quarters Stafi", Royal Artillery, Surgeon Elliot, Ordnance Medical
Department.

2. One orderly at the head-quarter staff camp, Royal Artillery, has done the duty to
the best of his ability, but would not answer if there were many sick. At the right siege
train there are two ordei'lies : one with a company (D'Aquilar's) at the extreme right with a
6 gun battery ; the second at the right siege train ; both are non-commissioned officers,
and perform the duties very well ; should there be ten sick, an orderly is supplied from
one of the companies, or if they there is any serious case, too ill to be moved to the
general hospital, an orderly is supplied from the company to which the patient belongs.

Left siege train has one orderly, a non-commissioned officer ; also one man to attend on
the sick in each tent.

3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation is as follows, viz. ; — head-
quarter staff, one, which I have in general found sufficient, but when an increased degree of
sickness prevails, as at Varna, I then obtained another tent.

At the I'ight siege train one hospital marquee ; this has generally been found sufficient,
as many of' the cases are removed to the general hospital if the sick increase, or if change
of air will prove beneficial to the patients.

At the left siege train they had one marquee, which was all but destroyed in the
hurricane on the 14th November 1854. For some time after, the sick and healthy were in
the same tents, but the number of the artiUery gradually increasing and the sick in
proportion, I applied for a marquee to the Quartermaster General's Department ; the order

was given, but I was told at the same time that they had none in store ; bell tents were
also applied for, but none could be obtained, for the same cause ; but the one or other will be
obtained as soon as they arrive from England. As there are many sick, I have obtained one
or two tents from each company, and here the worse cases are treated. There are now six
tents. I am also having the old marquee repaired.

4. At the head-quarters staff, Eoyal Artillery, when at Varna, I had four paillasses
which I filled with chaff ; these were ample for the number of sick ; but on leaving for the
Crimea these were emptied, as only one pony was allowed for the medicine panniers, &c.
&c. I also had at Varna one urinal and three bed pans ; these were left on board the ship
on our marching from Kalamita Bay for want of transport, besides many other articles.
Since this camp has been formed I have again obtained those articles, and are quite enough
for my sick. At the right siege train they have eleven sets of bedding, consisting of one
rug and two blankets, also twelve of Dr. Smith's cots and two bed pans, and ten
Turkish mats.

At the left siege train they have twelve of Dr. Smith's cots, and the men use their two
blankets, oil cloak, and coats ; I have applied for Nos. 1 and 2 hospital canteens, which will
also give them twelve sets of bedding. Until the sick increased, they had only one bed
pan, but now have three and a close stool. On leaving England, I was supplied with a
detachment medicine chest, but at Scutari I obtained two canteens, medical and surgical,
as the other was too large to be carried on a pack pony ; I, however, retained it as a reserve
medicine chest until landing in the Crimea, it was then left on board ship, and was lost in
the " Kesolute," No. 5, in the hurricane on the I4th of November, As to medicines and
medical comforts, they are obtained by requisition, approved by the principal medical officer.
Each assistant surgeon of the Ordnance medical department, on leaving Woolwich for
foreign service with one or more companies of Eoyal Artillery, is supplied with two
canteens, medical and surgical ; at the right attack there are two sets, at th§ l§ft onej and
the medicines and medical comforts are supplied as I have already Stated,

Each assistant surgeon, on joining the Ordnance medical department, is supplied with a
capital case of instruments, a pocket case, and one of tooth instruments i he is bound to keep
them always ready for use ; and here and at Varna a cutler has been sent to repair the
instruments, if necessary. At the head-quarter staff I have one of each of the above.

Right siege train they have two sets.

Left siege train same as right.

At the head quarters I have saucepans sufficient for the purpose,

At the right siege train they have No. 1 and 2 hospital canteens complete, quite sufS-^
cient for the number of sick usually under treatment.

No one had an idea the siege train would be divided, and only one set of canteens
were applied for, which would have been enough bad all been together ; the men of the
left siege train have had their meals cooked in the camp kettles, or in their mess tins, but
as soon as the hospital canteens are landed a set will be supplied to the left.

On my landing at Kalamita Bay, I made out a requisition for an araba, for the convey-
ance of sick, my medical and surgical canteens, field instruments, medical comforts, and
hospital necessaries. It was approved of by the principal medical officer, also by my General
(Strangways), and by the Quartermaster General, General Airey, but on presenting it to the
eommlssariat, I was informed they had none ; I was, therefore, at the last moment obliged
to send everything back to the ship, with the exception of my field instruments, panniers,
and one beargr, these I cai'rled on my private pony. Had any sickness occurred among my
men, I had no means of transport for them except the one bearer, as none of the
ambulance were landed, and I believe never left Varna ; and to this omission I attribute
the unmerited reflections that have been cast iq)on my profession after the battle of the
Alma. Had they accompanied the army not a wounded soldier would have been left twenty-
four hours after the action on the field, as has been since proved after the battle on the
Inkerman heights, where every wounded man was brought in and attended to before
twenty-four hours had elapsed after the fighting was over. This subject is one of the
greatest importance to an army in the field, and I would strongly, at the same time most
respectfully, call the attention of your committee to it, and not allow the sick and wounded
to be left in another compaign as they are at present, as we had and shall have to call in
the assistance of our allies for their ambulance mules, to transport our sick and wounded
from the camp hospital to the general hospital at Balaklava, and on board the ships. The
siege train did not land until we formed our present camp, and then the principal medical
officer told off one of the ambulance waggons for its use ; but now men and mules are
inefficient, and very little if any use is made of the ambulance.

The numbers are sufficient, as in case of sickness or invaliding, the principal medical
officer. Dr. HaU, has on every occasion attended to my suggestions in supplying the
deficiency.

On all occasions I have received Dr. Hall's approval to my requisitions, and have
always obtained each article applied for if in store, and have lately obtained his sanction to
supply the sick with medical comforts, free of expense, as long as salt rations are issued.
I have been a week or sometimes a day or two longer without some of the articles I have
applied for, but always obtained them when they arrived.

L 2

I have never procured articles for the sick from any source but the purveyor or
apothecary.

In conclusion, permit me respectfully to suggest, that a small apothecary store cart on
wheels, and drawn by two or more horses, should be supplied to each regiment on active
service, and one on a small scale to each head-quarters staff, on a principle somewhat similar
to one taken from the Russians at Mackenzie's farm, a sketch of which I hope to forward
with this,*

I have, &c.
(Signed) R. C. Elliot,

Surgeon Ordnance Medical Department,
attached to Head-quarters Staff, Royal Artillery.

RussiAi^r Oakt, for carrjdng medicines, medical comforts, surgical instruments and

appliances, and culinary utensils.

This carriage is drawn by two or three horses.

R. C. Elliot,
Surgeon Ordnance Department.

J. C. HOENSBY "Wright, Esq., Assistant Surgeon, P. Field Battery.

Sir, Camp near Sevastopol, January 1, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to forward for your information my answers to the enclosed
questions relative to your inquiries into the condition of the sick and wounded oflS.cers and
soldiers of the British army in the East.

Answer 1. I am the only medical officer attached to P. Field Battery, Royal Artillery.

2. One non-commissioned and one orderly for every ten sick men ; fit and sufficient for
the duty.

3. One bell tent ; insufficient.

4. Twelve sets of bedding, one close stool, one bed pan, and one urinal. These and
other conveniences supplied in hospital canteens quite sufficient, considering the number of
men in a field battery.

5. One detachment medicine chest, one surgical chest; medical comforts drawn as
required for use.

6. One field instrument case, one pocket case with lancets.

7. By means of a hospital fireplace, and pots, pans, &c., supplied in hospital canteen.

8. Six bearers for sick and wounded. Hospital tent, stores, &c., carried on the waggons
only by application to the officer commanding. Medicine chest and surgical chest carried
on packhorse supplied for the purpose.

9. Sufficient.

10. I have been on one occasion unable to obtain the demands of my requisition for
medical comforts. I have likewise been unable on one occasion to obtain the full demands
of my reqviisition for medicines ; and I have on two occasions experienced considerable loss
of time before I could possibly obtain the necessary signatures to my requisitions.

11. Never.

I have, &c.

(Signed) J. C. Hornsby Wright, M.D,, Assistant Surgeon O.M.D.,
P. Field Battery, Royal Artillery.

Gentlemen, Camp near Sebastopol, January, 1855.

I HAVE the honour, in compliance with your demand, to enclose with the accom-
panying letter as accurate a list as possible of the several articles for which I was obliged
to make requisition upon the several departments, for the use of P. Field Battery, Royal
Artillery.

I find it quite impossible to specify the different dates upon which the several requisitions
were made, owing to the loss of the noncommissioned officer in charge of my hospital, &c.,
who, I may state, was found some few days since, a short distance from the camp, frozen to
death in the execution of his duty, bringing up medical stores from Balaklava.

I have the honour to state, however, that my requisitions were all made during the latter
part of the month of November, the month of December, and the beginning of January.

My requisitions for medicines were made on the Medical Dispensing Department,
Balaklava, and I always received my full demand, with one exception, that one for pulv.
cretas comp. c. opio.

The reason given for this noncompliance was, that there was none of such medicine in
store at the time. My requisitions for medical comforts were made upon the Purveying
Department, Balaklava, and I always received my full demand, with the exception of one
occasion, and that one was for the second application for essence of beef, owing to the
supply on shore having been all issued. Nevertheless, I received the full amount of my
requisition for the same upon the following day.

My requisition for a hospital marquee, in lieu of the bell tent supplied for the battery,
was made upon the Quartermaster General's Department, and was refused on the ground
of there being none in store at the time of my application.

I have, &c.

(Signed) H. Hornsby "Wright, M.D., Assistant Surgeon O.M.D.,

P. Field Battery.

Requisitions for Medicines for the use of P. Field Battery, Royal Artillery.

Hydrarg. c. cretaj

i^cet. morphia3 - -

- 4 drachms.

- 2 „

Cret£e preparatas

- 4 ounces.

P. ipecac, co. - - - -

- 4 „

P. creta3 com. c. opio.

- 4 „

Olii ricins - - _ _

- 2 lbs.

Sulph. JEth. - . _

- 4 ounces.

Tinct. ferri mur. -

- 4 „

Tinct. catechu. - . _

- - - 4 „

Sp. seth. nitrosi. - _ _

- 4 „

P. cretae comp, - - -

- - - 8 „

Lint - - -

- 2 lbs.

Bandages - - -

- - - 6 „

L 3

Candles -r - -

-> Z IDs.

Cocoa - - - -

- 2 tins.

Ess. beef

- - 12 „

Lime juice

- 3 lbs.

Candles - - -

Sugar - - - .

- a »

Tea . - .

- - 3 „

Arrowroot

- 3 „

W^me - - -

- o Dottles.

Brandy

- 3 „

Lime juice

- 3 lbs.

Ess. beef

- 20 tins.

Brandy - _ _

- 3 bottles.

Wine - - ,

- 3 „

Cocoa -

- 4 tins.

Preserved potatoes

- 20 lbs.

One hospital marquee.

(Signed) H. H. Weight, M.D., Assistant Surgeon O.M.D.,
P. Field Battery, Eoyal Artillery.

Essex Bowen, Esq., Assistant Surgeon R.A., in charge of Siege Train (Eight).

Camp before Sebastopol, Siege Train, Eight Attack,
Gentlemen, January 17, 1855.

In reference to your letter of the 7th instant, I have the honour to inform you
that, having been told of the scarcity of marquees in store, I have not made a requisition for
an additional one, but, in lieu of it, have converted a certain number of bell-tents to hospital
purposes.

The requisitions for hospital furniture have been

Answer 1. — 2 bed pans.

1 night chair (portable).
12 hospital cots (Dr. Smith's patent).
10 Turkish mats.
To the Purveyor, Balaklava.
This requisition was complied with except in the items of bed pans and night chair, which
were said to be unobtainable.

2. A requisition for, — 20 palliasses.

Straw — a suflScIency.
To the Purveyor, Balaklava.
The palliasses were obtained, but were quite unserviceable, on account of there being no
straw to stuff them with.

3. A requisition for, — 2 stoves.

To the Purveyor, Balaclava.
The stoves were obtained, but are useless for cooking purposes.

The requisitions for medicines made from this camp have been, owing to the frequent
changes in the strength of the attack, very numerous ; often more than one a week. The
supply of medicine has at times been deficient, owing to a scanty stock at head quarters.

With regard to medical comforts, they have been supplied me by Dr. Elliot, Surgeon
Royal Artillery, without a requisition having been made by me, in the following lots : —

1st, Essence of beef = •« - ? ^ 24 tins,

Brandy . _ - - _ 3 bottles.

Port wine - - - - 6 „

Lime juice - - - - 4 „

Arrowroot and sugar - - - - 5 lbs.

2d. Sago _ - - - IS 4 lbs.

Arrowroot and sugar - - - 14 „

Preserved meats - - - - 4 tins (large).

Do. do. - - - T 27 tins (small).

Lemons » _ _ - 37.

Boards and trestles - - r 12 sets.

Essence of beef ----- 3 cases.

Eugs - - - 4.

3d. Port wine
Lime juice

Bed covers (waterproof)
Arrowroot and sugar
Rice
Candles

4. A requisition for 2 bottles of brandy. Obtained.
To the Pui-veyor, Balaklava.

The medical comforts have been quite ample in quantity and in quality.

I have, &;c.
(Signed) Essex Bowen,
Assistant Surgeon, E.A., in charge of Siege Train (Right).

2 dozen.
1 bottle.
14. .
5 lbs. '
half a barreL
46.

G. E. Blenkins, Esq., 3d Battalion Grenadier Guards.

3d Battalion Grenadier Guards, Encampment before Sebastopol,
Gentlemen, January 16th, 1855.

I have the honour to return the following answers to the questions submitted

to me.

Answer 1, The medical officers now present with the regiment are Surgeon G. E.
Blenkins, Assistant Surgeons C. NicoU and C. Read.

2. The number of orderlies are seven, with a sergeant who acts as an hospital steward,
and a corporal who acts as dispenser ; they are generally fit for their duties, and of good
capacity.

3. The number of bell tents are seven, with one hospital marquee ; these do not provide
accommodation for more than half the number of sick at present, as the number of sick is
very large, owing to the troops being badly fed, subject to great exposure and very
arduous duties ; and the bell tents are altogether unfit for hospital purposes at this season
of the year, owing to their being made of single canvas.

4. The quantity of beds we have at present are 16 Smith's bedsteads, 16 boards and
trestles, and 9 sets of bedding, complete. We have no close stools, which would be highly
desirable ; five bed pans, and nine urinals.

5. Our medicines consist of quinine, rhubarb, opium, pulv. ipecac, comp., calomel,
and laudanum ; these are the medicines most generally used, and the quantity has
been generally sufficient. We have no store of medicines, as the quantity we require is
issued daily on requisitions by the Inspector General of Hospitals for the division. Our
medical comforts consist of arrowroot, sago, canisters of preserved meats and portable
soup, brandy, port wine, and preserved potatoes. The quantity required is issued daily by
the Inspector General of Hospitals. But we have been generally accustomed to keep a small
stock of these in store, as the supply from the divisional store sometimes fails us.

6. The surgical instruments consist of one complete field case, the private property of
the surgeon of the regiment ; one smaller field case, supplied to us from the general store
at Malta ; a case of cupping instruments and tooth instruments, the property of the surgeon;
and each medical officer has his own private case of pocket instruments. There has been
lately sent round to each division a workman for the purpose of setting or putting in order
any surgical instruments that required it.

7. We have had an A and B canteen supplied to us from the medical store, and two sets
of kettles. This department of the army is generally very badly managed, from the cir-
cumstance of soldiers being the very worst of cooks. This department in each regiment
requires to be superintended by some one who has been brought up to it. Nothing at
present can be more imperfect than our present system.

8. We have been almost entirely deprived of the means of carriage for the sick and
wounded, from the total failure of the ambulance corps. We have been compelled to
remove our sick through the French mule litter corps, which is admirably adapted to the
purpose, especially in a country like the Crimea, where there are no roads. Some have
been removed on baggage horses, but the worst cases cannot be sent by this mode of con-
veyance. There is the same insufficient conveyance for hospital tents and stores, medicines,
medical comforts, and provisions.

9. The number of medical officers has been frequenlly insufficient. It has frequently
happened that a regiment has been without any of its own medical officers. From the
harrassing, laborious, and excessive duties of the medical officers in an unhealthy climate, it
has happened that all have been ill at the same time. The number of orderlies and other
hospital attendants have been sufficient. Application for medical officers to supply the
place or fulfil the duties of those who have been disabled from illness has been attended
with success as far as they could be spared, but still the number is insufficient.

10. We have been unable at times to obtain the whole quantity we required of certain
medicines, medical comforts, hospital furniture, and conveniences ; but our supply of
provisions for the use of the hospital has been most deficient. We have not suffered
to the same extent for want of medicines as we have for provisions, or hardly at all in
comparison,

L 4

11. We have frequently, since the landing of my regiment in the Crimea, procured
rem other quarters than the purveyor or apothecary several articles, such as potatoes,
arrowroot, and meat, from the officers of the regiment when our supply has been short.
In some instances, for two days running, we have been unable to procure fresh meat from
the commissariat for the use of the hospital ; in this case some of the officers have given up
their own private supply to remedy the deficiency. Our supply of potatoes has been
always short from the proper sources, but the deficiency has been in some measure rectified
by presents from the officers.

With reference to your request for any further suggestions which I can give, bearing on
the subject of the questions you have submitted to me, I avail myself of the opportunity to
impress upon you the strong feeling I have, that a larger share of vegetables should be
added to the diet of men sick in hospital, who have been living for months on salt provisions.
The men crave after potatoes, and I regret to state that my deficient supply has been
unable to satisfy their urgent requests. I would suggest that a sufficient supply of fresh
meat should be issued to the hospital, and that a cook, — not a soldier, but one who under-
stands cooking, — should be appointed to each regiment to superintend the culinary arrange-
ments. I have, &c.

(Signed) George E. Blenkins,

Surgeon 3d Battalion Grenadier Guards.

C. R. NicoLL, Esq., Assistant Surgeon Grenadier Guards.
Henry Lawrence, Esq., Assistant Surgeon Grenadier Guards.

Sib, Camp before Sebastopol, December 20, 1854.

Having carefully perused the questions submitted for our consideration, we have
the honour to enclose the following remarks.

1 . The medical officers now present are Assistant Surgeons NicoU, Lawrence, and Read.
Battalion Surgeon Blenkins is reported to have arrived with a detachment in the " Royal
Albert," but has not reached the camp.

2. The number of orderlies and hospital attendants employed, and their fitness for their
duties: — One sergeant, one surgeiy-man, orderlies varying in number according to sick
(average one to about 10 men), besides two cooks. There is no difficulty in obtaining orderlies
on application to the commanding officer ; they are men of good character and well fitted for
their duty, otherwise they are immediately dismissed.

3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation is sufficient.

4. Up to a late period no beds or bedding were available to the men. Now we have 15
beds issued to us, also a few mats. In our possession, belonging to the regiment, are some
palliasses, of little service for want of material to fill them with. Each man's bedding
consists in his own cloak and two blankets, except in urgent cases where an additional one
is required ; but the supply is very scanty and insufficient. Only one bed pan is to be
obtained.

5. We find very few medicines required, but those used consist of p. cretse c. opio.,
p. ipecac, co., hyd. chlorid., p. opii., p. rhaei., hyd. c. creta, quin. disulph., ol. recini., plumbi
acetat., antim. pot. tart. ; most of which are administered to a great extent. The supply is
very limited. The supply of medical comforts totally inadequate during the late sickly
period. A sufficient quantity of medicines and medical comforts for immediate use is
kept with the regiment only. It would be inconvenient to carry much about, on account of
carriage.

6. One set belonging to the battalion-surgeon, another supplied to the regiment on
coming out; both in a good state of repair. We are informed there is a cutler in
Balaklava.

7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras are ample ; recently we have been
Bupplied with cooking utensils.

8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and wounded in the field are lamentably
deficient ; the ambulance corps a perfect failure from want of drivers and mules. Lately,
the French have taken our sick into Balaklava, assisted occasionally by the artillery
waggons ; the latter not a proper conveyance for a sick man. Pack-horses are used for
the conveyance of tents and stores. A separate horse is kept for the use of the hospital ;
on a march it carries two panniers for the medical stores ; two other panniers containing the
same are carried with the rest of the regimental stores. At present all means of conveyance,
whether for sick, wounded, or medical stores, are perfectly insufficient, and the roads
for carts nearly impassable.

9. Quite sufficient at present. One time an additional medical officer was required
owing to the death of one and illness of another ; an application was made for assistance,
which was immediately obtained.

10. As regards question 10, our requisitions for certain quantities of medicines are
nearly always cut down ; frequently, of late, the medicines are not to be obtained nearer
than Balaklava. Medical comforts are totally insufficient ; we are led to believe they are
procurable also at Balaklava. Hospital furniture and conveniences even for a camp hospital
inadequate. Provisions for the use of the hospital are the rations issued to the men.

Fresh meat is to be obtained on requisition (for the sick) at present from the commissariat.
We have not been without the medical and surgical stores and appliances for more than a day.

11. None. In case of an action taking place at present, we should be unable to remove
our Avounded on board ship, on account of the ambulance corps being done up. Wc strongly
recommend this to your special notice.

With reference to question No. 11, we beg to state we did not land with the regiment,
but joined in November, so cannot answer this question as fully as we could have wished.

We have, &c.
(Signed) C. R NicoLL,

Assistant Surgeon Grenadier Guards.

Henby Lawrence,
Assistant Surgeon Grenadier Guards.

John Wyatt, Esq., Senior Assistant Surgeon Coldstream Guards.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, January 10, 1854.

I BEG to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, dated December — , and
in reply to offer you the following remarks upon the very important considerations detailed
by you. The subject altogether is of so grave and momentous a character that I feel it
will be impossible to render at present as full an account of all the circumstances as I could
desire ; however, incomplete as my tribute to your general fund of information will be, it
shall be concise, and embrace only those facts and impressions which more immediately have
been brought before me.

Answer 1. The medical staff of this battalion, during the time it was in Bulgaria, con-
sisted of one battalion surgeon and three assistants, the senior of Avhom was invalided at
Scutari just prior to the embarkation for the Crimea, and has since resigned his commis-
sion; the junior assistant was left behind at Varna, in medical charge of the sick, who were
unable to proceed ; he was su^bsequently ordered to the general hospital at Scutari, where
he was detained doing duty till November 9th, when he left to join the battalion here.
Another assistant surgeon has also recently arrived from England.

2. The hospital establishment consists of one sergeant, one cook, and five permanent
orderlies, exclusive of a corporal, who receives and takes charge of all requisitions made
on the medical department of the division and purveyor's stores. These men are, of course,
fitted for their capacity, or they would not be retained.

3. Until very lately, and during the whole of the very inclement weather, the sick of the
battalion were treated in the common bell tents, — a most inefficient and inapplicable recep-
tacle for the requirements of a hospital in a permanent camp. It was not until Novem-
ber 18th that a marquee could be procured, and then it was furnished from the Quarter
Master General's department in a most useless condition, without ropes to sustain it. This
deficiency was attempted to be remedied by repeated appHcations to the Quarter Master
General's department, but it was not imtil the delay, or rather impossibility of procuring
them, was brought by the commanding officer to the immediate notice of the head quarters
that this deficiency was rectified, by the necessary quantity of rope being supplied from
H.M.S. Sanspareil.

4. During the last month the number of sick under treatment have exceeded an average
of fifty per day. Every man in hospital had two blankets furnished him ; but until very
lately only four of that number had the means of being raised from the wet and damp
ground, although repeated applications on the subject were made to the Deputy Inspector
General of the division, and at this period cholera had appeared amongst the draft recently
arrived from England, and neither ambulance waggons or arabas were available for the
conveyance of the sick from the camp. It was not until December 9th that the hospital
marquee could be made available for the reception of the sick, and then we had in our pos-
session only sufficient wooden boards and trestles to accommodate six men. We were also
supplied with Turkish mats, for which I was obliged to send to Balaklava. There are four
bed pans now in use, which I have recently procured.

5. The quantities of medicines and medical comforts kept in the regimental panniers are
unnecessarily limited, especially for the treatment of the numerous serious cases which have
been constantly under treatment since our encampment before Sebastopol. I naturally
depended for the necessary supply of medicines and medical comforts on the resources of
the divisional stores, upon which I make requisitions as often as necessary.

6. The supply of surgical instruments is sufficient, but the means of keeping them in
order is very inferior. There is a cutler at Balaklava, but he cannot grind instruments,
having no means for such purposes at his disposal.

7. The means of cooking the hospital rations during the prevalence of the Incessant wet
weather were necessarily very imperfect, but latterly I have been enabled to construct a
sheltered place.

8. The means of carriage have also been most imperfect since the army has taken the
field ; only one of the common cattle waggons of the country, capable of holding at most
four people, was available for the whole of this brigade during the line of march. Had
there been one even of the clumsy ambulance waggons attached to each brigade, much suf-

fering to many of the soldiers (who from fatigue and over- exertion were obliged to fall out)
would have been avoided. One Turkish bat horse was embarked with the battalion from
Varna for the use of the hospital, and upon it the two field panniers were carried on the
line of march. The day after the action of Alma, we were dependent entirely upon the
cots supplied freely by the navy for the transport of the wounded from the field to the
beach : without this assistance we should have had only the few stretchers belonging to the
regiment. Had one of the ambulance waggons been there, it would have been of the
greatest service to the battalion, as it is upon such occasions that these conveyances are
more particularly required, of course. Not a single tent could be carried on the over-laden
hospital pack horse.

9. The number of medical officers, orderlies, and hospital attendants, is now amply suffi-
cient for the requirements of the battalion.

10. This question involves the most important considerations, and I regret to say that
my experience does not enable me to offer any satisfactory evidence. As a general rule, I
believe I may safely say that, of the numerous requisitions made to the divisional stores for
supplies of medicines absolutely required by the sick, very few indeed have been returned
without the medicines applied for being very much curtailed in quantity, or erased alto-
gether, with an accompanying remark, "none in store;" and this remark has sometimes
applied to the most essential medicines, such as opium, chalk powder, &c. ; indeed, during
the recent appearance of cholera, I was compelled to resort to the small private stock of a
regimental officer for some medicines imminently required for the use of the sick, which I
had been unable to procure. As regards medical comforts, the greatest deficiency has
existed ; for instance, I was unable, during the recent scourge of cholera, to procure a
single drop of brandy, although I made a special report to the Deputy Inspector General of
the division on the subject of its requirement. The answer I received was, that "rum was
equally as good," and that no brandy was in store. I subsequently reported to him that
rum had very often failed in being retained by the irritable stomach of a cholera patient,
when brandy had subsequently succeeded : still I could pi'ocure none. I was then com-
pelled to apply to my commanding officer, Colonel Newton, who instantly sent toBalaklava
and purchased an abundant supply, which I afterwards employed with the greatest possible
benefit. Sugar even, and arrowroot, have often not been procurable, and for a long period
no candles were supplied to us, which often proved a most sei'ious emission, when so
repeatedly called on during the night to attend on the sudden attacks of cholera which
occurred. Many have been the sad instances brought under my notice where, if this defi-
ciency had been obviated, great inconveniences would have been prevented. I was able at
that time to procure candles at my own expense, and latterly have been supplied from the
divisional stores. The whole of the ambulance corps has latterly been a complete failure,
and the sick of the brigade have been removed from the camp to Balaklava by the admirable
French litters — a far superior method of transporting sick and wounded soldiers than by
the heavy and clumsy waggons attached to our army. In my opinion, an ambulance corps,
to be effective, should at least be available for the conveyance of sick and wounded as long
as the roads are passable for artillery ; but, unfortunately, during this campaign they became
inefficient very soon after the wet weather commenced.

If these unwieldly vehicles had been present on the line of march, a couple of bell tents
could have been carried for the temporary use at night of those casualties from sudden sick-
ness which so frequently occurred, and from the absence of which the sick soldier suffered
materially. Nothing could be more distressing than after a long and fatiguing day's march
to be summoned from a night bivouac to witness the sufferings of a man just attacked with
cholera, without the possibility of finding the araba carrying the single bell tent allotted to
the battalion. I believe, also, that during the recent inclement weather, when the amount
of severe sickness was so much increased, and the men compelled to lie on the wet ground
(one of the greatest possible obstacles to their small chance of recovery), — at a time, also,
when the transport of them from the camp was stopped, — a sufficient quantity of common
boards should have been supplied to us, by which, at least, the sick could have been
temporarily raised from the ground.

I cannot conclude these imperfect replies without recording the very small facilities
which have been procurable for carrying out that system of conservative surgery which, in
these times of modern improvements in the operative department, have been recognized
and approved of by all the best hospital surgeons in Europe. Thanks to the recorded expe-
rience of the late war, many wounded soldiers, who formerly were mutilated for life by
the unnecessary loss of their limbs, can now, by the exercise of skill and discretion, have
their wounded limbs preserved ; but appliances requisite for the treatment of such cases
must be at hand, or the benefits attempted to be conferred becomes an additional injury
inflicted on them : such appliances are expected to be procured at the divisional stores of
an army. After the battle of Inkerman, when the number of wounded in this battalion
was 127, there was not a single angular splint to be procui-ed. I will detail a case in point,
demonstrative of the inconvenience and suffering which resulted. A very fine young
soldier had received a rifle wound, v/hich penetrated the elbow joint, and completely
smashed the bones entering into its formation. It was an apt case for the operation of
excision of the joint, whereby the limb, although hereafter contracted and shortened,
would be preserved. This operation I performed, and as the proper appliances for the
after-treatment could not be procured, I was compelled (rather than amputate the limb)

to make an attificial and very ill-adapted contrivance, in lieu of the proper substitute, at a
great expense of valuable time. With this, the man was despatched to Balaklava for con-
veyance to Scutari ; but the result of the operation I have been unable to learn. I need
not remind you of the great amount of additional suffering which this poor soldier must have
undergone even during his passage to Scutari, which, with the proper appliances, might
have been entirely avoided.

I believe that the result of this inquiry will at least display the absolute necessity of
adopting the system of permanent field hospitals, which, if attached to each division of the
army, and furnished with the necessary corps of attendants, totally detached from regi-
mental duties, would confer the greatest boon on the sick soldier, and place him in a
position independent of the inclemency of the weather or the difficulties attending the
transport from the camp. I am confident that every regimental surgeon will agree with me
in the conviction, that had such places of refuge been available during the last two months,
much of the mortality of the army would have been prevented ; for during the most incle-
ment weather all transport was stopped for an indefinite time, and the sick, most of whom
were afflicted with cholera, dysentery, and fever, were compelled to lie on the wet ground,
with no other shelter than a bell tent, which often was pervious to the rain. It is of little
use for the regimental surgeon to know that abundance of medical stores and comforts have
been sent from England, if, through mismanagement or neglect, the most required and
essential articles cannot be procured through those channels which the custom of the service
directs him to apply for them, and at a time when their failure is of the most vital impor-
tance. We all feel convinced that from this searching inquiry will result immense benefit
to the medical department of the army, by the adoption of a system which will enable the
regimental surgeon to perform his anxious duties more advantageously to his patient, and
with more satisfaction to his conscience.

I have, &c.
(Signed) John Wyatt,

Senior Assistant Surgeon Coldstream Guards.

J. A. BoSTOCK, Esq., Battalion Surgeon, Scotch Fusilier Guards.

Gentlemen, Before Sebastopol, January 1, 1855.

1 BEG to acknowledge your letter from Scutari, and in reply to submit the
following answers to the questions it contains.
Answer 1. Battalion Surgeon J. A. Bostock, sick on board ship at Balaklava (convalescent).
Assistant Surgeon F. Robinson, „ „

,, A. G. Elkington,

„ H. Turner.

2. Two sergeants, one corporal, one cook, one permanent orderly. Other orderlies have
been taken from volunteers from the ranks as the number of the sick required. At the
present moment they amount to ten. The whole are imder the direction of the senior
sergeant, and perform their duties in a satisfactory manner.

3. Previous to the battle of Inkerman the sick Avere placed in the ordinary bell tents.
After that event one marquee was supplied which can be made to contain 30 men. All
other sick are still accommodated in bell tents. During this inclement season any kind of
tent, particularly the latter, afibrds a veiy insufficient protection against cold and wet. I
consider them totally unfit for the reception of severe cases of illness, and that many of the
deaths that have taken place during the last six weeks may be attributed to the want of
proper hospital accommodation.

4. A month ago, 12 Dr. Smith's cots were issued, on requisition, at Balaklava, for the
use of the battalion. Owing, however, to the very limited transport (consisting only
of officers' horses, half starved and fully worked in taking up clothing, boots, and forage),
a long time elapsed before they arrived in camp. They were then found to be deficient in
the framework, and without feet, and consequently useless. Previous to this, no beds or
bedding of any kind had been supplied. Blankets Avere obtained by the quarter-master,
but not in sufficient quantity to give one to each patient. Some were spread on the
ground to afford a slight protection against the wet. These soon became saturated with
mud, and, during the whole of the late severe weather, there was no alternative but to
place all the men suffering from cholera, dysentery, and bowel complaints, on the wet
ground. Each man brings into hospital his own blanket, but these have lately been
thoroughly wet from exposure to the heavy rain when on duty. The average number of
sick has been 60, besides an equal number receiving daily relief, but for whom there was
no room in the hospital tent. One bed pan was supplied, but no other utensil or
convenience.

5. The quantity of medicines and medical comforts kept in store has been very limited.
Both in Bulgaria and in the Crimea we have never had a sufficient quantity to do full
justice to the cases imder treatment. On more than one occasion we have been without
tinct. opii, pulv. cretae comp. c. opio, pulv. Doveri, ol. ricini, plumbi diacetats,
astringent tinctures, sinapis, emplas. cantharides, oil or candles for light, and the ordi-
nary ointments for dressing wounds and ulcers. After the battle of Alma I apphed in
vain for the ordinary long splints for fractured thighs. I have borrowed medicines from

the private stores of officers, or from other regimental hospitals ; the same may be said ot
medical comforts. During the recent sickness we had a very insufficient supply of arrow-
root, rice, and ground rice, and were without brandy or port wine. A limited quantity of
sago, tea, and sugar was supplied, which was given to the worst cases. Tea was presented
to the hospital by the commanding officer, and assistance freely offered by the other officers.
I have also always been able to procure from the commissariat a few pounds of fresh meat
daily, for the use of the sick.

6. The surgical instruments are sufficient, and consist of a capital case, belonging to
myself ; and one field case, supplied at Scutari. I am not aware of any means for keeping
them in order.

7. Until lately the means of cooking consisted of one large sized iron kettle, and two
ordinary camp kettles. We have now obtained canteens from Balaklava, and are weU
supplied. Much difficulty has been experienced in cooking at the open fire-places in the
late tempestuous weather, and from the deficiency of wood.

8. One bat horse was conveyed to the Crimea for the conveyance of the field panniers,
but no carriage was supplied for the sick and wounded in the field. All the wounded,
with one or two exceptions, were brought to the field hospitals on bearers by our own
soldiers, who were expressly told off after the actions for this duty. After Alma they were
conveyed to the beach by the sailors of the fleet, and by the " French ambulance corps."
After Inkerman a few were taken to Balaklava in our own ambulance waggons, but the
greater nimiber in commissariat arabas, and by the French. During the march great
suffering was occasioned by the want of carriage, and by exposure during the night.
The severe cases of sickness were sent on board ship by means of commissariat arabas
from the different bivouacs. We had no hospital tents, materials, or appliances of any
description.

9. The number of medical officers (if present), and the establishment generally. Is amply
sufficient to perform any duty that may be required. On embarking for the Crimea,
however, one of the assistant surgeons was dangerously ill, and unable to accompany the
battalion, and another was ordered to remain behind with invalids, thus depriving the
battalion of the services of an officer who was acquainted with the men. His place was
most efficiently supplied by Assistant Surgeon Wilson, 7th Hussars; but I think it very
desirable that regimental officers should be allowed to proceed with the battalion when
active service is anticipated.

10. I believe I may say that on most occasions, both in Bulgaria and in the Crimea,
the requisitions for medicines were supplied only in part. Every article was curtailed in
quantity, and many refused altogether, with the remark, " none in store," appended
to the requisition. I have already alluded to the deficiency in medicines in daily use,
and essential to the treatment of the formidable epidemics from which the battalion has
suffered. With regard to medical comforts, I regret to say that the most necessary articles
for the diet of the sick were supplied in such limited quantities as to excite the surprise of
every officer present. Since our arrival before Sebastopol I have confined my requisitions
to such articles as I had reason to beHeve were in store. I must, however, state that this
applies only to what took place previous to the l7th December, on which day I was com-
pelled to leave the camp from illness.

11. I have already indicated the sources from which I endeavour to supply the deficiency
in medicine. In addition, I may mention that, in Bulgaria, the quartermaster purchased
for the hospital a case of mustard, and that I rode into Varna myself on two occasions to
procure from the general hospital cooking utensils, wine, brandy, and many other articles
of diet, as well as medicines, which I had failed to obtain from the divisional store.

In reviewing the events of the last six months, every surgeon in charge of a regiment
must have been painfully convinced of the inefficiency of the means to supply the
exigencies of the service in the field. The army has been without transport for the sick
and wounded, without proper shelter and accommodation for men suffering under acute
disease, and without an adequate supply of medicines, appliances, and comforts essential to
their treatment.

1. The want of a really efficient transport has been most severely felt ; one that will not
fall, as our ambulance carriages signally have, in bad weather. It is precisely at those
periods when the artillery cannot move, that the greatest sickness may be expected, and I
fear that many valuable lives have been sacrificed to tlie Avant of transport to a place of
shelter. When cases of cholera, acute dysentery, and fever, are allowed to lie on the wet
ground, sheltered from the severity of the weather only by a tent, who can be surprised at
the numerous deaths that have occurred, and that the men do not recover their health and
strength. It is hardly necessary to allude to the necessity of an efficient transport after a
general action. After the battles of Alma and Inkerman, great delay and difficulty must
have occurred had it not been for the prompt assistance afforded by the French.

2. The establishment of an hospital, capable of affording shelter for each division of the
army encamped before Sebastopol, would be of infinite service. In it the serious cases
might receive the care and comfort they so urgently require, and there they might remain
until removed, if necessary, to a general hospital. The slight cases only should be treated
in the marquee belonging to each regiment.

3. The divisional store should always contain an adequate supply of medicines and com-
forts. Regimental surgeons, whose time and attention is fully occupied in treating the
formidable cases brought under their care, should never be at a loss for remedies. During
an epidemic, or after an action, he is surrounded by men all anxiously looking to him for
aid and relief, and does not hesitate to order what he considers most likely to benefit their
condition, without calculating how many spoonfuls of arrowroot can be spared for one case,
or how many ounces of wine for another. He looks to the divisional stores for assistance in
these emergencies, and feels great disappointment if he is not liberally supplied with every
requisite.

I fear that these remarks fall very short of what the importance of the subject demands.
I have endeavoured, however, to state what fell under my own immediate observation, and
the imjn'essions I received.

I have, &c.
(Signed) J. A. Bostock,

Battalion Surgeon Scotch Fusilier Guards.

Chas. B. Hearn, Esq., Surgeon 1st Battalion Royals.

Replies to Queries in a letter received from Scutari, December 1854, and emanating from
Mr. A. Gumming, Inspector General of Hospitals, &c.

Before Sebastopol, December 1854.
Answer 1. The number of medical officers present with the battalion is two, viz., myself
and Assistant Surgeon Smyth, who was attached from the 2d battalion on the 18th
ultimo ; Assistant Surgeon Dunibreck was also present up to the 22d instant, when,
having been sent to Balaklava in charge, he was despatched thence, I believe, to Scutari,
without reference, so far as known, to any regimental or divisional authority whatever;
when or whether he will rejoin, I have yet to learn.

2. The number of orderlies employed is regulated by the number and requirements of
the sick. The proportion of one attendant for the patients, &c., as sanctioned by the book
of hospital regulations, is, under present circumstances quite insufficient, owing to the
amount and variety of outside work to be be performed, such as procuring water, searching
over the country for brushwood, or, failing to procure that, digging in the ground for
roots to serve as fuel, &c. There are at present eight attendents on the sick, the number
of patients being 53. Fatigue parties can also be had from the camp as required.
The hospital sergeant has been nearly eight years in his present situation, and I could not
have a more efficient or deserving man ; the orderlies, under proper instructions and sur-
veillance, genei-ally perform their duties well, but although in most instances I am allowed
to select them myself, they are but 111 adapted to their employment, being engaged merely
pro. tern, whereas it requires long experience to make a good nurse ; in some cases too,
they are men who volunteer for the occupation merely to avoid other duties, or who are
inflicted on the hospital establishment from their uselessness elsewhere.

3. After much trouble and numei'ous applications, I managed to procure, on the 23d
instant, a proper hospital marquee, in place of one that had been torn and worn to an
extent that rendered it quite unfit for the reception and refuge of the sick ; this, together
with six circular tents received from the camp, one of which serves as a dead house, and
the other as a surgery, is for the present sufficient.

4. Twelve of Dr. Smith's patent hospital cots, and twelve sets of boards and trestles,
which were received during the present month, together with thii'ty-seven blankets
(twenty of which are thin and old) recently procured, comprise the whole of the bed and
bedding, be the number of sick what it may ; its sufficiency or insufficiency therefore, is
regulated by the number requiring it. At present about sixteen of the sick are minus
extra blankets, and twenty-nine have, merely the ground for a bed. Prior to the issue of
the above-named articles the sick had nothing beyond the single blanket supplied to the
troops at large. A further supply of extra blankets has been applied for, but none have
yet been received. The number of hospital conveniences alluded to consist of four chamber
pots, six close stool pans with iron stands, and six bed pans, which (excepting the chamber
pots and two of the bed pans), were received on the 23d instant.

5. The medicines have consisted principally of febrifuges, laxatives, and astringents.
The average quantity consumed has, all things considered, been moderate. The average
(Quantity of medical comforts usually kept with the battalion is necessarily small (there
being no proper or secure means of keeping them), and it is supposed to be replenished as
required from the divisional store.

6. The surgical instruments consist of one capital case (my own property), and one
portable field case belonging to the public. For some time past a cutler has been provided
for keeping them in order and repair at Balaklava.

7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras are most inadequate. There is
now a sufficiency of vessels for culinary purposes, but there Is no place for cooking, except
a miserable hole enclosed by the orderlies with a sort of mud wall, and for which no roof
can be procured. Hence the fire Is generally subdued or extinguished, when from the
inclemency of the weather it is most urgently required. The fuel, moreover, has hitherto
consisted merely of green twigs, or the roots of trees and bushes, gathered with toil and

M 3

difficulty in the adjacent valleys. Charcoal, at the rate of two rations or 1^ lbs. daily, is

now to be issued to each patient, but, from the wretchedly defective state of the transport
service, I fear it cannot be relied on.

8. Ten bearers comprise the sole means of carriage for the sick and wounded in the field.
The means of transport furnished for tents, stores, medicines, and all other purposes com-
bined, are merely one pack horse with two small panniers for medicines, instruments, and
surgical materials. On the march, only one small circular tent was allowed for the sick,
which was conveyed by the Quarter Master General's department.

9. The number of medical officers is not sufficient. Only two assistant surgeons landed
with the battalion in the Crimea. Assistant Surgeon Atkinson having been invalided from
Varna, Assistant Surgeon Green accompanied the battalion as far as Balaklava, whence he
proceeded on the 27th September in charge of invalids to Scutari, where he resigned his
commission. When I had only one assistant, and the duty in the trenches occupied most
of his time, I applied to have Mr. Green sent back, or a staff assistant in his place, but my
application was not attended to, and I had only one till the 18th of November, when
Mr. Smyth, of the 2d battalion, was attached. Two staff assistants were recently
attached to the battalion for a few days, but one died of cholera, and the other has been
removed to the 50th. Three assistant surgeons should always be present with the
regiment, whereas at present they are made available for staff duty, and sent off to other
corps or to Scutari in charge of sick, and that too without the concvirrence of either the
surgeon or the commanding officer. The number of orderlies and other attendants is
sufficient, and can, on application, be increased as required, without difficulty.

10. All requisitions for medicines were generally curtailed, the divisional store being
unable to supply them, either from the difficulty of having them conveyed from Balaklava,
or the impossibility of procuring them at that place. Surgical instruments or their repair
has not been required during the period in question. There has always been an ample
stock of surgical materials and appliances on hand, the battalion not having suffered to
any extent in the field. The supply of medical comforts has in general been exceedingly
scanty, and the difficulty of procuring them will, in some measure, be illustrated by the
subjoined letter circulated for the information of the medical officers.

SiK, Balaklava, October 3, 1854.

With reference to your requisition of the 2d instant for medical comforts, I beg
to inform you that there is no ai-rowroot, brandy, essence of beef, sago, or candles in store,
and that ground rice will be substituted for aiTowroot and sago. The ground rice, how-
ever, has not yet been procured from on board ship, although two requisitions have been
made for its being landed. The above has been made known to Dr. Dumbreck, the
principal medical officer in the Crimea, who proposes that rum should be procured from
the commissariat in lieu of the brandy required.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) K. Jenner,

Purveyor to the Forces.

On the 4th instant twelve of Dr. Smith's patent hospital cots ; on the 15th twelve sets
of boards and trestles ; and on the 23d six close stool pans with iron stands, together with
four bed pans, were received ; but prior to these dates, hospital furniture and conveniences
had repeatedly been applied for in vain. In regard to provisions, the sick are dependent
entirely on the rations issued by the commissariat to the men at large. Fresh, instead of
salt meat, is occasionally issued for the patients, but generally speaking it cannot be
obtained.

11. The following articles may have been procured from other sources than the pur-
veyor or apothecary ; viz., tin wash basin for surgery, from native dealer at Varna ; tin
vessels for cooking, tin pints, matches and lanthorn, from dealers at Balaklava.

In conclusion, I beg to add the following brief general observations : — The chief cause
of the great sufferings of the sick and wounded of the British army may, I fully
believe, be traced to the general, and indeed almost incredible apathy evinced by the
authorities from the very outset of the expedition, with regard to everything connected
medical department. When we sailed for the Crimea Ave were obliged to leave behind us a
new regimental medicine chest that had been issued at home expressly on account of our
embarkation for active service, and in fact everything except two small panniers containing
surgical instruments and a supply of medicine, which, as regarded quantity and variety,
was most miserably scanty, with hospital canteens A & B, the sets of bedding that accom-
panied them, and the hospital marquee. No ambulance nor vehicles of any description
were allowed to be embarked, nor was any provisson made for the conveyance of the
wearied, sick, or wounded soldier, who had to endure a long march and fight his way
through an enemy's country, unless the ten stretchers given over to the band, who were
also encumbered with their own packs and accoutrements, could be considered as such.
Before we commenced our march from the landing at Old Fort, the hospital marquee,
canteens, and bedding, were ordered to be re-embarked, and there were but four water
mule? for the whole battalion. The sick or wounded were, in short, to all appearance
thrown entirely overboard, one small circular tent only being allowed for a whole regiment.
The consequences soon became apparent, when men fell out of the ranks from exhaustion.

or were seized with sudden disease, of which cholera was the most frequent, the medical
officers could render no effectual aid. The regiment moved on, and the victims were com-
pelled either to drag themselves miserably along or to perish where they lay. In short,
they were left to their fate. The history of Alma is, I regret to say, but too painfully
true. There were no means of carrying the wounded off the field, except the few bearers
already alluded to, and whilst on the day following the battle there was not a wounded
Frenchman on the ground^ it was disgraceful to the British nation to see, even on the
second day, many of its brave defenders suffei'ing, without any human aid, where they fell.
We require a properly organized ambulance, with stout, active, and intelligent men, who
could carry off the wounded quickly to receive surgical assistance, or act as orderlies when
not otherwise employed. With respect to this we may well take an example from the
French, on whom we are now almost entirely dependent. The present ambulance, I need
hardly say, has proved a complete failure. The carriages are heavy lumbering machines,
that on good macadamized roads, and with stout English horses, might answer their
purpose well, but which aie all but useless in field practice. The class of men also sent
out in this department was probably the very worst that could have been selected, being
composed chiefly of worn out, drunken, and useless old soldiers, most of whom perished at
Varna shortly after their arrival. Owing chiefly to these considerations the field hospitals
are placed on a footing altogether different, I should think, from what was intended.
Instead of affording a more temporary refuge to the sick or wounded, they are generally
over-crowded with patients of every class, and who, I fear, but too often perish for want of
removal to a more suitable asylum. Nor were they, I should say, ever intended to be
supplied with furniture adapted only for a fixed hospital, as, although we are at present in
a standing camp, we may have to change our position at any moment, and in this case
no means are supplied for the transport of the articles in question. Within the last few
weeks, I am glad to say, that much has been done for the men in camp, a second blanket,
warm clothing, and a small quantity of fuel having been issued for their use. But little,
comparatively speaking, has been done for the sick. During the late severe affliction of
cholera, when the admission and discharge book was converted almost exclusively into a
registry of deaths, it was most melancholy to see the men wet, wearied, and half naked,
borne by their comrades, or dragging themselves slowly and painfully along to an hospital
tent wholly unprovided with anything for their comfort. Destitute of bedding, of
blankets, and of fuel, it was impossible to produce or maintain even that degree of
mere animal heat that was requisite for their recovery. Of what avail, I would ask, were
doctors and physic in this deplorable state of things? It is to be regretted that the Board
of Inquiry did not then personally inspect the field hospitals and witness the fearful
amount of suffering and mortality caused by bad management, and lack of support on the
part of those who were but too willing to shift all the blame to the medicak depart-
ment. I will not myself attempt to make any suggestions ; I wish merely to expose facts,
trusting that those of more experience, and otherwise better qualified, will point out where
the fault lies, and indicate the proper remedies.

What I have stated can be corroborated by the commanding officer of the battalion
(Colonel Bell), who was present all along.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Chas. B. Hearn,

Surgeon 1st Battalion Royals.

R. V. De Lisle, Esq., Surgeon 4th Foot.
Answers to Inquiries made by the Commissioners into the Accommodation of the Sick and
Wounded of the British Army in the East.

Camp near Sebastopol, December 26, 1854.

Answer 1. Surgeon R. V. De Lisle, 4th Foot ; Assistant Surgeon A. K. Drysdale,
79th Foot ; Staff Assistant Surgeon Albert Hawkins.

2. Five orderlies are at present employed at the hospital ; also a sergeant and corporal of
the regiment employed temporarily in place of the hospital sergeant now sick at Scutari.
Two of the orderlies have long been acting in that capacity, and than these there are none
better in the service ; the others have been lately appointed to replace those who have
fallen sick. Sickness amongst the orderlies has caused many changes.
^ 3. One marquee, capable of holding 24 sick, and a circular tent as a dispensary ; also a
circular tent from the companies for the surplus sick. This is almost worthless, being much
weather-worn and pervious to rain. Latterly two new tents have been received from the
companies.

In the absence of a building for the sick, the marquee forms a good substitute, but it is
useless in stormy weather, for then it is usually levelled by the wind. During the residence
of the regiment in Turkey and the Crimea tliis accident has occurred constantly. A
marquee holds about 25 men comfortably, when lying on the ground; but when beds or
stretchers are employed, as they have been latterly, this number is too large. It follows,
therefore, that in these times of great sickness, many must remain in the circular tents
taken from the companies of the regiment, which are very ill adapted to keep out the sum-
mer's heat and the winter's cold, especially in their thin and weather-worn condition.

M 4

4. The quality and amount of bed and bedding is easily described. The men have one
blanket only. During the last two or three weeks a few have had a second served out,
but, from the great difficulty of conveying stores from Balaklava, the regiment Is nearly
300 shoi't (this day, December 26) of Its full complement of them. Wltliin the last
fortnight 12 stretchers have been supplied to each hospital of the division ; these ibmi, in
my opinion, an admirable bedstead for a field hospital, but, in the absence of all bedding,
I doubt if they prove so Avarm as the dry ground. Moreover, they take up more room,
which can scarcely be spared at this period of sickness. Orders have lately been issued
for a supply to the sick of each hospital of 24 rugs. In the total want of all means of
conveyance, and with the regiment worked up to its full strength in the trenches, these
orders for the issue of stores are not easily complied with. Four close stools and three bed
pans are now in use, and prove quite sufficient, but for some time one bed pan formed the
whole stock of apparatus of that description.

5. The quantity of medicines and medical comforts has been very limited. They have
been doled out in infinitesimal proportions. Each regiment landed in the Crimea with its
hospital panniers alone, such as one horse could carry. One pannier, or rather a small
poi'tion of it, was devoted to the drugs. These, necessarily, could not be very numerous,
but were sufficient, when replenished at the commencement of the march, until our ai'rival
before Sebastopol, more especially as our sick were dally removed on board ship. Up to
the present period our panniers are still the only receptacles for drugs, and for a hospital
with more than 60 sick they by no means suffice. No account has been kept of the
medicines that could not be supplied on requisition, but the quantities have almost
invariably been less than those required, and many have been refused altogether.

Far more serious objections must be made to the supply of medical comforts. During
the march brandy and sago were alone required, and the supply of these was sufficient.
But during our residence in this camp the supply of the most necessary articles, such as
sago, arrowroot, and oatmeal, has been very scanty. For many days past no fresh meat
has been issued to the sick. They cannot eat the salt rations, and few would be permitted
to do so if they could. Three pounds of oatmeal, and as many of sago, have alone been
issued. Candles, too, have been doled out with a very sparing hand, but whilst salt pork
is issued as a ration its fat renders us independent of the purveyor. Upon the whole, wine
has been liberally supplied, and regularly ; and, in lieu of that great boon to the sick man,
coff'ee in the bean, tea has been regularly and freely issued.

6. Each surgeon has his own case of operating instruments ; also a pocket case. Each
assistant has one of the lattei". These are the only instruments available. The few repairs
I required have been made by regimental armourer sei'geants.

7. The means of cooking the extras, and the usual rations of the sick, are now sufficient.
Three large saucepans and one small have been procured from Balaklava ; wood alone is
required, the supply of Avhich has been very limited, and is becoieing more so daily. It
has been notified that charcoal is to be procured at Balaklava, but with our scanty means
of conveyance this cannot be conveyed to camp.

8. The means of conveyance supplied for the sick and wounded in the field, and on the
the march, were altogether out of proportion to our necessities. Two arabas were allotted
to the whole division for the carriage of its medicines, its medical comforts and appliances,
and its sick and weakly men. For the sick of the whole six regiments one araba alone
therefore could be spared. This arrangement, perhaps, could not be avoided, but it would
be absurd to call it a conveyance at all. One araba for each regiment was imperiously
required, and, had this arrangement been carried out, the boon would have been great
indeed. Had means of conveyance been available for the packs of the weakly men scores
of them might thus have been prevented from falling out on the march. Moreover, the
kettles of the different regiments might here have found a more natural and more con-
venient resting place than on the pack of the already overburthened and weary soldier, and
would now be available for the regular supply of the meals in camp. At the end of the
march not a camp kettle could be mustered in this or the other regiments ; a loss which
has entailed on each man nearly half a day's forage for wood to heat his own small
mess tin.

The panniers were slung on a pack horse. In these the few medicines required, medical
comforts, surgical instruments, and appliances, were conveyed. I am not aware that any
better arrangement coiald be carried out, save the substitution of mules for the purpose.
On a march they are greatly superior.

9. One assistant surgeon only was present with the regiment on the march and during
the action. By the instructions of the Inspector General, one assistant should accompany
the regiment into action ; another should convey the wounded to the rear ; whilst the third
should receive them from his hands and be present to assist the surgeon in his operations.
If it be necessary for the good of the service and the sake of humanity that these instructions
should be carried out, it is obvious that one assistant surgeon is not sufficient. Application
was made by me at Varna to the Inspector General for the services of another assistant, and
refused. No one was available. Since our arrival at this camp I again applied, when, on
the arrival of a reinforcement of medical officers in the Crimea, three were placed under
my orders. Of these, one was very shortly transferred to another brigade, whilst the
assistant surgeon of the regiment was placed in charge of the 9 th regiment. Were they
not constantly on duty in the trenches I should consider the services of the remaining two
sufficient.

My hospital sergeant is sick at Scutari, and in these busy times his loss cannot be replaced.
A lance corporal from the regiment, however, is striving his utmost to do so, assisted by a
aergeant to keep order amongst the men. I have before spoken of the orderlies ; their
number is according to regulations. Had I required more I doubt not my request would
have met with a most willing compliance from the commanding officer.

10. It is impossible to state how often I have fruitlessly made requisitions for medicines
and medical comforts. With regard to the former I have not often been refused altogether,
but the quantities issued have been often ridiculously small. I complain, however, less of
this than of the Avant of medical comforts. I\Iy sick ask me for soup and sago, and I must
soothe them with a dose of medicine in lieu of these. Now, few of my sick would have
been patients at all if they had enjoyed warm clothing, less fatigue, less exposure, and more
regular and more extensive meals. I cannot go on heaping up medicine after medicine in
the stomachs of those who requii'e nourishment more substantial. The purveyor's store is
the only dispensary from which I wish to draw my supplies. My cook, had he something
to cook, would be my most efficient orderly. I cannot state how often or for how long a
period I have been refused these supplies on requisition ; but I can state that I have scarcely
ever known my requisitions complied witli without such a severe curtailing as left me but
little to boast of.

On the 3d of October last — probably to save us surgeons the unnecessary trouble of
writing — the purveyor of the forces informed us that he had in store neither " arrowroot,
brandy, essence of beef, sago, or candles." He reminded us, however, that "■ ground rice
made a capital substitute for arrowroot and sago. ' Doubtless he was right ; but, unfortu-
nately, he had also to remind us in the next paragraph of his letter, that the said groimd
rice was not forthcoming. It was on board ship, though two requisitions had been made
for it.

On the 15th instant a pound of arrowroot, none of sago, and three pounds of oatmeal,
were issued as a week's supply, the daily number of sick being above 50. On the 22d
instant, three pounds of oatmeal and none of sago or arrowroot were issued. As no fresh
meat has been supplied for more than fortnight, and as sick men cannot and may not eat
hard salt beef, low diet is certainly the order of the day in my hospital.

No surgical instruments have been required. Surgical materials and appliances have
been supplied when necessary.

Early in November the hospital marquee was blown down. It had been issued without
guys or storm ropes : these I applied for. In the recpaisition all the usual formalities were
complied with — it was in duplicate, on half margin paper, and endorsed. It was si<2ned,
approved by the principal medical officer, and countersigned by the colonel. It was for-
warded to the Assistant Quartermaster General, and after a short delay was approved and
returned; but with it came no guys. On inquiry 1 was enjoined to send it to the com-
missariat, who refused to fatlier it. They had no guys ; that was the Quartermaster
Genei'al's department. My messenger's legs and my own patience alike broke down ; so I
gave up all idea of ever seeing my guys.

Some weeks ago I made a requisition for an extra hospital marquee, one being wholly
inadequate for the inci-eased number of sick. All the same formalities were gone through,
but as I must get it up from Balaklava, and as T have neither mules, carts, or men at com-
mand, 1 have as yet been able to show nothing but the requisition itself

Fresh meat for the use of the sick has been supplied by the commissariat as long as it has
been possible to procure it.

11. No opportunity has occurred of procuring from any quarter either medicines or other
articles. I brought from on board ship a supply of sago and sundry tins of essence of heai',
which I obtained from the captain on requisition. During our stay at Baltjik Bay, I also
obtained from H.M.S. Britannia some opium, which served me in good stead during the
march.

December 28.

With regard to the information and suggestions I am invited to offer, I would wish to
advert to a circumstance of great importance, one which, in fact, cramps all our energies,
and renders that of a surgeon in charge one of the most anxious and responsible positions
in a regiment. It is the proper want of carriage. I attach blame nowhere, for 1 know not
where the fault lies ; but I do know that our sick, and consequently ourselves, are the
sufferers.

A large staff of ponies and mules were placed at the disposal of the conunissariat.
These, I believe, were cared for by a number of natives, probably Turks. The animals died ;
most probably were starved. The supply of rations and spirits, too, was for a time interrupted,
when the few bat horses belonging to the regiments were taken up for this service. These
have been, and no doubt will continue to be worked without intermission till they also die.
They are not allowed to bring their own forage from Balaklava, and if they were, 1 do not
believe they would be allowed time to consume it. At all events, if any one be in ^vant
of shoes or have a sore back, his death warrant is signed. He cannot go in himself for his
own forage, and the others may not bring it out for him. In my regiment, by this
senseless arrangement, three have died in as many days, and there are several others
waiting to die. We are SOU blankets short of our proper complement, and' this Avith the
men in the trenches a night or two ago with the thermometer at 26°. About half the men
have boots and none have second socks. A second marquee tent, too, for which I received an

order about a month ago, is still ia store at Balaklava. Official notice is constantly given
that certain articles of" clothing and other comforts for the men are for issue at Balaklava
on application. They might as well be in England. We have neither horse or mule at
our disposal, and the regiment is so worked up to its full strength in the trenches that not
a man can be spared. Moreover, they are so Aveak from disease, from exposure, fatigue,
and starvation, that not many, I am sorry to say, would have sufficient strength to go in
If they could be spared. Most assuredly, their bui'dens would have to be light indeed.
The order for charcoal has been issued a considerable time — we have as y et seen none. Ten
days ago I was informed I might procvu'c 24 rugs for my sick at Balaklava; but how?
The men return from the trenches in the morning. Tiieir day is employed in j^rocuring
wood for their meals, in cleaning their arms, and in camp fatigues. Now, if this day were
devoted to Balaklava, what time would the men have for their meals ? I make no mention
of rest ; it is obvious they can enjoy but little of that. Again, by our straitened means of
conveyance the issue of the rations is occasionally wanting. Hum, so necessary in these
times, is often not forthcoming, and the meat, when it is given, is often given in half
quantities only, and then at very irregular hours. Thus, on December 25 (Chi-istmas-day),
half a ration of meat was issued, and very late in the day. It was not in time to be cooked
before the men went into the trenches. On the 27th they were in the trenches during the
day, and it was again a half ration, and issued so late that it could not be cooked, together
with the coffee, in time for their return; and on the 28th (this morning) 75 of these men
were forced to return to the trenches as a working party. As they cannot cook their meat
there, it follows they will be a second day without meat, or three days in four, unless they
eat it raw, which I am satisfied many do.

The result of all this is, that from want of conveyance of warm clothing, blankets,
boots, &c. the men fall sick by scores ; and when sick, they are, for the same reason,
debarred from those comforts necessary to their state, namely, blankets, rugs, weatherproof
tents, chai'coal, &c., and even the actual means of filling their stomachs.

I have, Sic.
(Signed) Robert De Lisle,

Surgeon -ith Foot.

A. P. LotiKWOOD, Esq., Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

Lines of Sebastopol, December 21, 1854.

Answers to Queries put by the Duke of Newcastle's Commission relative to Inquiries into
the Condition of the Sick and Wounded of the British Army in the East.

Answer 1. Assistant Surgeon A. McArthur, M.D., and A. M. Tij^petts.

2. One hospital orderly, one man to cook, and three men of the band; a number insuf-
ficient to meet the exigencies and emergencies of the service.

3. Up to on or about the 14th instant four bell tents had been appropriated for the
accommodation of the sick. Since that period an hospital marquee has been obtained. See
letter marked No. 2.

4. No bed or bedding of any description, excepting blankets, have been issued for their
use within the last week or ten days. Six stretchers were procured from the division hoS"
pital, unprovided with palliasses, which were quite inadequate for the comfort and cleanli-
ness of the sick soldier, particularly during the late inclement weather.

Not until very recently were there any close stools, &c. in possession of the regiment
At present there are one close stool, two, bed pans, two tin saucepans, twelve tin plates, one
boiler (at present unserviceable from the want of a cooking place), and one tin lantern for
the use of the hospital. AU the requisites for an hospital in the field are contained in hos-
pital canteen A and B, which are not in store.

5. The medicines applied foi- by requisition have been astringent and tonic ; the average
quantity insufficient to meet the daily consumption of the sick. See letters marked
Nos. 1 and 3.

The nature of the comforts required have been nutritious, viz., wine, essence of beef,
arrowroot, sago, ground rice, tea, sugar, &c. ; the quantity obtained by no means adequate
to the demand.

6. The supply of surgical instruments is ample ; they are in good order, but have no
means of repairing them, should they require it.

7. There are no adequate means of cooking for the sick.

8. One horse for the purpose of carrying the panniers containing medicines, medical
comforts, and instruments. There are no means at my disposal for the transfer of the sick
and wounded, and hospital stores ; for the former there are six stretchers, borne by the
men of the band.

9. One surgeon and three assistant surgeons are a sufficient number (when present with
the coi-ps) for the medical duties of a regiment. With regard to the orderlies, that is
answered by No. 2. The number of orderlies (three) employed by^ me during the preva-
lence of cholera in Bulgaria having been disapproved of by the Inspector General (Dr. Hall),
I have not thought it expedient to make application for a greater number (two) than are
kept on the establishment.

10. Frequent requisitions for medicines and medical comforts, liospital furniture, and
conveniences have been made by me. The latter I have not been able to obtain. From
two to four days have elapsed at different periods during this campaign without procuring
the supplies demanded of medicines and medical comforts.

After the battle of the Alma, I could not obtain a splint of sufficiciit length to put up a
fractured thigh. See letter No. 3.

11. Wine, rice, candles, and arrowi'oot have been supplied by the officers.

This day (22d December) no medicines or medical comforts can be obtained from the
acting apothecary and purveyor's clerk, they not having any in their possession.

For twelve hours I have had no assistant surgeon — one being sick, another employed on
board ship, and the thii'd on duty in the trenches.

I would suggest that a due proportion of fresh meat and vegetables, perhaps fruit, be
issued for the use of the men. From the 22d ultimo the rations have solely consisted of
salt pork and beef, rum, biscuit, coffee, and sugar.

That cooking places be made for the reception of boilers, and that each man have a warm
meal previous to going on duty as guard in the trenches, or on outlying picket. See letter
No. 4.

The clothing of the soldier might be considerably improved. The warm inner garments
recently supplied are of essential service in maintaining warmth and enabling the soldier to
resist the effects of cold ; but from the want of proper outer covering to resist rain, these
garments are rendered useless when they become saturated ; to dry them is nearly impos-
sible. The great coat does not resist rain ; it acts as a sponge, and becomes a useless
burthen. The same objection applies to the loose trowsers, which during the continuance
of wet weather keep the lower extremities perfectly cold and chilled. I would therefore
suggest that each soldier be provided with a waterproof cape, having a hood attached to it,
and one pair of boots, similar to those worn by our troops in North America.

I would suggest that the practice of parading the men one hour before daylight be dis-
continued, as it entails exposure during the coldest time of the twenty -four hours ; the
effects of which men harrassed by excessive duty and privation are unable to resist. As
they sleep in their accoutrements and have strong pickets in their front, they could turji- out
at a moment's notice.

With reference te query No. 5, from inability to obtain medicines, not only in this cam-
paign, but also in Bulgaria, I have been obliged to collect oak bark from trees in the vicinity
of the camp, and found the decoction of oak bark, combined with tinct. matico, wlien pro-
curable, beneficial in cases of diarrha?a.

Enclosed ai"e letters bearing upon the subject of this inquiry.

I have, &c.
(Signed) A. P. LocKWooD,

Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

No. 1,

Steam Ship Victoriiij

Sir, Yarna Bay, September 1, 1854.

t HAVE tiie lionour to recomuieud that you may be pleased to cause the regimental
medicine chests, belonging to the 7th and 23d regiments, at present in the general hospital
store at Varna, to be sent on board the steam ships "Victoria" and "Emperor;" that
belonging to the 7th FusiHers to be sent on board the " Emperor," and placed in charge of
Assistant Surgeon Dr. McArthur, for the use of the troops on board that ship ; and the
chest belonging to the 23d regiment sent on board the " Victoria," and placed in charge of
the surgeon of that corps, for the same purpose.

There are no medicines on board the " Emperor " for the use of the troops, and none on
board this ship but that contained in the panniers, which is quite inadequate to meet the
exigencies of the service,

I have, &c.

The Principal Medical Officer, (Signed) A. P. Lockwood, M.D.,

Light Division, Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

Varna Bay.

No. 2.

Sir, Lines before Sebastopol, November 30, 1854.

1 HAVK the honour to inform you that three of the cases of cholera under treatment
have some chance of being saved, were there proper hospital accommodation for them.

The bell tents appropriated for the reception and treatment of the sick are pervious to
the rain, and the blankets that the men are now lying on, are damp and wet.

Application to the proper quarter for a hosjMtal marquee has more than once been made
without success, and repeated applications for hospital canteens A and B have also been
made without success.

1 have, &c.

Dr. Alexander, &c. &c. (Signed) A.. P. Lockwood,

P. M. O. Light Division. Surgeon Roviil Fusiliers.

N 2

No. 3.

Sir, Lines of Sebastopol, December 1, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to Infonii you that there are at present 114 rank and file of the
Royal Fusiliers in the sick list, and no medicines in my possession for their treatment

With reference to my letter of yesterday's date, I beg to inform you that the sick are
actually lying in a pool of water, covex'ed by wet blankets. I sent a non-commissioned
officer and two horses of my own, and the horse belonging to the hospital, to Balaklava
yesterday, for the purpose of obtaining a marquee and a fresh supply of blankets, without
success.

I have also to inform you, that for want of dry fuel and proper cooking utcnsil:^i, there is
much difficulty and delay in preparing meals for the sick.

I have, &c.

Dr. Alexander, &c., &c, (Signed; A. P. LoCKWoOD,

P. M. Officer, Light Division. Surgeon lioyal Fusiliers.

No. 4.

Sir, Lines of Sebastopol, November 1, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to inform you that the men for duty in the trenches and picket
are in the habit of proceeding to the place of their destination without having previously had a
warm meal of tea, cocoa, or coffee provided for them ; and one occasion I have known the guard
for the trenches at night to have been sent on that duty ^vithout having had their dinners.

I would therefore beg to recommend that proper cooking places be made, and that no
men be sent on the duties above mentioned without having previously had a warm meal, as
a prophylactic measure for the maintenance of their health.

I have, &c.
(Signed) A. P. Lockwood,
The Officer conmianding Royal Fusiliers. Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 6, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to inform you that the pannier horse is now employed by the
officer commanding in bringing stores from Balaklava, and that in all probability the
animal will be knocked up, Ijeing indifferently fed, and the roads nearly impassable from the
recent heavy rains.

Appreciating the necessity for having this horse in good order, I have had him shod at my
own expense.

Anticipating that this horse may become unserviceable from the work at present imposed
on him, I beg to refer the subject to you.

J have, &c.

Dr. ^Vlexander, &c., &c. (Signed) A. P. Lockwood,

P. M. O. Light Division. Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 8, 1854.

With reference to my letter of Gth instant, I beg to inform you that the hospital
pack horse is now unserviceable from a sore back ; in consequence of which, I have been
unable to have an hospital marquee, cooking utensils, &c., most urgently required by
the sick, conveyed from Balaklava, which I purposed doing with my own and the pannier
horse.

I have, &c..

Dr. Alexander, &c., &c. (Signed) A. P. LocKWOOD,

P. M. Officer. Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to inform you that the hospital cook suffered much from exposure
to the weather, for upwards of ten hours endeavoviring to cook for the sick.

I would, therefore, recommend that a hut for cooking for the sick be constructed with as
little delay as possible.

I have, &c.,

, 1 (Signed) A. P. Lockwood,

The Officer commanding 7th Royal Fusiliers. Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

I HAVE the lionour to inform you, that early this week I sent my own servant and
horse to Balaklava for the purpose of obtaining rice and sugar for the sick ; he presented
the enclosed requisition at the Commissariat office ; the officer there positively refused to
issue what was required.

Neither the acting apothecary nor purveyor's clerk have medicines or medical comfortg
in their possession, consequently the sick have nothing for their dinner meal (excepting
preserved potatoes) but salt meat, which is unfit for their use.

I have, &c.,

(Signed) A. P. LocKWOOD, Surgeon Royal Fusiliers.
The Officer commanding Ivoyal Fusiliers.

Copy of Requisition presented to Commissariat.
Issue to purveyor Light Division, — 100 lbs. rice.

ICO lljs. sugar.

(Signed) 11. L. Baynes,

19tb December 1854. Light Division.

Certified to Ije true copies.
(Signed) A. P. LocKWOOD, Surgeon Royal Fusiliere.

John Ddnlop, Esq., Surgeon 88th Regiment, in medical cliargc 9tb Regiment.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, January 6, 1855.

Ix reply to your letter from Scutari, inquiring into the condition of the sick and
wounded officers and men of the British army in the East, I have the honour to forward
the following answers to your questions: —

The 9th Regunent arrived in the Crimea from j\Ialta on the 27th Xovcmber 1854, and
on the 29th I was put in medical charge of it.

Answer 1. The medical officers present with the corps are, Assistant Surgeon Dunlop,
4th Foot, in medical charge. Assistant Surgeons Ovens and Meadows, 9t,h Foot.

2. There are now doing duty with the regimental hospital, one hospital sergeant, one
cook, one orderly, whose duty it is to cut firewood, and four ordinary orderlies. In addition
to these we have been furnished, as necessity requires, with two or more fatigue orderlies.

3. The tents supplied for the use of the r-ick are nine in number ; viz., one marquee,
capable of accommodating with comfort twenty -two patients, and eight circular tents, each
large enough to accommouatc eight men. Tlic circular tents are in no way suited for
hospital purposes, either in summer or winter. TJic marquee affiards sufficient protection
in summer, but is a poor place for treating diseases in the depth of a Crimean winter.
Two wooden huts have been applied for, but as yet have not been supplied.

4. Fourteen mats, one tarpaulin, one waterproof bottom, nine cots, and seven trussel
beds and eighty blankets have been supplied as bed and bedding for the use of the sick.
An additional supply of cots and trussel beds are, in my opinion, necessary, together with
mattresses and blankets, more especially dui'ing the present Inclement season. Four bed
pans are now in use in the hospital.

5. The regimental medicine chest having been brought out from Malta, well stocked
with drugs, no want in this respect has been felt. Other packages, with medlc;i} comforts
are still at Balaklava, carriage for them, although applied for, having as yet not been
supplied. Temporary supplies, on requisition, of the following articles have from time to
time been given with tolerable regularity by the purveyor to the division ; viz.. —

Tea, Rum,

Sugai-, Barley,

Rice, Preserved Potatoes,

Sago, Milk,

Arrowroot, Cocoa,

Port Wine, Oatmeal.

Brandy,

A few medicines have, as they were required, been sujiplied by the medical storekeeper of
the division. Regimental medical officers not having a store tent to keep medical stores
in, require, according to their necessities, to procure from the pui'veyor of the division, at
frequent intervals, in small quantities, their medical comforts.

6. A portable case of capital instruments has been supplied on requisition. A stomach
pump and cujiping instruments are also in possession. All the medical officers with the
regiment possess pocket cases of instruments.

The cutler attached to the General Hospital has orders to attend to the repairs of instru-
ments in regimental hospitals.

7. Three camp kettles of difterent sizes, two tea kettles, one saucepan, six drinking
cups, have been supplied on requisition, for cooking purposes in the hospital. These have
hitherto been found sufficient. The rations are cooked in a kitchen, built as well as our
limited means allowed, and partially impervious to rain and snow. Firewood has been
supplied in small quantities, and on the ground in the neighbourhood of the camp it is
scarce, and daily becoming more so. Now that winter has set in, I am of opinion that a
larger supply of firewood, as a ration, should be given.

8. The regiment having lately landed in the Crimea, and the army being at present
stationary, ^the hospital pack horse and panniers have not been supplied. The hospital
medicine chest, and other bulky articles brought from Malta, cannot be carried unless on
waggons. Ten stretchers have been given over, carried by the bandsmen of the regiment,
and are used for carrying sick and wounded men from the camp or field to the hospital.

N 3

Two ambulance waggons are attached to the Divisional Hospital, and are at present used
for conveying the sick to the General Hospital at Balaklava ; but owing to the bad state
of the roads, the crippled condition of the mules, and the lumbering nature of the vehicles,
these waggons are comparatively useless. On numerous occasions the sick have been con-
veyed into Balaklava ou artillery waggons, and most expeditiously and comfortably by the
French mule ambulances. The medical comforts, and surgical materials, instruments, and
appliances, are supposed to be carried in the regimental medicine chest, and in the panniers
not yet supplied. The hospital marquee is supposed to be carried by the Quarter Master
(a-eneral's department, t!se additional circular tents by the regimental pack horses.

9. The number of medical officers, orderlies, and other hospital attendants with the
regiments are, in my opinion, sufficient.

Occasionally I have applied to the officer commanding the regiment for fatigue men, to
be employed in various duties connected with the hospital. My applications have always
been attended to.

10. Since I have had medical charge of the 9th Regiment I have been able to procure,
within the ordinary and proper time, supplies of medicines, medical comforts, and surgical
instruments, materials, and appliances. The patients in the regimental hospitals are
supposed to be dieted by the commissariat with fresh meats. That department has,
during the past month, been repeatedly unable to supply fresh meat, and salt meat has
been substituted. Further, the supply of both fresh and salt meat has, on more than one
occasion, been deficient in quantity.

11. I have on no occasions been obliged to procure, from other quarters than the
purveyor or apothecary, any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last
question, excepting fresh and salt provisions.

You re([uest me to give you any further information or suggestions bearing on the
subject of the qixestions just answered.

It seems to be desirable that a more efficient hospital transport shoidd be supplied to
the troops. The ambulance corps, from being old and not very healthy soldiers, and from
their irregular habits, do not prove the best attendants on the sick. Our ambulance
waggons are unsuited to a country devoid of roads. The French mule ambulances seem
well adapted for the transport of sick men. My hospital sergeant is efficient and attentive
to his duties. The same may be said of tw o or three of the hospital orderlies ; but owing
to sickness, these last have been repeatedly changed, and the new comers are not so useful
as they might be. It seems to me that it would be of benefit to the service if regimental
hospitals were not dependent for orderlies on drafts from the ranks, but that they should
be supplied with those indispensable servants from a regular corps of men trained to
hospital duties.

The great mortality which has taken place during the past month has been chiefly due
to cholera of a most fatal character. The men have been much exposed, and I may say,
overworked ; they have also been ii-regularly fed, and insufficiently clothed. These three
causes have much aggravated disease in every form,

I have, &c.,
(Signed) John Dunlop,

Surgeon 88th Regiment, in medical charge 9th Regiment

17th Regiment.

Retukn of Requisitions made for the use of the Hospital of the above Corps.

No. of

Requisitions
made.

Quarter on
■which Requi-
sition was
made.

For what.

On whom.

Complied
with or not.

Reasons for Non-compliance.

Two

Medical com-

Inspector

Yes.

forts.

General of

Hospital.

Three

Medicines

Ditto.

Yes.

One

Tarpaulin

Quartermas-

Yes.

ter General.

One

2-5 Bhmkets

Inspector

Yes.

General.

One

800 Cholera

Ditto.

Yes.

belts.

O'lQC-

Pack horse

Quartermas-

Yes.

and saddle.

ter General.

One

Planks for

Ditto.

Yes.

flooring hos-

Oae

pital.

Hospital

Ditto.

All the marquees out of repair.

One

marquee.

Huts

Ditto.

Yes.

Camp before Sebastopol, January 16, 1855. Walter Simpson, M.D.,

Surgeon I7th Regiment.

Thomas Longmore, Esq., Surgeon lyth Regiment.

Camp above Sebastopol, 19tli Regiment, Liglit Division,
(jEN IXEMEN, December 24, 1854*

I HAVE the honour to forward the following replies to your queries.

I am, &c.
(Signed) Thomas Longmobe,

Surgeon 19th Regiment.

Query 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating their
names and rank ?

Reply 1. The number of medical officers now present are three, viz., —
Surgeon . » - Thomas Longmore

Assistant Surgeon - William M. Webb,

Ditto _ _ - Exham L. HifFernan.

Query 2. The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed, and their
general fitness, &c. ?
Reply 2. The number employed is five, viz., —

Hospital Sergeant - - - - 1

„ Orderlies - - - - 4

Total - . . 5

When more orderlies are required to attend upon the sick, I apply to the officer com-
manding ; but the number permitted to receive pay for this extra labour is limited, and it
is difficult to get men to serve willingly in hospital who are not remtmerated.

The hospital sergeant is a most excellent non-commissioned officer, and the orderlies are
attentive men ; but they are taken from the ranks of the regiment, and would undoubtedly
be more fitted for their duties by some previoiis training and instruction.

Query 8. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your opinion
as to its sufficiency ?
Reply 3. One hospital marquee, and five bell tents.

I was fortunate in obtaining a marquee for the use of my regiment, but it was originally
issued for cases of cholera from the whole brigade. I have found this marquee advantageous,
on account of its comparative dryness and warmth. The bell tents, being of single canvas,
are not fitted for the treatment of sick.

Two marquees for each regiment, with others in addition available for use in case of
exigency, I should alone consider sufficient for hospital accommodation in fine and moderate
weather ; but in the winter season I do not consider tents capable of affording the necessary
protection for treatment of the sick.

Query 4. The quantity and nature of bed and bedding supplied for each patient,
together with your opinion as to its sufficiency. Also the number of close stools,
bed pans, urinals, and other hospital conveniences ?
Reply 4. Three tarpaulins, 25 rush mats of slight texture, and 28 blankets, have been
supplied for the use of the sick in hospital. No beds or bedding have been furnished.

The number of hospital conveniences is as follows : —

Bedpans - - - - - 3

Chamberpots - - - - - 2

Urinals - _ _ 0

Close stools - - - - - 0

Total - - 5

Average number of sick in hospital during the present month, about 54 per diem.

Query 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical comfortt^
usually kept with the i-egiment ?
Reply 5. I have not been able to obtain for the hospital either the nature or quantity of
medicines I have required, and I have considered it my duty to make several reports on the
subject to the proper authorities.

The medicines I have been able to obtain from the store of the division — and I have
always met •with the greatest facility in obtaining a share of whatever they could afford —

100

have bceu so Irregularly Issued as to periods, and so insufficient in quantity, as very much
to detract from their visefulness.

My supplies of medical comforts have also been frequently very insufficient, and some-
times wholly absent ; but at the present moment I have some tea, sugar, wine, and sago in
hospital.

We have not usually been able to keep with the regiment a greater stock than is suffi-
cient for the average consumption of a few days duration.

Query 6. The supply of siu-gical instruments and the means of keeping them in order
and repair ?

Reply 6. I have a capital case of instruments, private property ; and also, as well as each
of my assistants, a pocket case, private property.

The public instruments, such as the fracture and dislocation apparatus, stomach pump,
&c. were left on board the transport " Courier" with the other baggage, on the regiment
landing In the Crimen, and I have not yet been able to get them again, though a vessel is
daily expected to bring them.

I made several Inquiries since I came to this camp, on the subject of being able to get
certain Instruments ground and set, Avhich had become injiu-ed in use at Alma ; and I applied
through Staff Surgeon Dr. Alexander to Deput}' Inspector General Dr. Dumbrcck, who
informed me that there were no means of getting my knives ground. At a subsequent
period I applied at the purveyor's stores at Balaklava, and found that I could not get an
amputating knife ground (which was required to l emovc notches) though there was a cutler
who could sharpen an Instrument on a hone.

Qxiery 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?
Reply 7. Two tin saucepans have been lately Issued for the use of the hospital. No
other means of cooking have been furnished. 'J 'he patients' canteens have been used as
cooking utensils. No fuel has been issued.

Query 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick, wounded In the field, for
hospital tents, stores, medicines, medical comforts and provisions, surgical instru-
ments, materials, and appliances ?
Reply 8. No regimental means beyond the hospital bat horse and two panniers.
A certain number (10) of stretchers were carried by the bandsmen of the regiment for
collecting wounded men on the field.

Query 9. Is the number of medical officers, orderlies, and other hospital attendants
mider you sufficient ? If not, have you at any time applied for more, and if so,
what was the result of your application ?
Reply 9. I consider one surgeon and three assistant surgeons necessary for the ordinary
duties of a regiment in the field, especially when siege operations are being carried on.

Assistant Surgeon Grylls left the 19th regiment with wounded men for Scutari on
November the 7th. On December the 4th I called the attention of the principal medical
officer of the division to the fact that this officer had not yet returned to the regiment, where
his services were required. The Inspector General intimated that he should be ordered to
return forthwith ; but shortly afterwards Assistant Surgeon Grylls tendered his resignation
from the service.

When additional orderlies have been required at the hospital, the officer commanding has
always furnished them on my requisition.

Query ] 0. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea, and if so, how often, and for how long on each occasion (to the best of
your recollection), to procure on requisition, within the ordinary and proper time
for obtaining such things, a supply of any and what
Medicines,

Surgical instruments, or the repair of them.
Surgical materials and appliances,
Medical comforts.

Hospital furniture and conveniences,
Provisions for the use of the hospital ?

Reply 10. I have very frequently, since landing In the Crimea, been unable to obtain medi-
cines, medical comforts, and hospital furniture and conveniences which I have applied for. I
have never been able to obtain the quantity of these things which in my opinion was neces-
sary for the treatment of the sick.

I am not in the habit of keeping regularly copies of the things which I ask for for the
hospital, but am unable to procure. Some such requisitions I have in ray possession ; I note
down and keep account of the quantities of medicines and medical comforts received, in
order at any time to be able to balance accounts with the purveyor and apothecary, who are
in possession of my written receipts for the same.

I have not had occasion to apply for any surgical instruments or surgical materials whicn
I have not received ; but have applied for the repair of certain knives, which I learned could
not be done for me.

101

Q;aery 11. Have you on any occasion since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea been obliged to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or
apothecary any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question :
if so, state from what quarter you procured them, and what the articles were ?
Rc-plij 11. I have not been able to procure from any other quarter the medicines or
articles which I could not get from the apothecary or purveyor of the division.

In reply to your request for suggestions, I hardly feel warranted in expressing opinion
on the cause of the deficiencies which have been experienced in the hospital, both of
medicines and medical comforts, beyond stating that it has appeared to me to be chiefly
attributable to a deficiency of transport under the control of the medical authorities. I have
watched the good effects of an active, trained, and educated ambulance corps, and a well
appointed ambulance equipment in the French service, and feel that some similar establish-
ment would be of great advantage in the British service. From such a corps it appears to
me that the regimental hospital sergeants should be obtained, and regimental orderhes also ;
for, having been nearly 13 years in my present regiment, I have frequently experienced
the disadvantage of the hospital sergeant leaving the hospital for the better situation of
colour sergeant in the ranks when the option was offered to him of taking the appointment ;
and I have constantly met with the very natural objection of officers commanding
companies to part with good and active men from the ranks to serve as orderlies in the
hospital.

I may take this opportunity of stating my conviction that, from the very arduous, constant,
and responsible duties of the hospital sergeant, and his influence for good or ill among the
non-commissioned oflScers and men of the regiment, it is particularly required for the good
of the service that he should be put at least on the same footing in rank and pay as a first-
class stafli' sergeant. He ought to pass an examination by a board of medical officers as to
his fitness for compounding medicines on the same footing as a druggist in England. My
hospital sergeant, who has been eight years a sergeant, three of which as hospital sergeant,
receives at present Is. lOrf. pay per diem, and an allowance of4(i. per diem as hospital orderly ;
at the same time that there are sergeants in the ranks of the regiment four years junior to
him as a non-commissioned officer who are receiving 2s. iOc/. pay per diem.

My experience leads me to consider that the regimental bandsmen are not, as a body,
likely to be sufficiently strong or able men for the duty of carrying the wounded to be con-
signed to them.

(Signed) Thomas liONGMOKE,

Surgeon 19th Regiment.

Edwaed Howard, Esq., Surgeon, 20th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp above Sebastopol, December 27, 1854.

In reply to the queries contained in your letter dated at Scutari, and addressed to
medical officers in charge of regiments, I have the honour to append the following remarks,
taking the paragraphs of your communication seriatim.

Answer 1. The number of medical officers at present with the regiment is three, viz.,
one surgeon, E. Howard, and two assistant surgeons, Messrs. Wright and Wolseley.

2. The number of orderlies employed has been according to the usual rule, that is to
say, one orderly for every ten patients, and in addition, a cook and the hospital sergeant;
and, so far as lay in their power, they performed their duties zealously.

3. Along the line of march from Touzla to Sebastopol, one circular tent was conveyed
upon an araba, and on those occasions, when the baggage came up within any reasonable
time, it Avas made use of Some few days after the arrival of the army at its present seat,
two marquees were supplied and appropriated to the use of the division ; and subsequently
one Portuguese tent for the Avounded, one half of one of these marquees being for the use of
the 20th Regiment, and the Portuguese tent was kept exclusively for the wounded of the
brigade. This arrangement remained until 5th of November, when the sudden and large
influx of wounded after the battle of Inkerman obliged three companies' tents to be pro-
cured from the regiment for the reception of the worst and most disabled cases, while the
sick who could leave the marquee Avere sent to the companies' tents, as well as the slight
cases of Avounds. The Avonnded Avere despatched on 8th and 9th of November, Avhen the
companies' tents were again returned to the regiment by the order of the commanding
officer, leaving for the accommodation of the sick of the regiment, and those too badly
wounded to be removed, one half of a marquee, a bell tent, and a share of a Portuguese
tent. On 10th November, during a violent storm of Avlnd, the marquee, used by 20th
and 68th conjointly, Avas blown doAvn, and the roof so torn, and the poles broken, as to have
been rendered entirely useless from that time. The only accommodation that could then
be provided Avas two Portuguese tents and one bell tent until 16th November, Avhen tAvo
additional bell tents Avere procured from Balaklava ; and subsequently Colonel Horn, on

102

completing the building of a hut for himself, gave up his tent on 16th December for the
use of the sick. Thus at present there remain for the use of the sick and wounded of
the regiment two Portuguese tents and four bell tents ; one of these Portuguese tents
must be kept constantly clear for the reception of wounded, and they do not consequently
afford accommodation for all of the sick, several being obliged to be retained and treated
in their companies' tents, and, in the event of an action, are much too hmited in space for
accommodating the probable number who would require admission.

4. No bedding was issued of any description until 5th October, when 21 blankets were
obtained from the Quarter Master General's department (hay from the Commissariat being
laid down upon the ground as often as it could be spared), and at a later period there were
obtained from the purveyor, by direction of Dr. Hall, one large tarpaulin and 18 Turkish
rush mats. On 7th December, on account of the severity of the weather, 100 additional
blankets were issued; and on the following day 20 raised cots and sackings were supplied
by the purveyor, by the order of Dr. Hall, and these are now in use. The necessity of
raising the men from the wet ground, and which could only be done by means of the cots
alluded to, occupy the space within the tents, that they are no longer able to contain as
many as formerly, and from this circumstance the hospital accommodation is again rendered
far too limited. One bed pan and one urinal are all the conveniences of this description
in possession.

5. All the medicines not contained in the panniers, and that the prevalence of bowel
affections demanded the use of, were procured in small quantities, as required, from the
apothecary at Balaklava, and consisted chiefly of calomel and opium, acetate of lead,
Dover's powder, quinine, morphia, and prepared chalk, and the extras, of sago, arrowroot,
ground rice, tea and sugar, essence of beef, and port wine ; these articles being procured in
quantities of several pounds, and the wine, three bottles at a time, on each requisition.

6. One complete surgical field case was supplied by the public to the regiments, and is
uninjured and in good repair. I have also my own regulation case in good repair, as well
as a full pocket case of instruments, and each assistant surgeon is similarly well supplied
with a good and full pocket case. There is a cutler attached to the army, but the instru-
ments in possession have hitherto required no repair.

7. The means of cooking at present possessed consist of two kettles, of four and two
gallons, together with two others of smaller size recently supplied, such as are issued to
regiments, and a small saucepan, containing about three pints. The cooking is carried on
necessarily in the open air, with such protection from the wind and rain as an excavation
and a covering of a few sacks and hoops afford. The supply of fuel, until within the
last month, has been tolerably easily procured by fatigue parties sent out for the purpose
of collecting it ; but now that the plains have been nearly cleared within a practicable dis-
tance, much more labour has to be expended in procuring it, inasmuch as the roots of the
vines in the vineyards afford the only available supply. With the vessels enmnerated
above, and this fuel, there has been daily cooked broth, sago, arrowroot, and rice, upon an
average, for nearly forty persons.

8. On the line of march the only means of conveyance of the sick taken ill upon the road
were the commissariat arabas ; but these carts having upon them already a load, and not
following altogether the same route as the division, were a long way separated from it, and
obliged sudden and urgent cases, that coiild not be assisted by the stretchers carried by
the band (ten of which were procured at the point of disembarkation), to be placed, by the
kind permission of the officers commanding batteries of artillery, upon the spare gun
limbers. One bell tent for the use of the sick of the regiment was conveyed by the com-
missariat carts. No horse could be procured at Touzla, where the army landed on the
14th of September, from the Quarter Master General's department or commissariat for
the carriage of the hospital panniers, though a requisition, signed by myself and counter-
signed by Dr. Hall, the head of the medical department, was conveyed by myself, as
directed by Dr. Hall, to the Quarter Master General ; and on the day of the battle of
Alma, as soon as it was apparent that an engagement must happen, I sought out the com-
missariat carts which conveyed the regimental panniers, took them from it, and placed
them upon my own private horse, and continued so to employ him until we arrived at our
present seat. I may here add, that nothing was allowed to be placed upon the commissa-
riat carts but the regimental panniers and the one bell tent ; and furtlier, that I myself
witnessed the destruction, by order of the general commanding the division, of a box
containing wine and sugar, &c., belonging to some regiment of the division, — my own
stock of medical comforts, consisting of 10 lbs. of preserved meats, four bottles of wine,
some sago, and tea and sugar escaping by having been packed in one of the panniers along
with the sui'gical instruments.

9. As before stated, one medical officer, Assistant Surgeon Cater, has been detached from
the regiment and sent to Scutari since 14th October ; and considering the numbers that
have been sent away sick and wounded, there remains a sufficiency of medical officers
for the duty, excepting during the press of a large number of wounded, such as occurred
after the battle of Inkerman, when the services of another medical officer would have been
most desirable. At any times when there have been any patients, sick or wounded, and
entirely helpless, as from injury of the spine, typhoid fever, or the like, a comrade or

103

fatigue man has been applied for to attend to such cases specially, and in no instance has
there been any unwillingness to comply with my request on these occasions.

10. The only medicines that have not been procurable in sufficient quantities have been
opium and the vegetable astringents ; one preparation, that of laudanum, which certainly
exerted more influence than any drug upon the diarrhoeal condition, which usually pre-
vailed before more decided or dysenteric symptoms appeared, was that which the want of
was most severly felt ; and the acetate of lead, another valuable remedy in both cholera and
the atonic form of dysentery here seen, was also only to be obtained in smaller quantities
than desirable, the requisitions being curtailed by the apothecary after they had been
approved by the staff surgeon of the brigade and by the Inspector General at head
quarters. Surgical appliances in no instance has there been any lack of The medical
comforts, such as enumerated above (paragraph 5) were promptly supplied, ground rice
being substituted for arrowroot, or sago for arrowroot, by the purveyor, as his stock of
the one or other articles was for the time exhausted. In no case has there been any avoid-
able delay in their delivery.

11. I have never sought from any other quarter than the purveyor, commissariat, or
Quarter Master General's department for any articles of which I have been in want,
means of conveyance, or tents ; I have never made any requisition for hospital furniture.
The A and B canteens supplied to the regiment in Plymouth were not allowed to be dis-
embarked with the regiment at Touzla, and since the arrival of the Colombo, the ship
which brought out the regiment, the state of the roads has been such, and the means of
commissariat conveyance so meagre, that they have at no time been procurable at this
place.

The difficulty of the position of medical officers in reference to their sick, and the
limited conveyance that could only be had for anything from Balaklava, all medicines
and extras having to be fetched a distance of seven miles, along almost impassable roads,
by men on foot ; and more especially this inconvenience was experienced after the loss of
my own horse from the severity of the weather and exposure, and which I had always
applied for the use of the service in lightening the labour of the orderlies and messengers
employed in bringing supplies for the sick ; all these difficulties have been much augmented
since the occurrence of the hurricane of the 14th ultimo, the roads since that time
becoming a perfect slough of most tenacious mud. The excessive labour and fatigue of
the soldiers ever since the commencement of the siege, the inclement weather lately
experienced, the nature of the soil, the state of the roads, the loss of the animals of
draught, have made up a combination of circumstances conspiring to add to the difficulty
of transport, to which it would appear all our inconveniences may be ascribed.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Edward Howard,

Surgeon 20th Regiment.

Gentlemen, January 19, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to transmit a statement of the quantities of extra articles of diet
and medical comforts obtained from time to time from the sources mentioned in the return,
from 14th September, together with the medicines required and received since 20th
November last, the earliest period when the failure of obtaining the full quantities of the
different articles for which requisitions were made suggested the necessity of keeping an Six Enclosures,
account.

With regard to the tent accommodation, I have little more to add to the information
contained in my reply to your former queries.

On the 10th November the hospital marquee was rendered useless in a squall of wind,
and applications were frequently made to the Quarter Master General for another or other
accommodation, with which requisitions he was at no time able to comply.

In the interval between 10th November and 23d December the ship " Colombo," in
which the regiment came from England, came into port, on board of which I was led to
believe there was a marquee belonging to the regiment, and a requisition for it was
specially made, as also one upon the chief commissariat officer at Balaklava for its con-
veyance ; but, when transmitted, it was found that the ship and been unladen, and the
regimental marquee placed in some store, but no information in reference to it could be
obtained, or any other procured ; or, indeed, had it been, was the commissariat officer at
the time able to supply any means of conveyance for it.

On 3d January a requisition for two wooden huts was made upon the Quarter Master
General, which accompanies this letter, and his remarks will be observed endorsed upon
the back of it.

On the 10th January application was again made for one hut, a portion of which has
been brought up; but it is entirely useless, being incomplete.

Colonel Horn, commanding the regiment, has not had it in his power to furnish hitherto
any sufficient number of men to bring up the remainder of it, on account of the severitv of

O 2

104

the weather, the state of the roads, and the constant employment of all hands in the
regiment.

Subjoined is a list of the requisitions to which reference has been made above.

Requisition for marquee, marked No. 1.
Do. for conveyance of same, marked No. 2.
Do. for two wooden huts, marked No. .3.

Application to Colonel Horn for conveyance of same, marked No. 4.
Copy of requisition for medical comforts, marked No. 5.
Copy of requisitions for medicines, marked No. 6.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Edward Howard,

Surgeon 20th Regiment.

No. 1,— Requisition for Marquee.
20th Regiment.

December 3, 1854.
Required for the use of the 20th Regiment, one hospital marquee.

(Signed) Edward Howard,
The Quarter Master General, 4th Division. Surgeon 20th Regiment.

(Approved, by order,)

G. R. Wetherall, Capt.,
D. A. Q. M.

(Approved.) (Examined.)

W. C. Humphry, C. A. Windham, Col.

D. I. G. H. A. Q. M. G.

No. 2. — Requisition for Conveyance of Marquee.

December 23, 1854.

Required, conveyance for one hospital marquee for the use of the 20th Regiment.

(Signed) Edward Howard,
The Commissary General, Balaklava. Surgeon 20th Regiment.

(Approved.)

C. A. Windham, Col.,
A. Q. M. G.

No. 3. — Requisition for two Wooden Huts.

January 3, 1855.

Required for the use of sick of 20th Regiment, two wooden huts, of a capacity
to contain 40 men.

(Signed) Edward Howard,
Quarter Master General, 4th Division. Surgeon 20th Regiment.

5,000 superficial feet of planking and 1,000 rafters have been issued to each regiment.
Apply to your commanding officer. C. A. Windham, A. Q. M. G.

No. 4. — Application to Colonel Horn for Conveyance of two Wooden Huts.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, January 10, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to apply again to you, by order of the Deputy Inspector
General, in reference to the procuring of huts from Balaklava for the accommodation of
the sick. Each hut, with the necessary tools for putting it together, weighs 25 cwt., and,
under these circumstances, I am compelled to apply for 100 men for the purpose of its
conveyance, which will burden each individual to the extent of only 28 lbs.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Edward Howard,
Colonel Horn, commanding 20th Regiment. Surgeon 20th Regiment.

105

No. 5. — Requisitions for Medical Comforts.

Return of Requisitions for Medical Comports, showing the Quantities required and
received for the use of the Sick in Field Hospital of the 20th Regiment, since the
Landing of the Troops on the Crimea, September 14th, ISoi, to January 15th, 1855.

It of

From

Date.

Article.

Remarks.

XwCl^Cl V cu.

1854.

lbs.

Sep. 14

Wine (bottles)

This was put on

Brandy (bottles)

board at Ply-

Preserved meat -

mouth,by order
of the Director

Tea - . -

Sugar - - -

General, for the

Sago - -

use of the sick.

Oct. 9

Eice - . - -

c Coniniissariatjin

Sugar - -

I camp 4th di-
t_ vision.

Ground rice

~) Purveyor, Bala-
/ klava.

Arrowroot - - -

1
i

„ 20

Rice - . .
Sugar - - -

6
3

f Comrnissciriat in
I CRinp 4tU divi-
sion.

Ground rice

Tea - - -

1
I

Sugar " » -

f kliiva.

Wine (bottles)

^ Do.

Nov. 8

Tea

Sugs^r - -

Do.

Wine (bottles)

Sugar "
Ground rice

Do.

Arrowroot

A
'x

Do.

Tea - -

Do.

Sugar - -

Do.

. 19

Sugar - -

Do.

Sago ...
Suirar - - -

Do.

„ 21

Do.

Tea - _

o
z

Do.

Wine (bottles)

Do.

Safo - -

Do.

Sago ... -

Do.

Sugar ...

Do.

Essence of beef

Do.

, 27

Sago

Do.

Tea . . -

Do.

Sugar - - -
Wine (bottles)

1 o

Do.

„ 29

o
o

Do.

Essence of beef

Do.

„ 30

Sugar -

r Gomniissariat,
1 4-tli divi^inn

None being at the Pur-
veyor's store in Bala-

Dec. 1

Tea - . -
vSa"'0 - - -
Sugar - - -

c
D

1 Q

2
6
18

1 Purveyor, Bala-
( klava.

klava for a few days.

Sa^o -
Tea

Do.

Sugar - - -

Do.

Preserved potatoes

Do.

Essence of beef

Tea ...

Sugar ...

Do.

1 0

l-'O.

Tea _ _ _

Preserved potatoes

„ 15

None

Do.

Tea - - -

Do.

Sugar - -
Sago ...

Do.

None

Do.

Sugar - -

Do.

„ 20

Rice . - -

Do.

Sago

None

Do.

Tea -

Do.

Wine (bottles)

Do.

Essence of beef

Do.

Sugar ...

Do.

O 3

106

It of
ition.

p <i>

3 t»

From

Date.

Article.

o '3

•what Department

Remarks.

^ M

Received.

1854.

lbs.

Dec. 22

Preserved potatoes

. 27

Tea - - -

Do.

A rrowroof. - .

J— J. \y T» A \J\J V

Do.

Sago - -

None

Do!

liicG - • .

Do.

Essence of beef

None

Do!

Wine ("bottles"!

1855.

Tea ...

Do.

Jan. 3

Wine (bottles)

Do.

Arrowroot

Do.

SajTo - „

Do.

Tea

Do.

Preserved potatoes

Do.

Tea - - .

Do.

Sugar - - -

Do.

„ 10

Wine (bottles)

Do.

Arrowroot

Do.

Sugar - _

Do. -

Tbrpeliottlf*^; hrolcPTi on

„ 13

Wine (bottles)

Do.

carriage up by an

Tea ...

Do.

SlT+lllPTV ysTix CrCTATl

Sugar -

Do!

Preserved potatoes

Do.

Arrowroot

Do.

Sugar -

Do.

Edw, Howard,

Surgeon 20tli Regiment.

No. 6. — Requisitions for Medicines.

Return of Requisitions for Medicines, showing the Quantity required and received
for the use of the Sick in the Field Hospital of the 20th Regiment in Camp before
Sebastopol, from November 20th, 1854, to January 15th, 1855.

Date.

Amount

Articles.

Remarks.

Requisition.

Received.

1854.

lbs.

oz.

lbs.

oz.

Nov. 20

Ung. sulpli. CO. - - -

Quinre disulph. - - - -

Pulv. ipec. CO. - - -

None in store.

Mustard -

Plumbi acet. -

None in store.

Nov. 25

Tinct. opii - - -

Plumbi acet. - - -

Dec. 1

Pulv. ext. or crude opium . . -

Plumbi acet. - - -

Zingeber cont. - -

Quinffi disulph. - . _

Chloroform -

Dec. 5

Hydrarg. chlorid. -
Tinct. opii -

Lig. morph. instead.

Pulv. ipec. CO. - - -

Gum catechu - - -

None in store.

Pulv. cretae prep. - _ -

Plumbi acet. - - -

01. terebinth -

None in store.

Ung. cetacei - - -

Dec. 11

Tinct. camph. co. -

Pulv. ipecac. - - -

None in store.

ipec. CO. - - -

Lig. morph. acet. - - -
Ung. sulph. CO. - - -

Mustard - - - -

Ferrini sini . . -

Surgeon's tow -

Cerat. resinss - - - -

Dec. 16

Quinse disulph. . - -

107

Amount

XVCUUdl VLOm

Requisition,

Received.

1854.

lbs. oz.

Dec, 16

Acid, sulph. - -

0 i

0 Oi

Cretse preparat. - - - - -

0 4"

Hyd. cu. cretae - - -

0 1

Plumbi acet. . - . „ -

0 4

Dec. 17

Copaib. - - - -

0 2

Lig. potass., if none, potass, carb.

0 2

None in store.

Sodffi sesquicurb - - -

0 2

None in store.

Tinct. or ext. of hyssinami

0 1

0 2

Of the ext.

Acacise contrit.

0 4

Tinct. opii - - - -

0 8

0 2

Dec. 20

Pulv. opii - - - -

0 2

None in store.

Tannin - - - -

0 1

None in store.

Pulv. ipec. CO. - - - -

0 4

Hyd. c. cretaj - - -

0 4

0 0^

Plumbi acet. - - - - -

0 4

None in store.

Tinct. opii . _ .

0 8

None in store.

Dec. 23

Pulv. opii ....

0 2

None in store.

Tinct. opii ...

0 8

None in store.

Plumbi acet. -

0 4

0 2

Alum ...

1 0

0 2

Tannin - - - -

0 1

None in stoi'c.

Pulv. ipecac. - -

0 4

0 1

Quinas disulph. ...

0 1

Tinct. camph. co. - - -

1 0

None in store.

Pil. hydrarg. - ...

0 4

Pulv. ipec. CO. - - -

0 4

Cretffi preparat. - - -

0 4.

0 4

Dec. 29

Acet. or murat. morph. - -

0 Oi-

0 01

Tinct. opii - - - -

0 8

None in store.

Bandage flannel - - - - -

calico -

Surgeon's tow - - - -

4 0

Adhesive plaster . . - .

Yds. 2

01. Olivaj - - - -

2 0

1 8

Pulv. ipec. CO. - - - -

0 4

0 1

Ung. cetacei ...

4 0

1855.

Cret<E preparat. -

0 8

None in store.

Jan. 3

Tinct. opii - ....

0 8

camph. CO. ...

2 0

catechu - - -

2 0

None in store.

scillas - - - -

1 0

Zingeber contrit. - - -

0 1

Pill boxes ....

1 paper

Sodse sesquicarb. - -

0 2

None in store.

Pulv. ipec. CO. - - - -

0 4

Opii duri cont. - - -

0 2

01. ricini -

2 0

01. menthffi pip. - -

0 1

None in store.

Hyd. chlorid - - -

0 4

Acid nitric ....

0 01

None in store.

Cretae preparat. ...

1 0

None in store.

Plumbi acet. -

0 8

N^oiip in ^toi'p

X^WXIO 111 OLL/XC

Acet. or murat. of mirph

0 1

Surgeon's sponges ...

Jan. 8

Camphor -

0 1

Linament sapon. ...

2 0

IVoiip 111 ^toi*p

Lig. plumbi dius ...

1 0

1 8

01. terebinth. .....

2 0

Plumbi acet ...

1 0

'N'rtnp in stovp

Pulv. ipec. CO. ...

0 4

Opt. camphor ....

0 8

^v'onp in ^tore.

Sodae sesquicurb - -

0 4

Tinct. cantharid - - - .

0 8

0 4

Jan. 12

Cretae preparat. - ...

1 0

None in store.

Acid, nitric ....

0 1

Cerat resinas ...

6 0

None in store.

Linament sap. ....

2 0

None in store.

01. terebinth ... . .

2 0

Plumbi. acet. - - -

1 0

None in store.

Quinse disulph. - - -

0 2

Edw. Howard,

Surgeon 20 th Regiment,

O 4

108

D. R. McKiNKON, Esq., Surgeon 21st Fusiliers.

Medical establishment on
landing in the Crimea, Sept.
14, 1854:—

2 hospital marquees.

35 sets of bedding.

Ganteens marked A and B.

1 smaU case of medical corn-
sorts.

1 large medicine chest.

1 store chest.

2 medicine panniers.
1 pack saddle.

1 box, containing apparatus
for the reduction of disloca-
tions.

Necessity of re-shipping re-
gimental hospital baggage from
■want of carriage.

Establishment en route to
Sebastopol: —

One bell tent ; two medicine
panniers ; one case of medical
comforts. Carried in a private
cart of the General command-
ing the 4th Division.

Extreme want of carriage.

Case of medical comforts
broken up by order of Sir Geo.
Cathcart.

Sick soldiers on march, and
no means of carrying them, in
consequence of the total want
of means of conveyance.

No mules being provided to
carry water on line of march ;
soldiers distressed with thirst.

Medicine panniers not acces-
sible, under peculiar circum-
stances, and sometimes not to
be found. Hospital bell tent
also not procurable from the
same cause.

Consequences.

No medicine procurable, and
no protection to sick against
cold night winds.

Humane and praiseworthy
conduct of officers of regiment.

Hospital accommodation
before Sebastopol: —

One marquee ; 6 bell tents.

Bell tents admit the rain on
the weather side.
Effects of.

Camp before Sebastopol, 21st Fusileers, 4th Division,
Gentlemen, December 23, 1854.

In reply to your communication from Scutari, dated December, I have the
honour to state as follows : —

1. The names and rank of the medical officers : —

Surgeon - - D. R. McKinnon, M.D.

Assistant surgeon - Greer, present and doing duty.

„ - West, M.D. „

„ - Patrickson „

2. The number of orderlies, as allowed by the regulation : —

One hospital sergeant, assisted while in the field by the band sergeant ; that the
hospital sergeant is well acquainted with the duty of waiting on sick men, and that
the orderlies possess average qualifications.

3. That the most ample provision had been made for the accommodation of the
sick, and for their supply with medicine, previously to the landing of the regiment in
the Crimea ; but that all the medical arrangements were upset, and their object
defeated, after the landing of the regiment in the Crimea, in consequence of the total
want of conveyance.

That, in consequence of this deficiency, the regimental sick-tentage, medicine
chests, and box containing apparatus for reducing dislocations, &c., were re-shipped,
as it was deemed advisable to do so, rather than to leave them lying on tlie sea beach,
though, by so doing, the use of the things was lost to the regiment, yet that they
wei-e not lost to the service.

That I endeavoured to have the things placed on board the " Golden Fleece," the
vessel in which the regiment arrived; that I did not succeed, as I could not procure
a boat for the purpose, though in possession of an order for a boat ; but that I
succeeded in having them removed from the beach, and taken away, along with other
tentage and baggage, in one of the boats proceeding to the vessels of the fleet, but
that I am still in ignorance of the name of what vessel.

That the hospital tentage and supply of medicine, en route to Sebastopol, was as
per margin.

That the general commanding the division (Sir George Cathcart) allowed these
things to be placed in his own cart amongst his baggage; but that, on the
morning of the 20th September, he ordered the case of medical comforts to be broken
up and destroyed, probably to diminish his baggage, there being great ditficultv in
getting any conveyance ; that the regimental baggage referred to was taken on as' far
as Alma in the General's cart, and from Alma to Sebastopol in a commissariat cart.

That the inconveniences and hardships arising from this want of conveyance were
most severely felt.

That many soldiers fell out of the ranks from exhaustion, some from thirst, and
others from the sudden supervention of bowel complaint ; but that, as no sick carriage
had been provided, these men were left behind to come on in the cool of the evening
as their strength permitted, should they escape the Cossacks ; that two men died on
the march ; that it is rumoured that many never rejoined their regiments ; that occa-
sionally the men left behind were able to procure seats in some of the baggage and
commissariat carts, not attached to the regiment, and often miles in rear.

That the inconveniences and hardships arising from this want of conveyance were
most severely felt, is further shown as follows : —

That there were no means of supplying the thirsty soldiers on the march with
di'inking water, no mules having been provided for conveying the supply.

That the baggage cart, containing the medicine panniers, did not arrive till late in
the evening, and that on two occasions they could not be found, so that the only
supply of medicine was from the pockets of the medical officers, and no protection
from the inclemency of the weather could be afforded to the sick, as the hospital bell
tent was in the same cart ; that the commanding officer. Colonel Ainslie, and Lord
West, kindly gave up their private tents for the accommodation of the sick on the
occasion referred to, but that the sick were exposed during one night without any
covering from the night winds, which were piercingly cold.

That since the arrival of the regiment brfore Sebastopol, one hospital marquee
and six bell tents, of which one is used as a surgery, have from time to time been
obtained for the use of the sick ; but that the tentage is by no means adequate for
the number of the patients.

That the rain in stormy weather penetrates the windward sides of these bell tents,
and saturates the ground which forms the floors, so that the patients on admission,
drenched with rain, and without the means of shifting (having all their clothes on their^
persons), are necessitated to sit down on the ground over which the water is flowing,
and to sleep amongst mud.

109

That on the 14th of November the marquee was blown clown by a hurricane, and
the tent poles broken to pieces ; and that there was not a tent pole left standing in
the camp, such was the fury of the gale, accompanied with sleet and rain.

4. That 20 field cots, with mattresses, have lately been issued for a sick list of
upwards of 100 ; but that the regiment has not been provided with carriage for
these, so that were the route to come, these cots would necessarily be left on the
ground along with many other supplies.

That 100 blankets have been given by the officers commanding for the use of the sick.
That there are four close stools ; three bed pans ; and one urinal.

5. That the regiment is dependent on the apothecary at Balaklava (a distance of
seven miles from camp) for a supply of medicine ; that the supply fluctuates greatly;
that it is sometimes abundant, at others defective ; still that the corps has never been
without medicine.

That remedies of an anodyne and astringent character are in most reqiiest, in con-
sequence of the prevalence of bowel complaints.

That the regiment is equally dependent on the purveyor at Balaklava for a supply
of medical comforts which are indented for when required ; that the supi)ly fluctuates
greatly, though on the whole I could not say that it was bad ; that wine has not lieen
refused at any time, and that a fair supply of brandy has been afforded, though at
times there was none.

That the same remark is equally applicable to both of these departments, viz., that
the supply fluctuates.

6. That the supply of instruments has as yet been sufficient, and the means to keep
them in repair at Balaklava.

That supplies of every kind are brought from Balaklava with great labour and
difficulty, and that no public means have been provided for the pui-pose ; that any regi-
mental supply has been got by sending orderlies on foot, or by the occasional use of
horses, the property of some officer.

7. That since the commencement of the rainy weather cooking in any shape has
amounted nearly to an impossibility ; that all the bushes and trees, for miles, having
been used as firewood, the corps is in a great measure dependent on the supply of
charcoal and patent fuel (only recently issued) at Balaklava ; but that no provision
has been made for conveying it to camp.

8. That no carriage has been provided for the sick tents, stores, medicines, medical
comforts, provisions, surgical instruments, materials or appliances ; and that the only
conveyance for the sick and wounded consists of ten bearers (two poles connected by
canvas, which are supposed to be carried by the bandsmen) ; that on the march the
bandsmen, having their provisions to carry, their musical instruments, their great
coats and blankets, and having on the same tightly fitting uniform as other soldiers, the
same hot tiresome march to perform, and to carry these bearers in addition, that they
had not physical strength sufficient to carry any sick or wounded men along the line
of march for any distance.

That since the regiment arrived before Sebastopol, these bearers have been usefully
applied in removing wounded men from the trenches and conveying them to camp ;
that they have proved equally useful in the removal of wounded men from the battle
field to the spot where the ambulance waggons were stationed.

That the ambulance waggons have proved most useful, but that they were too
few in number in proportion to the work expected to be accomplished by their means.

9. That the number of medical officers is sufficient when they are all present ; the
regulated number of orderlies has been obtained ; that fatigue parties were refused
by the former commanding officer; but that the present one. Lord West, affords
every assistance to the sick ; that I do not recollect ever having applied for orderlies
above the regulated number, though under peculiar circumstances an additional
number would be desirable,

10. That I have frequently indented for medicines in quantities and of a kind
which were not at all times immediately supplied, there being a great demand on a
particular class of medicines ; but that a sufficient supply was not withheld for any
lengthened period : that the same observations apply to the medical comforts ; that
the surgical materials have always been in abundance, and that the appliances have
been sufficient as yet ; that there is no hospital furniture nor conveniences ; that the
provision due to the sick is deducted from that supplied to the soldiers in health ;
that, when the salt ration is issued, the sick are then dependent on the extras obtained
from the purveyor; that the ration biscuit, with coffee and sugar (or tea), is used for
breakfast and supper ; wine and sago, concentrated soups, preserved potatoes, with
fresh meat, when procvirable, for dinner.

11. That the ration biscuit with coffee and sugar, and the fresh meat (very rarely
issued), with such extras as can be procured from the purveyor, have constituted the
diets of the sick.

That the salt ration is peculiarly unsuited for the food of men suffering from bowel
complaints, and that only in a few instances has its use been permitted to patients in
hospitals.

That tea, Moore's cocoa and milk, concentrated milk, rice, sago, .'vc, have been
procured from time to time from the purveyor at Balaklava ; that rice boiled with

Hospital tents, and all the
tents in camp, blown down by
a hurricane on the 14th Novem-
ber. Objection to marquee — ■
its large size.

That officers have been or-
dered to give up their bat
ponies (private property) for
the purpose of bringing up the
soldiers rations into camp.

Cooking extremely difficult '
in rainy weather an impos-
sibility ; no means for bringing
the lately provided charcoal
and patent fuel, into camp.

No carriage whatever, though
repeatedly applied for.

Salt provisions peculiarly
unsuited for men suffering from
diarrhoea.

Extras.

Moore's cocoa and milk good
and nutritious.

110

Rice boiled in concentrated
milk, properly diluted, forms a
useful food for dysenteric pa-
tients. The large tins of milk
are much preferable to the
smaller ones, which are of an
inferior quality.

Green coffee is used, and no
means to roast or grind it pro-
perly. Tea a better ration for
soldiers.

A daily ration of rice should
be provided.

There should be a regular
supply of green vegetables from
Constantinople, or the troops
will be decimated by scurvy.

Straw or hay required for
bedding, but no issue, though
repeatedly applied for.

That salt and pepper have
never been issued as a Govern-
ment ration, though much
wanted ; that they are procured
with great difficulty.

One marquee recovered ;
great difficulty experienced in
bringing it up to camp, in con-
sequence of want of convey-
ance.

Field cots desirable for sick
men, but occupy too much
room.

No means of conveyance
should the route come.

Sick men amongst the duty
soldiers undesirable, but no
means of preventing it, the
hospital accommodation being
limited.

Blankets soon rendered unfit
for use by sick men ; also, in
consequence of becomingloaded
with vermin.

Causes of sickness.
Tents admit rain.

Exposure to climate in a wet
dress and without the power of
moving about to cause circula-
tion of blood.

Effects:—

An attack of cholera, or col-
lapse.

Insufficient food ; quality not
suited for men subject to sto-
mach complaints.

No means of bringing it
from Balaklava.

Effects of sudden change of
diet.

Want of cleanliness.

Severe duty.

Recruits of 18 and 19 years
of age unfit for activ<; service
in the Crimea.

the concentrated milk, when diluted, with the addition of a little sugar, has been of
very great service to soldiers suffering from affections of the bowels.

That green coffee is issued as a ration, but that no means have been provided for
roasting or grinding it pi'operly; that tea therefore is a better ration.

That the supply of rice as a ration was very beneficial, and a wholesome article of
diet ; but that the issue has been stopped most improperly.

That there should be a daily issue of rice as a ration ; and that there should be a
regular supply of green vegetables from Constantinople, or it is highly probable that
the troops will be decimated by scurvy.

That no regular hospital diet was procurable at a distance of five miles from the
purveyor, and that extras have from time to time been issued to the sick in lieu of
the salt ration.

That latterly straw or hay has been repeatedly requested for the patients in hos-
pital, to be used as bedding ; and that it is a very great comfort to a sick man lying
upon the ground.

That the floors of the tents have been raised by a quantity of brushwood, and
latterly by means of gravel and finely powdered limestone ; but that the addition of a
little straw would afford much comfort ; stiU, that in rainy weather the ground floors
thus prepared are very wet, and the limestone becomes converted into an adhesive paste.

That salt, pepper, and seasoning of any kind are difficult to be procured, and that
they have never been issued as a Government ration, though much required ; that the
concentrated soup, fresh meat, potatoes, &c. are very unpalatable without the use of
salt, which is scarce and difficult to be procured.

Hospital Accommodation.

That I have now recovered one of the marquees (from a vessel in harbour), which
will be got ready as soon as possible for the reception of sick ; that the marquee,
when furnished with field cots, can only accommodate twenty patients, and that with
difficulty ; that with the bell tents the cots could not be used, as they would only be
capable of sheltering two, or at most three, men, if cots were put into them, while
the number usually accommodated in one bell tent amounts to twelve or fourteen.

That the cots are of the most signal service to sick men, but that they occupy too
much room.

That there are many soldiers in the tents, amongst the duty men, who are under
treatment; that it would be desirable to have them under supervision at all times;
but that, under present circumstances, it is impracticable, in consequence of the
limited hospital accommodation.

That the blankets supplied for the use of the sick soon become unfit for use ; that
patients suffering from dysentery and cholera render them in a short time imfit for
use, by saturating them with filth ; that the means of washing them are absent, and
consequently that they become rotten ; that many blankets become useless from other
causes, one of which is the vermin that infest the men.

Causes of Sickness.

1. That all the tents admit the rain on the weather side, and that the floors conse-
quently become wet ; and men lying on wet or muddy ground soon become sick.

2. That the soldiers, drenched with rain, continue exposed in this state for a period
of twelve hours consecutively to the influence of the weather in the advanced trenches,
and that in consequence of the proximity of the enemy's sharpshooters they remain
closely under cover, without the power of moving about to facilitate circulation, with
their feet in water or mud up to their ankles ; that their feet become cold and numb,
after which cramps in the stomach take place ; that the late arrivals (recruits) are
brought back frequently to camp on stretchers from an attack of cholera, or with
symptoms of collapse.

3. That there is an instiflScient supply of food in consequence of the means being
wanting to bring it from Balaklava; also that the salt ration is food peculiarly un-
suited for men suffering from bowel complaints, as it lights up inflammatory action
in the already irritable mucous lining of the bowels, and greatly aggravates the disease.

That men accustomed to salt rations, and who are in comparative health, by being
placed suddenly on fresh rations, are also seized with purging.

4. That the soldiers have little means for, and less time to clean themselves (that
some do not possess the inclination to do so), consequently that they become dirty in
their persons, and that from sleeping constantly in their clothes they become lousy.

5. That the duty has been most severe ; that the men have been in the trenches
for three and five nights in succession ; and that it has been found almost an impossi-
bility for some time back to keep them for twelve houi's out of the trenches, and even
now it is hardly possible to do so for twenty-four hours.

That recruits of 18 and 19 years of age are totally unfit for service in the Ci'imea;
that the first exposure in the trenches produces generally an attack of cholera, or
brings on the symptons of collapse, from which their recovery is protracted, but
whicli not unfrequently passes on to a fatal termination.

I have, &c. h>
(Signed) D. K. McKinnon, M.D.,

Surgeon 21st Fusiliers.

Ill

D, K McKiNNON, Esq., Surgeon 21st Fusiliers,

Copy of Requisitions.

On what

VVj Lltlll 1 1 1/ V

Cause assigned

Date.

Eequisition.

Department

for

made.

received.

Non-compliance.

Dec. 17

5 lbs. of onions - - -

Purveyor.

None.

8 lbs. of barley - . - _

do.

None.

8 lbs. of sugar -

do.

8 lbs.

4 oz. of pepper

do.

None.

do.

6 tins of salt > -•

do.

None.

do.

. 18

40 lbs. of patent fuel . - »

Qr. Mr. Genl.

40 lbs.

30 tin cups for drinking " "

Purveyor.

30 tins.

6 bottles of port wine

do.

6 bottles.

4 bottles of brandy - - -

do.

4 bottles.

60 tins essence of beef

do.

None.

NonG.

28 lbs. of rice _ _ -

do.

30 lbs.

24 lbs. of sago - - -

do.

None.

None

3 lbs. ol, ricini _ . _

Apothecary.

1 lb.

None.

8 oz. pulv. ipecac, co.

do.

None.

8 oz. plumbi acet. - - -

do.

None.

4 oz. pulv. opii .. .. -

do.

None.

NonG.

4oz. calomel - -

do.

4 oz.

1 doz. vials (4 oz.) - - .

do.

None.

1 quart of oil for burning

Purveyors.

None.

6 lbs. of candles . .. -

do.

6 lbs.

.. 21

60 tins essence of beef -

do.

None.

None*

24 tins preserved milk

do.

24 (small).

16 lbs. of sago - - - -

do.

None.

NonG.

8 lbs. of sugar - . _

do.

8 lbs.

4 oz. pulv. opii - - -

Apothecary.

None.

8 oz. plumbi acet. - -

do.

None.

8 oz. pulv. ipecac, co.

do.

2 oz.

None.

3 lbs. ol. ricini - . - -

do.

1 lb.

None.

4 oz. zinci suiph. - . •

do.

4 oz.

8 oz. hydrarg. c. cretai

do.

None.

„ 23

3 doz. bottles jjort wine

Purveyor.

3 doz.

1 doz. bottles brandy ...

do.

1 doz.

56 lbs. of rice _ . .

do.

56 lbs.

28 lbs. of sugar ...

do.

28 lbs.

60 tins essence of beef

do.

None.

4 oz. of pepper - _ „

do.

None.

1 tin of salt - - - -

do.

None.

6 lbs. of onions - - -

do.

None.

1 cwt. of potatoes - -

do.

1 cwt.

1 lb. ling, cetacae - - -

0 1 li e c 'dvy ,

1 lb.

8 oz. quinjE disulpli. - - -

do.

8 oz.

8 oz. pulv. ipecac. - - -

do.

I oz.

12 oz. ipecac, comp. . - .

do.

None.

8 oz. plumbi acet. - - -

do.

2 oz.

4 oz. hydrarg. c. cretse

do.

2 oz.

4 oz. pulv. opii - . _

do.

None.

1 lb. alum - - -

do.

None.

None#

1 lb. surgeon's (ow - -

1 oz. pulv. Jacobi - _ ,

do.

^Ib.

» 28

do.

1 oz.

2 oz. liq. ammon. fort.

do.

2 oz.

8 oz. pulv. ipecac, comp.

do.

None.

N^one.

8 oz. tinct. opii - - -

do.

None.

4 oz. pulv. opii ...

do.

None.

4 oz. hydrarg. c. cretas

do.

None.

8 oz. plumbi acet. - - -

do.

None.

N^one.

8 oz. pulv. ipecac, comp.

do.

N'one

N^one"

8 oz. tinct. opii - - _

do.

None.

4 oz. pulv. opii - - -

do.

None.

4 oz. hydrarg. c. cretse

do.

2 oz.

1855.

8 oz. plumbi acet. - - -

do.

2 oz.

Jan. 4

12 oz. ipecac, comp. - - -

do.

12 oz.

4 oz. ipecac, opii - - -

do.

4 oz.

8 oz. plumbi acet. - - -

do.

None.

12 oz. tinct. opii - - -

do.

12 oz.

4 oz. tinct. ferri sesquichlor. -

do.

4 oz.

4 oz. ammon. sesquichlor.

do.

4 oz.

4 oz. hydrag. c. cretse

do.

4 oz.

3 lbs. ol. ricin - - -

do.

3 lbs.

4 oz. magnesias carbon.

do.

None.

8 oz. confec. hann. - _ .

do.

8 oz. pulv.

P 2

112

Requisition,

On what

(Quantity

Cause assigned

Date.

Department

for

made.

received.

Non-compliance.

1855.

Jan. 4.

4 oz. tinct. digitalis . . -

Apothecary.

4 oz.

2 lbs. fine lint . -

do.

2 lbs.

40 lbs. bandages - - -

do.

40 lbs.

3 yards adhesive plaster

do.

3 yds.

1 lb. surgeon's tow

do.

1 lb.

Jan. 2

56 lbs. ot" rice - - -

Purveyors.

56 lbs.

4 lbs. of tea -

do.

4 lbs.

60 tins of essence of beef

do.

60 tins.

„ 5

14 lbs. of sugar - - - -

do.

14 lbs.

56 lbs. of rice _ _ _

do.

56 lbs.

24 bottles of port wine

do.

24 bottles.

6 bottles of brandy - -

do.

6 bottles.

24 tins of milk, preserved

do.

None.

6 tins of cocoa and milk

do.

6 tins.

30 lbs. of tea - - - -

do.

1 box.

1 cwt. of potatoes -

do.

84 lbs.

1 box of matches . _ _

do.

1 box.

24 tins of milk - - -

do.

None.

12 lbs. of candles - - -

do.

12 lbs.

1 cwt. of potatoes - - -

do.

None.

„ 9

24 bottles of port wine

do.

24 bottles.

6 bottles of brandy - - -

do.

6 bottles.

12 sheets extra diet rolls

do.

None.

1 lb. pulv. ipecac, comp.

2 lbs. surgeon's tow

Apothecary.

8 oz.

do.

1 lb.

1 lb. tinct. camp. comp.

do.

None.

1 oz. ol. menthse pep.

do.

None.

8 oz. tinct. scillfE - - -

do.

8 oz.

I set of grain weights
1 pewter oz. measure

do.

None.

do.

1 glass measure

1 tin funnel - - -

do.

None.

2 papers of pill boxes

do.

2 papers.

„ 12

4 oz. ferri sulph. - - -

do.

4 tins.

8 oz. plumbi acet.

do.

None.

1 lb. ol. terebinth.

do.

None.

8 oz. acetic acid ...

do.

None.

4 oz. camphor - -

do.

None.

2 oz. cupu. sulph.

do.

2 oz.

2 lbs. erapl. canthar. - . -

do.

None.

3 oz. ex. opii purif.

do.

None.

4 oz. hydrarg. c. crctoe

do.

None.

12 liq. ammon. -

do.

12 02.

None.

1 lb. plumbi acet. - - -

do.

None.

1 oz. ol. menth. pep.

do.

None.

1 oz. pulv. Jacob.

.io.

None.

8 oz. tinct. comp. co.

do.

None.

8 oz. tinct, card. co. - - -

do.

8 oz,

2 lbs. ung. cetacei . - .

do.

2 oz.

8 oz. hydrarg. nil. -

do.

4 oz.

2 lbs. fine lint - - -

do.

2 lbs.

2 lbs. surgeon's tow

do.

1 lb.

4 lbs. mustard - - -

do.

None.

Eemaeks.

The hospital marquees were re-sHpped at Lake Touzla, in consequence of no carriage
having been provided for them. There was no hospital marquees for the sick of the regi-
ment until after the 1 4th of November, and no requisition was made for one, as it was
known that none could be procured. A requisition for a wooden hut for the use of the
hospital is in possession, but cannot be got, as there is no means of conveying it from
Balaklava. No regular copies of requisitions were kept prior to the 17th of December,
there being no book in which to enter them, and scarcely paper sufficient to make the
requisition.

D. R McKiNNON, M.D.,
Camp, Sebastopol, January 16, 1855. Surgeon 21st Fusiliers.

113

W. GoDFEEY WatTj Esq., Surgeon 23cl Eoyal "Welch Fusileers.

Camp before Sebastopol, December 29, 1854.
I HAVE the honour to transmit the followhig answers to the questions submitted to me
by the Board of Officers for the information of his Grace the Duke of Newcastle.

Question 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating
their names and ranks?
Answer 1. Surgeon Wm. Godfrey Watt, Assistant Surgeon H. Hunter Raymond, Staff
j^fsistant Surgeon E. C. Myall.

Question 2. The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants, and their general
fitness for their duties in that capacity.
Ansiver 2. One hospital sergeant and two orderlies are the only attendants for whom
I have been allowed to draw pay since I have been in the East, whatever may be the
number of sick. On the line of march I was told that no hospital orderly would be allowed,
as the band would be considered to render all the help I needed. The colonel, however,
allowed one orderly, notwithstanding this order, knowing how insufficient the band would
be for the duties of hospital attendants. I do not consider the hospital orderlies, as a
general rule, as fitted for the duties of attending on the sick ; they are taken from the
ranks, and as they have no previous instruction in the duties of orderlies, are a long time
before they are useful ; and as no inducement is held out for them to remain orderlies, and
as, in fact, the remaining employed at hospital debars them from promotion, they leave
often at the time they can be least spared. Besides the men receiving pay, I have a cook,
and on requisition to the colonel, I can obtain extra orderlies or fatigue men if necessary.

Question 8. The number of tents supplied for the use of the sick in hospital, and your
opinion as to its sufficiency ?
Ansiver 3. Until to day, November (December?) 30th, five bell tents have been the only
means of hospital accommodation supplied. I consider them as perfectly unfitted for the
reception of either sick or wounded. They are neither wind nor water proof, and cannot be
kept warm. There is no chance of procuring reaction in a patient suffering from collapse,
and I consider they destroy the small chance that medicine or medical treatment would
otherwise have. I cannot illustrate how very unfitted they are more strongly than by
saying that I have had five or six cases of patients admitted with cholera, wounds, &c., in
vrhom the extremities have been gangrenous from cold, and several men have died or
become useless as soldiers from this cause. This day, December 30th, I have procured a
hospital marquee from Balaklava.

Question 4. The quantity and nature of beds and bedding supplied for each patient,
together with your opinion as to its sufficiency, also the number of close stools,
bed pans, urinals, and other such accommodation ?
Ansiver 4. Six Clark's bedsteads were issued in the beginning of November ; twenty-
eight blankets were also issued about the middle of October. I have one close stool, two
bed pans, four chamber pots, one urinal, and two spitting cups ; all of these but one
chamber pot were issued on the 5th November. I have also two tarpaulins for the bottom
of the tents, but I was obliged to discontinue the use of them as they would not allow
the water which beat through the bell tents to drain off", and I could not take them up
without striking the tents. I have also six water decks, I also obtained, on the 21st
December, twenty Smith's bedsteads, but as they have not either legs or irons to keep
them open (1 believe they are expected in another ship), they are useless. As I have no
means of washing the blankets, and they were become filthy from the evacuation from men
suffering from dysentery, cholera, &c., and other causes, I do not think them sufficient.

Qiiestion 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical com-
forts usually kept by the regiment ?

Ansiver 5. The medicines which I have generally had are those contained in the hospital
panniers. These are merely calculated for emergencies in the field, and not sufficient
either in extent or quality for the sick of regiments. A small and uncertain supply of
medicine has been from time to time obtained from the reserve stores of the division, but
not at all equal to either our demands or necessities.

The medical comforts that have been kept by the regiment are merely the supply
issued on requisition from the purveyor to the division, and calculated for three or four
days consumption.

Question 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and means of keeping them in rejiair?
Ansiver 6. I have no want of any surgical instruments, as I have my own instruments,
which 1 am compelled to have as a regimental surgeon, and my assistants have likewise
their instruments. 1 also obtained at Varna some instruments from the public stores to
replace others I had lost or damaged. I have no means of keeping them in repair, of
which they now stand in need.

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations or extras ? The adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?

P 3

114

Answer 7. I had three saucepans issued to me on the 5th November, before which time
I had merely a camp kettle obtained from the company kettles. Until the 23d ultimo the
only fuel I had was the scanty brushwood I could collect on the barren hills. This was
quite inadequate, and I had no stove or place to cook in, and during' the inclement
weather which prevailed, the sick were often unable to obtain even a cup of tea or arrowroot
for twelve hours and upwards. The general orders of 23d ultimo authorize an issiie of
two rations of fuel per man in hospital, for cooking, &c. I do not consider this to be
sufficient, as it will require as much as that to warm the marquees or tents, should we
procure stoves, and a fire should always be ready in hospitals for the obtaining of warm
water, &c., in cases of emergency. At present we have no means of transport to procure
even the supply of fuel which is allowed.

Question 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and Avounded in the field, for
hospital tents, stoves, comforts and provisions, surgical instruments, materials,
and appliances ?

Answer 8. The ten bearers carried by the bandsmen are the only regimental means I
have for the carriage of sick or wounded. On the 20th September I obtained an araba
for the conveyance of the hospital tents, stores, &c. &c. As no food was issued for
bullocks, they died from starvation, and I have now no means of carriage beyond the bat
horse which carries the hospital panniers.

This horse broke away during the gale, and has not been replaced.

Question 9. Is the nimiber of medical officers, orderlies, or other hospital attendants
under you sufficient ; if not, have you at any time applied for more, and what
was the result of your application ?

Anstver 9. I consider that three assistant surgeons are the lowest number of medical
officers that should be present with the regiment in the field, while the present mode of
treating all the sick in the regimental hospitals is adopted, especially during a siege, when
medical officers take their turn of duty in the trenches. Before embarking at Varna for the
Crimea, I made application for a third assisting sui'geon, but did not obtain one. I also
made application on the 4th October for further assistance, as one assistant surgeon had
been invalided on the 24th September, and sent on board ship at Belbec, and the only one
then with me was attacked with cholera, and I was alone. Dr. Alexander immediately
attached Assistant Surgeon Clark of 33d Regiment to do duty with the regiment until the
arrival of Assistant Surgeon Raymond on the 15th October. I have always obtained every
assistance from my commanding officer when I have applied for extra orderlies or fatigue
men.

Question 10. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment
in the Crimea, and if so, how often and for how long on each occasion, to the
best of your recollection, to procure, on requisition within the ordinary and pro-
per time for obtaining a supply of such things, a supply of any or what —
Medicines.

Surgical instruments, and the repair of them.
Surgical materials and appliances.
Medical comforts.
Hospital furniture, &c.
Provisions for use of hospital ?

Ansioer 10. Medicines. — I actually landed in the Crimea deficient of a supply of many
necessary medicines, as cholera had broken out on the voyage, and exhausted the small
stock of medicine I had in my panniers. I made application to Dr. Green, in charge of
apothecaries stores of the division, for laudanum, calomel, &c., but covdd not obtain them.
I borrowed two drams of laudanum on board the transport, or I should have landed in an
enemy's country without a supply of this most necessary medicine. Since T have been in
the Crimea I have never had even a moderate supply of the most needful medicines for the
treatment of disease, and with a very large amount of disease, chiefly of the bowels. I
have been sometimes for a fortnight and upwards without

Laudanum,

P. cret99 CO. in opio.

Pulv. ipecac, co.

Cretae. p.

Pulv. opii.

Acid sulphuric.

Plumbi acetat.

Tinct. catechu.

Confect. aromatic.

Ext. cantharidis ;

and many other equally necessary medicines. I cannot say exactly at what time, and for
how long, I have been deficient of any one particular medicine, as I did not keep the
requisitions when not complied with, but by a reference to the officer in charge of
medical stores for the division, the requisitions I have sent in can be found, with many
medicines I have asked for erased, as not being in store ; and I usually, knowing how

115

difficult it was to procure medicine, sent up to know what medicines were to be had, and
made out my indent accordingly. I can safely say that at no time, either here or in Bul-
garia, have I had a supply of medicine to give me a fair chance of treating disease. The
quantity issued has sometimes been so ridiculously small as not to aftbrd one dose to each
patient,' if I had given it to all who Avere sick. With a sick list of nearly 100 I have had
2 drams of calomel and of pulv. opii issued as my share of the supply for the division,
and this at a time when cholera and bowel complaints were very prevalent. At this
present time there is no laudanum, p. opii, pulv. crctaj co. in opio, cretaj p., plurabi
acetat, conf arom,, tinct. catechu., and many other equally necessary medicines in store.
The only astringents I can procure being acid sulphuric 1 oz., and morphia. I have con-
sidered it my duty several times to report this deficiency of medicines, and my inability to
treat disease, to the general commanding the division.

Supply of surgical instruments, and means of repair ?
I have always had a supply of instruments, but, as I have said before, no means of
repairing thea:i.

Supply of surgical means and appliances ?

After the battle of Alma I was unable to procure any of " Dessault's " long splints for
putting up fractured thighs, although I had cases most urgently requiring them. I made
application both for the division and general hospital, but without success.

I was also unable to procure a proper supply of chloroform, the divisional supply having
been exhausted, and I could not procure it from the general hospital.

Supply of medical comforts ?
I have frequently been without a proper supply of medical comforts. The quantity of
sago, arrowroot, rice, and articles of that description, which have been much needed even
more than medicine for the treatment of the class of disease which has prevailed, has at
times been very small, and often entirely wanting. I have had no brandy since Novem-
ber 9th, although cholera has prevailed so largely, upwards of thirty cases having died from
this disease alone. Mustard for cataplasms I could not procure from the apothecaries' or
purveyors' stores at any time.

Supply of light ?

I would, also, most strongly remark upon the inability to prr--^ure light of any sort. I
made application at Varna, but could procure no candles. I coaid procure none from the
purveyors' or apothecaries' stores, and had it not bee for a few I pi'ocured on board ship
for my own use, I should have been, both on the line ol march, when cases of cholera con-
stantly occurred, and after the battle of the Alma, entirely without light of any sort, or the
means of procuring any. It is only since the 18th October that candles, even to a limited
extent, have been issued, although very much needed.

Hospital furniture, &c ?
I have already stated in my answer to question No. 4.

Provisions for use of the hospital ?
The provisions for the use of the hospital have been the same as for the men in
the camp, with the exception of twelve cabbages issued for the use of the sick, and some
onions.

Question 11. — Have you at any time since landing in the Crimea been obliged to
procure from other quarters than tlie purveyor or ajiothecary any articles com-
prised under the heads mentioned in the last question. If so, state from what
quarter you pi-ocured them, and what the articles were ?
Answer 11. — With the exception of candles, which I procured from on board ship for
my own use, and issued in small quantities, as it was difficult to procure them, I did not
procure any supplies for the use of the hospital from any quarter except the purveyor or
apothecary.

As any suggestions have been requested having reference to the foregoing questions,
I would suggest that as no proper means of treating sick in regimental hospitals
while in the field can ever be adopted, unless at much inconvenience to the public service,
on account of the large quantity of stores, tents, cooking apparatus, &;c. which are essen-
tial to the success of medical treatment, that the idea of treating any cases, except
slight ones likely to be fit for duty in a few days, should be abandoned. I Avould have a
proper and useful ambulance train established, by which serious cases of disease or wounds
shoidd be at once transported to the divisional or general hospitals, where a large supply
of medicines and surgical appliances would be always at hand. I would merely retain the
hospital marquee for the treatment of slight cases, or those cases too ill for removal.

I would also suggest that a corps of educated men similar to those in the French and
continental armies should be formed ; I would have these men taught to put on torniquets
and bandages, to lift a wounded man with the least possible pain, and to adjust a fractured
limb in the best position until seen by a medical officer. A number of these men could be
attached to each regiment, and would act as orderlies and nurses. They could also follow
the regiment into action, and carry the bearers for the wounded, and being educated and
drilled, be a much better means of succouring the wounded soldiers than the bandsmen, who, I

P 4

116

consider, are very ill adapted for the purposes required of them as auxiliaries to the surgeon.
Besides this I think, as I have said befoi'e, the present means of obtaining orderlies from the
ranks is not a good one. These men, if a distinct corps, would be enabled to be promoted
and rewarded for zealous conduct, which, as the hospital orderlies are at present constituted,
is not possible. I would also take this opportunity of calling attention to the position of
the hospital sergeant ; although this man holds a situation of importance and trust which I
consider to be superior to any non-commissioned officer in the regiment, yet he is in a position
inferior both as to pay and rank to the ordinary colour sergeants of the regiment. My own
sergeant is, I think, a strong case in point. This man has been in his present position
upwards of twelve years. He has never been absent from his duties for a day for all that
period, and has twenty-one years service. This man has seen men who are ten and twelve
years his juniors in the service promoted over him as sergeant majors, quarter master
sergeants, &c., and even commissions have been given away to men in every respect his
inferiors, as far as his situation. He has been absent from duty in the ranks for so long as
to be unfit for the duties of a company officer, besides which, the difficulty of replacing him
has, I fear, been the prominent reason for not promoting him. 1 would most strongly urge
upon the Board the claims of these most deserving men to be placed upon the same footing
as the quartermaster and other staff sergeants, so that their position may not, as at present,
be the means of depriving them of advancement and emoluments, and that they may have
some inducement held out for the continuance in their situation, and that on leaving the
service the same pension may be given to them as to the other staff sergeants. I would
also call attention to the present hospital panniers, which I do not consider to be nearly as
useful as they might be ; they are not by any means a mule or horse load, and by making
them rather larger and different in shape, a vast amount of accommodation would be given,
and a larger supply both of medicines and medical comforts be carried for the use of the
sick.

I regret having gone to such a length in my observations ; but as I am solely actuated by
a desire that the attention to the sick and wounded may be as perfect as possible, I trust
it will be received as my apology.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) W. Godfrey Watt,

Surgeon 23d Eoyal Welch Fusiliers.

B. W. Marlow, Esq., Surgeon 28th Kegiment.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 18, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to reply to your communication containing certain inquiries
regarding the condition of the sick and wounded of the 28th Regiment.

Question 1. — The number of medical officers present with your regiment, stating their
names and rank?

Ansiver 1. — Four medical officers are present with the regiment : Surgeon B. W. Mar-
low, Assistant Surgeon W. H. Brice and J. F. Steuart, and Acting Assistant Surgeon
E. M. Wrench.

Question 2. — The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed, and
their general fitness for their duties?
Ansiper 2. — A hospital sergeant, a cook, and four orderlies, all well acquainted with their
duties. The assistance also of three band boys.

Question 3. — The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your
opinion as to its sufficiency ?
Answer 3. — One circiilar tent was the sole accommodation for the sick up to the 7th of
October, when a hospital marquee was obtained. It is now in wretched condition (capable
of containing 20 men ; the number of sick at present amounts to 60) ; the outer tly,
which has already been twice repaired by the orderlies, is again torn, some of the ropes
having given way, and the others are much decayed. There are scarcely more than half
the number of pegs required, and the tent is without storm ropes ; it is more than pro-
bable, therefore, it will be carried away by the next gale of wind. Nearly two thirds of
the sick are disposed of in three bell tents, from the regiment; slight cases remain with
the companies. The state of the marquee has been made the subject of a special report
through the commanding officer, but, I regret to say, without any success, although
approved and supported by Dr. Forrest, Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals. On one
occasion, last month, every tent was swept away by the wind, and the patients, many of
them in a weakl}^ condition, exposed to the rain, sleet, and snow for nine hours. As similar
accidents are likely to occur pretty frequently during the winter months, the defectiveness
of the hospital accommodation becomes sufficiently obvious ; and too marked attention can-
not be drawn to the apathy and indifference displayed by those to whom it falls to provide
adequate shelter for the sick, and this is the more evident from the fact that very tolerable

117

structures have been raised in various parts of Wie lines for tlie occupation of individuals,
while men labouring under disease are left on the damp ground in a leaky tent.

Question 4. The quality and nature of bed and bedding supplied for each patient,
together with your opinion as to its sufficiency ; also the number of close stools,
bed pans, urinals, and other such conveniences ?
Answer 4. The patients are not furnished Avith bed or bedding of any description.
There are twelve cots (boards with tressels) on which some of the worst cases are placed.
The supply in this respect is lamentably deficient. There are two bed pans and two urinals.

Question 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical com-
forts usually kept with the regiment ?

Answer 5. The medicines kept with the regiment are those contained in the hospital
panniers. The list is, of necessity, a very hmitcd one, and not calculated to meet the
incessant demands made upon it.

The Deputy Inspector of Hospitals has been most ready at all times to sanction the issue
of everything which the divisional field stores would afford, and as largely as circum-
stances would allow. I beg, therefore, herewith to transmit a copy of requisitions for
medicines since the landing in the Crimea, from which may be gathered the nature of the
articles most called for, together with quantities supplied. A copy of the requisitions for
medical comforts is also given, from which every information on this head can be obtained,
and from which it will be seen that the supply did not at all times equal the demand.

Question 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the means of keeping them in
order and repair ?

Ansioer 6. The supply of surgical instruments is strictly in accordance with the regula-
tions, and the few repairs hitherto required have been managed in the regiment.

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?
Answer 7. There were no utensils for cooking prior to the 14th of October, aa the
canteens A and B (together with the marquee and bedding), although landed at Old Fort
on the 14th of September, were left behind for want of transport. Since the 14th of
October, however, the means for cooking have been adequate, but fuel has of late been
most difficult to obtain ; the orderlies are thrown almost wholly on their resources to pro-
cure it, and nearly all the wood in the neighbourhood of the camp is now exhausteci.

Question 8. The means of carriage supplied for sick and wounded in the field, for
hospital tents and stores, medicines, medical comforts, and provisions, and sur-
gical instruments, materials and appliances ?
Answer 8. The two ambulance waggons attached to the division for the cai'riage of the
sick and wovmded arrived about the commencement of the siege. They are admirable as
regards construction, although not exactly adapted to the roads in their present condition.
The men of the ambulance corps (I allude to those with the third division) can scarcely
ever be depended upon; they are insubordinate, disobedient, and so perpetually drunk
and noisy as to have become a public nuisance. When the numbers of sick continually
requiring transport to Balaklava are remembered, the means of conveyance are utterly
contemptible ; one regiment alone would find ample employment for a waggon. Previous
to the arrival of the ambulance, stretchers were the only contrivances for carrying the sick
on the march from Old Fort to Scbastopol ; occasionally a man or two might get helped
along on a commissariat araba as a matter of favour, but there were no carts set apart for
the sick. The single circular tent, capable of containing six men only with any degree of
comfort, and which was the only hospital tent at this time, was conveyed on an aralja Avith
the others of the division. At present for the conveyance of the hospital marquee and
stores, medicines, medical comfortSj provisions, surgical instruments, materials and appliances,
cooking utensils, &c.. In the CA'cnt of a move becoming necessary, there Is one mule.

Question 9. Is the munber of medical officers, orderlies, and otlier hospital attendants
under you sufficient ? If not, have you at any time applied for more, and, if so,
what was the result of your application ?
Answer .9 The number of medical officers Avith the regiment is at pi'esent sufficient.
The orderlies and other hospital attendants are also sufficient.

Question 10. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment
in the Crimea, and If so, how often and for how long on each occasion (to the
best of your recollection), to prociu'c on requisition, Avithin the ordinary and proper
time for obtaining such things, a supply of any and what —
Medicines,

Surgical instruments or the repairs of them,
Surgical materials and appliances.
Medical comforts.
Hospital furniture or convenience,
Provisions for the use of the hospital ?

118

Answer 10. The supplies of medicines, surgical materials, medical comforts, hospital
furniture, provisions for the hospital, &c., were always applied for when it was known that
they could be obtained ; the requisitions, therefore, especially for medicines and medical
comforts, were influenced for the most part as to the articles demanded, and particularly
the quantities, by the knowledge of what the stores would afford. (Vide copy of letter
circulated for the information of medical officers in charge of regiments.) And it may be
here remarked with regard to medical comforts, that in consequence of irregularities in
the supplies from the commissariat department, the men are sometimes without tea, sugar,
coffee, or rice, and on such occasions these medical comforts become absolute necessaries.
(Vide copy of requisitions.)

Question 11. Have you, on any occasion since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea, been obliged to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or
apothecary, any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question;
if so, state from what quarter you procured them, and what the articles were ?

Answer 11. There has been one article, viz., rum, which has been used in hospital
nearly ever since the regiment has been in the Crimea instead of brandy, which could not
be procured from the purveyor's stores. As lai'ge quantities of stimulants were required
when the men were brought in of late with cholera from the trenches, cold, wet, and
almost pulseless, it became necessary to draw the ration of rum from the Quarter Master
for every man borne on the hosjjital books.

In consequence of the large demand for opium in the prevailing diseases, and the very
limited supply to be obtained from the stores, 1 have been obliged to send to Constantinople
to purchase a large private stock.

A few remarks may be added relative to the most probable causes of the enormous
amount of sickness of late amongst the troops. The climate of the Crimea up to the
present time cannot, in my opinion, be considered by any means an unfavourable one.
Taking the month of December up to the present date, there has certainly been more or
less rain on eight days, but the temperature has hitherto been remarkably equable, the ther-
mometer seldom ranging below 40° Fahr., and often above 50° in the tents ; on one
occasion only was it observed as low as 26° Fahr.

I am therefore inclined to enumerate amongst the chief causes of disease —
1st. Inadequate shelter when off duty.
2d. Irregulai'ity in the rationing.
3d. Want of sufficient clothing.

4th. Almost incessant duty and consequent exposure.
The last of the causes assigned is, as a matter of course unavoidable, and may be at
once dismissed. But with regard to the first a few words may be said. The tents at
present in possession of the regiment have nearly all been in use since April, and many
of them are quite worn out, decayed, full of holes, and as pervious to water as a sieve.
The men return from a fatiguing day's duty in the trenches, cold and wet through, and
find the floor of the tent in Avhich they have to sleep, a mere puddle ; until very lately
their single wet blanket answering for bed and bedding ; they have now two. Second,
irregularity in the rationing. There have been days, both in this month and the preceding,
and not a few, on which a short allowance of biscuit and meat has been issued ; occasionally
there has been no sugar, and latterly no rice at all. With respect to the coffee, it is
given out in its green state. The fuel is next to be looked for by the men themselves,
however tired they may be ; means for roasting the coffee have then to be found, and the
result is generally a compound resembling so much charcoal and hot water, and about as
nutritious. A few instances of undoubted scurvy have occurred, but the scorbutic
diathesis is apparent in many of the men ; and it is much to be wished that lime juice
could be issued as a preservative measure, as on long sea voyages, before the disease has
time to develope itself, not to mention the prejudicial influence such a state of the con-
stitution would be likely to have in all cases of wounds and accidents. Third, want of
clothing. Until very lately the men were literally in rags, swarming with vermin, the
boots in many instances useless, and the so-called great coat threadbare. After the cliief
burst of the sickness had occurred, a supply of warm clothing was distributed. But the
field hospital soon became so crowded (our own means of transport being a mere cipher),
that the assistance of the French ambulance was solicited, by the aid of which this great
accumulation of disease, filth, and misery was handed over to the medical department at
Balaklava in hundreds. It would thus seem, that while the causes of disease would appear
to have received scarcely sufficient attention, the efforts of the medical officers to remedy
the evil have neither been supported, nor at all times justly ajjpreciated.

I have, &c.
(Signed) B. W. Marlow, M.D.,

Surgeon 28th Eeglment,

119

28th Regiment.

Requisitions for Medical Comforts since the landing in the Crimea,

September 14, 1854.

Sebastopol, Dec. 18, 1854.

Date.

Articles.

Remarks.

Ivtn beptember.

Brandy

- 1 bottle

Received.

Tan

iea -

1 IVv

2 ^t>-

Do.

)}

Sugar

- 1 lb.

Do.

Arrowroot

- 4 oz.

Do.

Tins of essence

of beef

•■ 2

None received.

22d

Brandy

^ bottles

Received,

29th „

Brandy

1 bottle

Received.

Ground Rice

4 oz.

Do.

zist UctoDer.

Port Wine

- 3 bottles

Received.

24th

Ground Rice

8 oz.

1 lb. received.

Sugar

- 2 lbs.

Received.

Tea

- 8 oz.

1 lb. received.

J»

Barley

- 4 lbs.

None received.

zotn

Port Wine

' ■ 6 bottles

xleceived.

27th

Brandy

- - 2 bottles

None received.

Ground Rice

_ _

- 1 lb.

Received.

28th

Port Wme

6 bottles

Do.

29th „

Candles

- 1 lb.

Do.

3d November.

Ground Rice

" 2 lbs.

Do.

Candles

- 2 lbs.

Do.

otn „

Lime Juice

4 pints

JJo.

: 9th „

xort Wme

3 bottles

Do.

feugar

- 2 lbs.

JJo.

Sago

J lbs.

JJo.

Candles -

- 2 lbs.

JJo.

13th „

lea

^ 1 lb.

Do.

^- 4 lbs

Do.

Sago

^ 2 lbs.

Do.

17th „

i ort Wme

- 12 bottles

Do.

lea

- 1 lb.

Do.

Sugar

6 lbs.

JJo.

Sago

3 lbs.

Do.

Candles

^ 2 lbs.

JJo.

Matches

1 box

Do.

24th „

Tea

- 2 lbs.

1 lb. received.

Sugar

- 8 lbs.

6 lbs. received.

Sago

- 4 lbs.

Received.

Port Wine

6 bottles

Do.

Lime Juice

- 8 pints

4 pints received.

Candles

- 4 lbs.

Received.

26th

Preserved Coc^

1 with Milk

f: 2 cans

Do.

Preserved MilJc

- 1 can

Do.

30th

Tea

- 2 lbs.

Do.

Sugar

- 10 lbs.

Do.

Sago

- 2 lbs.

Do.

Lime Juice

4 pints

Candles

- 4 lbs.

2 lbs. received.

Q 2

120

Date.

Articles.

Remarks.

2d December.

Preserved Meat
Preserved Potatoes

- 10 lbs.

- 1 tin

Received.
Do.

4th „

Rum

Preserved Potatoes

- 6 bottles

- 5 lbs.

6 pints received.
Received.

8tb

Tea
Sugar

Sago - - -
Lime Juice

- 1 lb.

- 12 lbs.

- 3 lbs.

- 4 pints

Do.

6 lbs. received.
Received.
Do.

Preserved Cocoa with Milk
Preserved Milk
Candles
Port Wine

- 4 cans

- 2 cans

- 4 lbs.

- 6 bottles

Do.
Do".

3 lbs. received.
Received.

15th „

Ssiiornr — -
Sago

Preserved Cocoa and Milk
Preserved Milk
Candles
Matches

- 8 lbs.

- 4 lbs.

- 2 cans

- 1 can

- 3 lbs.

- 1 box.

5 lbs. received.
None received.
Received.

Do.
1 lb. received.
None received.

(True Copy.)

B. Marlow, M.D., Surgeon 28th Regiment.

28th Regiment.

Requisitions for Medicines since the landing in the' Crimea, 14th September 1854.

Sebastopol, December 18, 1854.

Date.

Amount of each Requisition.

Remarks.

17th September.
»

Hydrarg. Chlorid.
Opii Contrit.
Quinse Disulph.

2 oz.
2 oz.
4 oz.

Received.
Do.

2 oz. received.

4th Ocotober.
»

!)
35

Hydrarg. Chlorid.
Opii Contrit.
Tinct. Opii
Pilul. Hydrarg.

1 oz.

2 oz.

3 oz.

4 oz.

No record made.
Do.
Do.
Do.

10th „

3J
)i
))
))
»
33
33
33

Acaciai Contrit.

Alum - - -

Ipecacvianha3 Contrit.

Opii Contrit.

Spirit Ammon. Aromat.

Argenti Nitrat.

Bag Trusses

Pilul. Hydrarg.

Spirit iEther Co.

- 4 oz.

- 1 oz.

- 2 oz.

- ^ oz.
No. 1.

~ 4 oz.

- 8 oz.

None received.

Do.
Received.

Do.

None received.
Received.
None received.

Do.
Received.

18th „

Ipecacuhanaj Contrit
Jalapas Contrit.

2 oz.
2 oz.

Do.
Do.

10th „

33
})

Opii Contrit.
Zinci Sulph.
Oiled cloth

2 oz.

1 oz.

2 yards.

i oz. received.
None received.
Received.

121

Date.

Amount of each Requisition.

Remarks.

- 4 oz.

2 oz. received.

o oz.

lieceivea.

2 oz.

Nf)ne received.

- 1 oz.

Received.

- 2 oz.

None received.

No. 1.

Received.

- 2 yards.

None received.

o oz.

JNone received.

JNo. 1.

Received.

- 8 oz.

2 oz. received.

- 8 oz.

Received.

- 12 oz.

None received.

- 12 oz.

4 oz. received.

- 8 oz.

Received.

- 2 oz.

Do.

Z oz.

None received.

- 8 oz.

4 oz. received.

- 2 oz.

1 lb. received.

- 4 oz.

Do.

- 4 oz.

None received.

No. 4.

3 received.

1 yax'd

None received.

A lbs.

Received.

- 4 yards

2 yards received.

JNo. VZ.

Received.

1 OZ.

2 oz. received.

2 OZ.

None received.

- 4 OZ.

None received.

- 4 oz.

Received.

- 2 oz.

Do.

2 OZ.

None received. '

O OZ.

Received.

4 oz.

None received.

- 2 oz.

Received.

- 2 oz.

Do.

3 oz.

Do.

A lbs.

xJO.

i lb.

T\n

1 oz.

UO.

1 oz.

None received.

- 2 oz.

Do.

- 4 oz.

Do.

- 4 oz.

Received.

- 2 oz.

None received.

- 2 oz.

Received.

- 1 set

None received.

- \\ lb.

Do.

- 1 oz.

Do. ^

- \ oz.

Do.

- -g- OZ.

JJo.

- 4 OZ.

Do.

- 8 OZ.

Do.

- 1 OZ.

Do.

1 OZ.

Do.

- 6 oz.

Do,

6 oz.

Do.

- 4 oz.

4 oz, diluted received.

- 8 oz.

Received.

1 oz.

Do.

- 2 oz.

Do.

- 2 lbs.

Do.

- 2 oz.

None received.

- 4 oz.

Do.

- 4 oz.

Do.

21st October.

23d
24th

JJ
JJ

2d November.

8th

12th

21st

SJ
3J
JJ
JJ
JJ
JJ

5th December

Acacia3 Contrit.
Opii Contrit.
Hydrarg. Clilorid.
Cupri Sulph.
Zinci Sulph.
Old Linen Sheet
Flannel for fomentation

01. Terebinthinse -
Bandages, Calico

Ipecacuanhas Contrit.
Jalapse Contrit.
01. Terebinthinas
Pilul. Hydrarg.
Potass Bitart. Contrit.
Zinci Sulph.
Zinbiger Contrit.
Opii Contrit.
Confect. Opii
Ung. Cetacei
Acid, Sulphuric
Bag Trusses
Flannel for fomentation

Lint

Adhesive Plaster
Bandages, Calico
Thread for Ligatures
Packthread

Acid, Sulphuric
IpecacuanhfB Contrit.
Liquor Ammon. -
Magnesise Carb.
01. Terebinthina3 -
Opii Contrit.
Quinas Disulph.
Spirit ^Ether Sulphuric
Spirit Ammon, Aromat.

01. Ricini
Tinct. Opii
Hydrarg. Chlorid.

Cupri Sulph.

Ext. Opii

Opii Contrit.

Ipecacuanhaj Contrit.

Magnesia? Carb.

Hydrarg Chlorid,

Grain Scales and Weights

01. Terebinthina;

Pulv. Cretae coinp. c. Opii

Ipecacuanhee Comp.

Quinas Disulph. -

Tinct. Camphor Co.

Tinct. Opii

Zingiber Contrit.

Morph. Acetat

Sinapis - _ .

Spirit Ammon. Aromat.

Acid, Sulphuric
Alum

Antimonial Potass Tart.
Cupri Sulph.
Eraplastr. Cantharidis
Ext. Opii

Ipecacuhanhaj Contrit.
Opii Contrit.

122

Amount of each Requisition.

Remarks.

5th December.

01. Ricini

01. Terebinthinse

Potass Bitart. Contrit.

Ipecacuanhas Comp.

Quinte Disulph.

Tinct. Opii

Ung Cetacei

Zingiber Contrit. -

Lint, fine

Old Linen Sheets

Bandages, Calico

Bandages, Flannel

Bag Trusses

Flannel for fomentation

Packthread

Morph. Hydrochlo.

Liquor Moi-ph.

Opii Contrit.
Ipecacuanha} Comp.
Tinct. Opii
Tinct. Camphor Co.
01. Terebinthinas
Sinapis

Hydrarg. Chlorid.
Ipecacuhante Contrit.
01. Ricini
Opii Contrit

Pulv. Cretaj Comp. c. Opio
Ipecacuanhas Comp.
Tinct. Opii

Alum

Magnesias Carb.
01. Ricini
01. Terebinthinse -
Pulv. Cretas Comp. c.
Ipecacuanhas Comp.
Spirit iEther Nitric
Spirit Rectificat.
Tinct. Catechu.
Tinct. Opii
Ung. Hydrarg. Fort.
Zingiber Contrit
Sinapis
Pulv. Opii
Tinct Camphor Co.
Kreosot

Bandages, Calico

2 lbs.
2 lbs.
8 oz.
4 oz.
4 oz.
2 lbs.
lbs.

No.
No.
No.

No.

Opio

oz.
lbs.

2
4
2
1.
6.
4.
4.

- 2 yards

- 4 oz.
1 oz.

- 2 lbs.

- i oz.

- 4 oz.

- 8 oz.

- 1 lb.

- 3 oz.

- 4 oz.

- 1 lb.

- 2 oz.

- 4 oz.

- 8 oz.

- 8 oz.
1 oz.

- 8 oz.

- 1 lb.

- 4 oz.

- 8 oz.

- 1 lb.

- 4 oz.

- 8 oz.

- 1 oz.

- 1 bottle

- i oz.

- 4 oz.

- 1 oz.
6.

1 lb. received.
1^ lbs. received.
Received.

Do.

None received.
Received.
None received.
Received.

Dc.

Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

8 oz. received.
1 bottle received.

Received.
None received.
8 oz. received.
None received.

Do.
Received.
4 oz. received.

None received.
Received.
1 lb. received.
Received.

Do.

1 lb. received.
None received.
Received.

Do.

None received.
Received.

(True Copy.)

R. W. Marlow, M.D.,

Surgeon 28th Regiment.

(Copy of Letter circulated for the information of Medical Officers in charge

of Regiments.)

Sir, Balaklava, 3d October.

With reference to your requisition of the 2d for medical comforts, I beg to inform
you that there is no brandy, essence of beef, sago, or candles in store, and that gi'ound
rice will be substituted for arrowroot and sago. The ground rice, however, has not been
yet received from on board ship, although two requisitions have been made for its being
landed ; the above has been made known to Dr. Dumbreck, P. M. O. in the Crimea, who
proposes that rum shoidd be procured from the commissariat in lieu of the brandy required.
C. Toller, Esq., (Signed) K. Jennee.

&c. &c.

123

E. K. Dowse, Esq., Surgeon 30th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Lines before Sebastopol, December 31, 1854.

With reference to your letter of December 1854, I have the honour to state, —

1. Medical officers now present with the regiment, Surgeon R. R. Dowse, Assistant
Surgeon Mackesey, and Assistant Surgeon Mllroy.

2. One hospital sergeant and two orderlies are allowed by the Inspector General of
Hospitals. They understand their duties, and perform them satisfactorily ; fatigue men,
when required, are procured from the regiment.

3. The number of tents supplied latterly for the use of the sick has been five bell tents.
Before the storm of the 14th of November a portion of the sick occupied a marquee In
common with the 55th Regiment. The bell tents are, in my opinion, unsuitable for
hospital service ; they afford a very Insufficient protection against the inclemency of the
weather, and in wet weather it is impossible to keep them dry or clean.

4. Previous to 12th December 1854 the only bedding the sick possessed was their
blankets, one per man, and 20 hospital blankets, which were distributed amongst the worst
cases. At the above-named date 26 hospital stretchers were received, which proved of
much benefit ; prior to this their bedding could not be considered sufficient. Close stools,
bed pans, and urinals, none. Previous to landing in the Crimea the regiment had A and B
canteens supplying these conveniences, but from want of carriage they could not be dis-
embarked, and though application has since been made for them it has not been discovered
where they are.

5. The medicines issued from the divisional store have consisted in general of preparations
of opium, mercury, quinine, ammonia, and acetate of lead. The supply was necessarily
small, as it had to be contained in field panniers. From time to time, usvially once a week,
fresh supplies were Issued from the store. No medical comforts were kept with the regi-
ment ; they were supplied on requisition once a week from the store The supply was
inadequate to the wants of the sick, especially port wine.

6. Surgical instruments, one capital case, the property of the surgeon, one small field
case, the public property. Means of keeping them in repair — no public means, such as a
cutler, known in the division,

7. Since landing in the Crimea, the only means of cooking hospital rations, &c. &c. have
been In the mess canteens of the men, a very Inadequate and unsatisfactory mode.

8. Carriage for sick, for some time after landing in the Crimea, consisted only of
country waggons, which were totally unsuited for the transport of sick or Avounded. Since
the army has been encamped before Sebastopol two ambulances have been attached to the
division. On the line of march one bell tent was carried for the use of the sick in a
country waggon. Medical stores and comforts there were none to carry. The medicines
and surgical instruments were carried in the field panniers.

9. The number of medical officers from the period of landing up to a few days before
the battle of the Inkerman was four, and was sufficient. The number of paid orderlies is
too small, and has always necessitated the employment of permanent fatigue men, whose
duties being the same as the orderlies, onerous and severe, I'ender them equally deserving
of remuneration. I have applied, when in Bulgaria, for pay for them in accordance with
Her Majesty's regulations for army hospitals (viz.), one orderly for eveiy ten men, but the
application was refused.

10. To the best of my recollection, it has frequently occurred since landing in the
Crimea, that from a scanty stock of medicines in the divisional stores, medicines applied for
on requisition could not be obtained, and those medicines were those most in demand for
the treatment of diarrhoea and cholera. Surgical instruments were at no time required, or
were they asked to be repaired, the Instruments being kept in order by private resources.

Medical comforts, as far as the limited supply in the medical stores would permit, were
never refused.

Hospital furniture and conveniences.— After the destruction of the hospital marquee in
the storm of the 14th of November 1854, a new one was applied for, but none were in store.
Another application through the Quarter Master General of the division has lately been
sent, and horses were sent to Balaklava to fetch if up, but there was none to be had.

Provisions for the use of the hospital. Whenever the commissariat had fresh, it was
Issued for the sick on requisition.

11. I have not been obliged to procure any of the articles named in query No. 10 from
any other than the regular authorities.

I have, &c.
(Signed) R. R. Dowse,

Surgeon 30th Regiment.

Q 4

124

Usher W. Evans, Esq., Staff Assistant Surgeon, in medical charge of the 34th Regiment.

Sirs, Camp before Sebastopol, December 29, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter requiring information
with regard to the sick and wounded officers and soldiers of the British army in the East,
and to forward you answers to your queries as regards the 34th Regiment, of which corps
I have only been in charge since the 14th instant, consequently ray knowledge of the
working of the system adopted for the treatment and comfort of officers and soldiers is very
limited.

Answer 1, Three medical officers, Surgeon Dr. Evans; Staff Assistant Surgeon W.
Plaward, 34th Regiment ; Staff Assistant Surgeon J. E. Phillips.

2. One hospital sergeant, three orderlies permanent, one sergeant and three fatigue men
required to obtain wood and water and give general assistance, all fit for their duties.

3. One hospital marquee, one bell tent, at present sufficient.

4. The floors of the tents are covered with water decks. Each patient has three blankets
and his cloak, v/hich afford sufficient covering when the weather is not very severe. I do
not consider that any amount of covering will make the sick comfortable in tents in severe
weather. The hospital is supplied with no bed pans ; no other conveniences.

5. The regiment is supplied with a detachment medicine chest ; wine, rum, arrowroot,
tea, sugar are kept in small quantities, and di-awn from the divisional purveyor as required.

6. A detachment case of capital instruments and cupping instruments, stomach pump,
bone and fracture apparatus, and twelve field tourniquets ; no means for keeping instruments
in repair provided that I know of.

7. Hospital rations and extras are cooked in regimental camp kettles, which are not
adequate for the purpose ; no hospital canteens procurable.

8. Ambulance waggons and bearers, of which latter ten are supplied to the regiment, are
used as the means of carriage for the sick and wounded, ordinarily ; the French ambulance
mules and cavalry horses extraordinarily ; for removal of sick and Avounded to Balaklava,
for the carriage of hospital tents, stores, &c., no means have been supplied to the regiment.
When the regiment moved up after landing, the commissariat found transport for the
regimental bao-Q-aaje.

9. Number of medical officers, hospital orderlies and attendants sufficient.

10. I have been unable to obtain a supply of opium, acetate of lead, and aromatic spirit
of ammonia, there being none of these medicines in the medical stores at Balaklava ; the
supply of medical comforts has been tolerably good but irregular, in consequence of the
great difficulty of transport.

11. I have not been obliged to obtain supplies of medicines or medical comforts from
other quarters than the purveyor or apothecary ; in fact there is no other source from which
they can be supplied.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Usher W. Evans,

Assistant Surgeon, Staff.

D. W. Lawlor, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 38th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 22, 1854.

In reply to your letter of the 8th instant, I have the honour to acquaint you,

1. That there are now two medical officers present with the regiment, viz.. Assistant
Surgeon Lewis and myself.

2. The hospital orderlies and other attendants are in number four, and I am satisfied
with their general fitness for their duties.

3. For hospital accommodation, there is one marquee and one bell tent ; and taking
into consideration the increased amount of the sick and wounded, I consider it quite in-
sufficient.

4. There are no beds for the sick, but there are twelve of Dr. Smith's hospital bedsteads
for them to lie upon ; the other sick are compelled to lie upon the ground ; each patient has
two blankets. There are three bed pans, one chamber pot, and one close stooh The
bedding is not sufficient.

5. The quantity of medicines and medical comforts have in general been sufficient ; but
in some instances there has been a want of particular medicines in common use, viz., upon
the march, also ; brandy and other stimulants, and lights for hospital purposes, have been
much needed.

6. The supply of surgical Instruments is sufficient ; they are kept in repair by a cutler
stationed at the General Hospital, Balaklava.

7. There Is great difficulty in cooking for the hospital ; not from any want of utensils,
but from an insufficiency of fuel.

125

8. The means of carriage for the sick and wounded would not on some occasions have
been sufficient without aid from the French, and previous to the arrival of our ambulance,
we were obliged to use the country arabas, which are utterly unfit for such a purpose.

9. I consider the establishment of medical officers sufficient, and also the number of
hospital attendants. I have never applied to have them increased.

10 Since the landing of the regiment in the Crimea, we have at times on the march
been unable to procure certain essential medicines, comforts, and, above all, bedding, and
certain surgical materials and appliances.

11. I have not received from any other source than the Hospital Purveyor any stores
or comforts for the use of the sick and Avouuded.

I suggest that in addition to the present method of carrying the hospital panniers, that
there should be a light carriage fitted up with medicines, medical comforts, instruments,
and those appliances most essential for a surgeon in the field. The enemy has such as I
have described in use, and they appear to be infinitely better adapted for service than any
other I have heard of.

I would also observe, that at this inclement season of the year tents are unfit for the
reception of sick and wounded, but if necessity compels their use, the ground within them
should at least be covered with a strong tarpauling, to protect the occupants from the
damp.

I have, &c.
(Signed) W. Lawlob,

Assistant Surgeon 38th Regiment.

W. A. Anderson, Esq., Surgeon 41st Regiment.

Lines of 2d Division before Sebastopol, December 21, 1834.
Replies to Queries, dated Scutari, December 8, 1854.
Answer 1. Assistant Surgeon Lament; — sick. Assistant Surgeon Al)bott.

2. I employ one hospital sergeant and nine orderlies ; viz., one surgery orderly, one acts
as cook, and one brings water for the sick. The men ai'e exceedingly attentive to the
onerous duties they have to perform. Payment, howevei', is allowed to be made to the
sergeant, and two of the nine orderlies only.

3. For the accommodation of the sick I have eight circular tents, which I need scarcely
say at this season of the year are totally unfitted for the reception and treatment of sick,
as the weather side is never waterproof. To endeavour to obviate this, a--; well as the cold,
so much complained of by the patients, I applied for and obtained old tents as coverings.
These have in some measure answered my expectations in keeping out rain; but, on the other
hand, they have rendered the atmosphere of the tents so close that I am in doubt which of
the two evils is less injurious. I have at length succeeded in bringing from Balaklava
my hospital marquee, which I shall pitch in the course of a day or two.

4. In Bulgaria we had palliasses and pillow cases, stuffed with hay, for the most serious
cases, and straw, when procurable, for general use ; but since embarking for the Crimea
neither bed nor bedding have I seen, until within the last ten days, Avhen twenty-two of
Dr. Smith's cots were issued. With this exception, and until their issue, the sick man had but
(his ?) coat to lie on and blanket to cover him, save some twenty blankets which were issued
to me when first we sat down before Sebastopol, and on the ISth ultimo I obtained by
indent fifty new blankets. On two occasions Turkish mats have been issued, but I
consider them useless, as they hold the damp, harbour insects, and rot in a few days. After
the above statement, I consider it would be ridiculous to offer an opinion as to the
sufficiency of the bedding supplied. Close stool, none; bed pan, one, and this I carried with
me from Bulgaria ; urinal, none ; chamber pot, one ; and no other similar convenience.

5. ^ During the Avhole period of our being under canvass, or rather in the field, viz., from
landing at Varna, about 5th June last, up to the present time, the supply of medicines has
been hmitcd generally to a scale laid down in a departmental order issued in May last at
Scutari, or, in other words, the contents of the hospital panniers; and even these were often
nearly exhausted; but while encamped near Varna we could occasionally obtain access to the
regimental medicine chest. Medical comforts have been issued, in my opinion, sparingly,
and in anything but sufficient quantities, so that the quantity kept with the regiment has
been almost "nil," as frequently it was barely sufficient for, at the most, two days"
consumption. Latterly, however, the supply has been more liberal, but still insufficient,
especially at the present time, when we are unable to obtain anjj fresh meat for the
sick.

6. The surgeon's private case, and two portable field cases issued to the assistants. No
means have been afforded us of keeping them in repair.

7. In Bidgaria the contents of A and B canteens, Avhich were then sufficient.

On the line of march from Kalamita Bay to Sebastopol, one camp kettle ; and since
then I obtained from my A and B canteens a large kettle or boiler, capable of holding thirty-
eight fluid pounds, and within the last few days, by order of the conmianding officer, four
camp kettles from the regimental quartermaster, which in my opinion are inadequate.

8. In Bulgaria, common country carts without springs. On the march from Kalamita
Bay to before Sebastopol, one araba, / believe, was told off for the conveyance of the sick

126

of the brigade, capable of holding two men, or perhaps three, at length, and since the
investment of the place two of Dr. Smith's ambulance waggons for the entire division, one of
which, however, was rendered useless from the death of mules about the middle of November,
and the second, from a similar cause, about the end of the same month. By far the greater
number of our wounded after the battle of Inkermann were conveyed to Balaklava by
means of the French ambulance, and we have since then been twice indebted to them
for the conveyance of our sick requiring removal to board ship. A few sick are now
almost daily taken in on an artillery forage waggon ; and tliis at present is the only means
of transport for sick we possess in the division. On the line of march, one circular tent was
allowed to each regiment for the sick, and I believe were all carried in one araba, told off
for the purpose of the division ; but frequently the commissariat carts came up so late we were
unable to avail ourselves of it, and when this was the case I generally constructed a covering
for them out of the stretchers. Each regiment had one pack horse for the conveyance of
medicines, medicinal comforts, and provisions, surgical instruments, materials, and ap-
pliances. I consider a surgeon and three assistants sufficient for the ordinary duties of a
regiment in the field, but am of opinion that a number of staff assistants sliould be kept
available in each division of the army to supply deficiencies which may arise from sickness,
and to render assistance to regimental medical officers after an action.

9. I have ii'^ver found any difficulty whatever, either from my late colonel or present
commanding oiiicer, in obtaining any number of orderlies, hospital attendants, or assistance
in any way that might tend to the comfort and welfare of the sick.

10. During the periods specified in the query, the general class of cases occvming in the
hospital have called for the use of astringent and opiate medicines. The supply of these has
been inadequate, — especially the former, — and I have constantly been obliged to substitute
some other medicine for that I had intended giving, because the latter was not procurable.
Among the chief of these thus deficient I would mention prepared chalk, pulv. cretiie co. c.
opio, pulv. opii, tine, opii, tine, catechu, tine, kino, pulv. Doveri, and castor oil ; and the
periods for which these were deficient or inadequately supplied has extended over the
whole period embraced in the query. My instruments require repair, but I have never been
able to ascertain that there was any means of getting this done. There has not, however,
been any deficiency under tliis head; and I may add, the same remark applies to surgical mate-
rials and appliances. With regard to medical comforts, I can only reiterate, the supply has
been and still is inadequate ; and as an instance I beg to mention, that in the evening of
the battle of Inkermann the following supply was doled out for the wounded of our entire
division, consisting of six regiments and one field battery, viz., 18 quarter-pints of beef
tea, or three to each regiment, two pounds of tea, or 4|- oz. per regiment, a similar
quantity of arrow root, and double the quantity of sugar. This supply, in my individual
regiment, was to satisfy the Avants of 105 wounded men, in addition to the small quantity
I had in hand. No other hospital furniture or convenience have been supplied to me than
those mentioned in reply to Query 4. For some time past my hospital canteens A. and B.
bave been at Balaklava ; but, owing to the state of the roads, and general dearth of convey-
ance, I have hitherto, spite of repeated applications, been unable to bring them up.
Until within the last ten days or a fortnight, the sick were very fairly supplied with fresh
meat, and on a few occasions with a minute quantity of vegetables. Since this period
nothing has been issued but salt meat, biscuit, rum, raw cofiee, and sugar. From this
may be inferred what an immense supply of medical comforts are absolutely necessary to
render the treatment of the sick — averaging in my regiment for some time past 90 daily, —
anything like satisfactory. Under existing circumstances, any case, except of trivial nature,
must necessarily become v/orse, unless sent elsewhere for treatment. The difficulty of
obtaining water for so large a number of sick cannot be too much insisted on.

11. No. AU the supplies for the division are obtained through the division stores,
and surgeons of regiments do not communicate directly with purveyor or apothecary. I
have not procured any articles but through the above-mentioned source.

In conclusion, I must add, that I believe the gTcat deficiency of medical comforts and
medicines are attributable in a vast measure to the want of transpoi-t, and am myself aware
that that was the cause of the deficiency from Kalamita Bay to Sebastopol. And I would
beg to bring to your notice the very great benefit that would be derived from the issue of
bread to the patients. Nor can I see any great difficulty in establishing a bakery at
Balaklava. Sick men cannot and Avill not eat hard biscuit. Vegetables, or other diet of
an antiscorbutic nature, must speedily be issued to the troops, or the men will be soon fit
for nothing, for scurvy is assuredly hanging over them, evidenced by the extreme debility
and rervous prostration attending even slight sickness, a tendency to bleeding of the gums,
and of small ulcers and scratches to become foul and indolent.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Wm. A. Anderson,

Sui-geon 41st Kegiment.

I can add nothing to the above.

John Eman, Ma-Jor,
Commander 41st Regiment.

127

John Gt. Wood, Esq., M.D., Surgeon 42d Royal Highlanders.
Gentlemen, Highland Brigade Camp, Balaklava, December 21, 1854.

In reply to your letter of 8th inst., I beg to offer the following information : —

1. Regimental medical officers now present with our corps, two, viz.. Surgeon J. G.
Wood, M.D., and Assistant Surgeon W. A, Mackinnon. The other two assistants sick ;
one. Dr. Davidson, sent home by medical board in July last; the other, Assistant Surgeon
Maclean, now at Scutari, ill since 31st October. Two medical staff officers. Assistant
Surgeons Dr. Macartney and C. Rlcketts, at present attached to the regiment ; the latter
sick.

2. Five orderlies, at present employed under one hospital sergeant, and one hospital
corporal, fit for their duties in that capacity. Convalescents in hospital made to render to
their sick comrades such assistance as they are able for. The band is told off to carry the
sick, and do fatigue duties for the hospital, when fatigue parties are not otherwise
furnished.

3. Foiu: bell tents for hospital accommodation, at present quite insufficient ; but, for-
tunately, an hospital has been formed since the end of October, in part of a stone building
in the village of Kadikoi, not a great distance from the regiment, to which nearly all the
sick are conveyed, particularly all the graver cases, hospital tents being left with the regi-
ment under the charge of the assistant surgeon. In this way our hospital accommodation
is good, and suffices for our present number of sick.

4. No bedding supplied, not being asked for, to the sick in the Crimea, hitherto, excepting
some twenty blankets as extras to the blankets in possession of the men, each having one of
his own. Some matting has been lately issued to our hospital, to place below the sick,
and answers tolerably well. The following articles have only been supplied within the last
few days ; viz., two close-stools, two bed-pans, two urinals, four chamber pots, four metal
wash-hand basins, six spit-boxes, and two water buckets.

5. To answer this clause, I give the nature and quantities of medicines, &c., contained
in the hospital panniers, beyond which Ave are not supposed to have any larger supply on
active service in the field 01. terebinth, 8 oz. ; ol. ollvaj, 8 oz. ; tinct. opil., 4 oz. ;
ether sulph., 4 oz. ; liquor amnion, fort, 2 oz. ; spirit ammon. arom., 4 oz. ; tinct. matico,
4 oz. ; pulv. jalap, 2 A oz. ; mist, ferri sesq. 2 oz. ; chloroform, 8 oz. ; solut. acitat.
morphias, 4 oz. ; ammon. sesquicarb., 4 oz. ; antimon. potass, tart., 1 oz. ; ol. tiglli,
1 oz. ; hydrarg. chlorid., 2 oz. ; ol. mentli. pipei'., 1 oz. ; cera. ceta,, 8 oz. ; extract
opii., 2 oz, ; extract colocynth. comp., 4 oz. ; 1 set of splints ; 1 old linen sheet,
emplast, adhesive, surgeons' tow, oiled silk, lint, calico bandages, gallypots, tourni-
quets, wax and taper candle, counter scissors, tape, corkscrew, palate knife, elastic enema,
surgeons' sponges, vial corks, spongy plline, pins, papers 1 ; ligatures in thread and silk, 1 oz. ;
horn cups, 1 ; Wedgwood measure, 1 , minim measure, I ; lucifer matches, 1 box. Some of
these medicines are often deficient, and when stationary, as at present, a larger supply, with
addtional medicines to the above, are sometimes furnished. Of medical com.forts, I give
the following as about the average, vir. ; arrowroot, 1 lb. ; sago, 1 lb. ; wine, 2 bottles ; tea,
lib. ; sugar, 4 lbs. ; brandy or nun, 2 bottles ; but some of these have been often times
deficient.

6. A case of pocket instruments possessed by each medical officer. A case of capital
instruments belonging to the surgeon, and a field one of similar nature, but smaller, for
the use of the assistant surgeon. Stomach pump and enema syringe. Case of dissecting
instruments, tourniquets, &c. No means, I believe, of keeping them in order and repair
here, but possibly at Scutari, Avhere, I understood, at one time, there was some surgical
instrument maker brought out from England, in the employment of the medical
department.

7. One hospital camp kettle ; two small ones (picked up from the ground on the march) ;
two saucepans, supplied temporarily from the regiment, and inadequate. There is a good
fire-place in our hospital building, but fuel now is very scanty since the total destruction of
the timber about here, and as yet no fuel of any kind has been supplied by Government,
but Avill soon be, it is expected.

8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and wounded in the field since landing
in the Crimea have been very inadequate, until within a short time past ; but even now
means of carriage are very deficient. Bearers carried by the band alone served at Alma,
and the sick and wounded, after that action, were conveyed on bearers by fatigue parties,
or in French ambulances, or on the hospital mides of that army, to the best of my know-
ledge, to the ships ; none, I believe, of our ambulances in use in Bulgaria having been then
brought to the Crimea, and even here only landed some two months or so ago, as far as I
can recollect. One hospital tent was carried for the regiment on the march, in the araba
of the divisional commissariat staff, but which was not always forthcoming. When the
regiment moved to this camp from the front of Sebastopol, arabas conveyed the present
hospital tents and sick. The medicines, medical comforts, and surgical instruments, mate-
rials, and appliances, all on a limited scale, carried in or on two panniers on a horse.

9. The number of medical officers at present sufficient, and orderlies sufficient, as long
as the band, who have nothing else to do, and are by the regulations, I believe, placed

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128

under the surgeon to do such duties as he may consider necessary for the sick or hospital,
are allowed to perform their duties.

10. To the best of my recollection, and on reference to requisitions, as far as these have
been kept, and according to my reading of this question, the only medicines never received
were tincture of ginger, prepared chalk, and tincture of matico. Of the following medi-
cines, generally speaking, the supply was very inadequate, often not to be had at the time
of the requisitions, but furnished on subsequent requisitions, when the medicines were in
store, viz., tincture of opium, simple ointment, olive oil, tincture of catechu, chloroform,
sulphur ointment, castor oil, vin. ipecacuanh., acetate of lead, pulvis opii, spirit, ammon.
aromat., acid, sulphuric, mustard, Dover's powder, hydi-arg. c. creta, acid, nitric, calomel,
sulphuric ether, hydrocyanic acid.

Medical comforts, so essential to the sick when fresh provisions are not be obtained, until
lately have not been so plentiful as could have been desired, such as arrowroot, sago, sugar,
brandy, wine, &c. Lately, however, preserved potatoes, cocoa, and milk, and preserved
milk, have been issued, in addition to the foregoing. Under the head of this paragraph
have always been drawai candles or light. These, until lately, have been exceedingly
inadequate, and again and again refused, from their being none in store ; and what can be
more disheartening to the medical officers and hospital attendants than endeavouring in the
dark to take that care of patients so necessary to their welfare and comfort, and to the
possible success of their treatment? In four requisitions, from 22d September to 7th
October, I find candles scored out, there being none in store.

Hospital conveniences, such as close-stools, bed-pans, &c., referred to In paragraph No. 4,
until very lately could not be procured, but I am unable to show this from requisitions. But
without doubt the want of these proved very Injurious in many cases of diarrhoea, dysentery,
cholera, and other diseases where sick had to go outside of the tents for purposes that
those conveniences would have prevented, leaving their place of rest, thus risking the lives
of weak men, or those very ill from disease.

With regard to the three other portions of this paragraph I have nothing to remark.

11. No remarks.

The foregoing somewhat lengthy remarks apply only to what I know of my own regunent,
and to the period of their landing in the Crimea until the present date, no mention being
made of our residence in Bulgaria.

I have no further Information or suggestions at pi'esent to make, farther than what may
be gained from the foregoing replies to your various questions.

I have, &c.
(Signed) John G. Wood, M.D.

P.S. The ambulances have places intended to hold medicines, but none were ever con-
tained In them, though supplies of medicines could thus have been carried most useful to
the sick in the ambulances, or under many other circumstances where medicines were not
otherwise available. — J.Gr.W.

James Mee, Esq,, Surgeon 44th Regiment.

SiRj Lines on Sebastopol, December 20, 1854.

In answer to your queries of 8th, and received on 18th instant, in reference to the
sick and wounded of 44th Regiment under my care, I have the honour to transmit you
the following replies : —

Answer 1. James Mee, Surgeon 44th Regiment,

John Gibbons, Assistant Surgeon 44th Regiment,

George W. Sparks, Acting Staft' Assistant Surgeon, attached on 10th instant.

2. A hospital sergeant, corporal, and cook ; an orderly in the proportion to every ten
patients. The hospital sergeant is most efficient ; but most of the others, from sickness, have
been changed recently, so from their inexperience in hospital matters they are not so
efficient as could be desired ; yet all are willing to do their best.

3. One hospital marquee in good order, and capable to hold twenty-two patients ; but
this is generally insufficient for the number of daily sick ; therefore two, three, or more bell
tents were obtained from the regiment for the accommodation of the sick.

4. Since 20th of September ultimo, there has been no hospital bedding. On that day
the twelve regular sets of bedding were sent on board ship, together with the two hospltiil
canteens complete, in consequence of there being no means to carry them in the field.
On 24th November, twelve rush mats were received, to cover the ground of the hospital
marquee. On 2d December, forty-five blankets were issued for the hospital ; and on
6th December twelve hospital cots without bedding. These constitute all the hospital
furniture on hands at present ; and for want of sufficient beds and bedding the sick have
suffered severely, — lying on the cold damp ground, having only a blanket and their great
coat as a covering ; thus, for the want of proper bedding, &c., the hospital was more appro-
priated to generate or aggravate than to cure disease, — which is proved by the fact that
very few recovered so as to be fit to resume duty, more than two thirds of the sick had to
be sent from time to time either to the hospital at Balaklava or on board ship, — and thus
depriving both patients and medical attendants of fair play. There is only one bed-pan,
one urinal, and six chamber pots, which are not sufficient for present purposes.

129

5. One regulation field pannier for medicines, the supplies of which are kept up by the
acting apothecary of the division, on requisition ; but on two occasions I had to send to
Balaklava (five miles) for medicine. The medical comforts consist of brandy, port wine,
rum, rice, sago, arrowroot, tea, sugar, and, latterly, prepared cocoa and mUk. These are
supplied by the acting purveyor of the division, on weekly requisitions.

6. The surgeon's capital and pocket case of instruments, a field regimental case, together
with the assistant surgeon's pocket case. The cutler attached to the army is available to
put these instruments in order and repair.

7. The hospital rations and extras are cooked by the hospital cook, in an open hut, con-
tiguous to the hospital. Cooking utensils have been recently supplied, and are sufficient ;
but the fuel is generally deficient, and with difficulty obtained, and what is procured is by
a fatigue party going through the country digging up roots of trees, &c.

8. One pack poney with pack saddle, Avhich carries the two field panniers, containing
medicine, instruments, a few medical comforts, bandages, lint, splints, &c. Ten canvas
bearers for the sick and wounded, carried by the bandsmen. No means to carry hospital
tents, stores, or provisions.

9. Since 22d of September ultimo there has been only one regimental assistant surgeon
with the regiment. For the last three weeks there has been a staff assistant surgeon
attached. I do not consider that two medical officers are sufficient in the field to meet the
ordinary casualties and sickness that may reasonably be expected. On 20th of October
the regimental assistant surgeon (Gibbons) was slightly wounded in the trenches, and I
obtained the assistance of Mr. Jeeves of 38th Regiment for seven days. On 15th instant
I applied for Assistant Surgeon Butler of 44th Regiment (at Scutari) to be sent to hia
regiment, but there has not been time for his arrival yet.

The commanding oflScer has always given me a sufficient number of hospital attendants,
but some of these are not effective, for want of sufficient experience as orderlies.

10. On many occasions I have been without (for a few days at a time) some pai'ticular
medicine and medical comforts, viz., opium, acet. plumbi, pulv. cretas cum oplo, turpentine,
asther, acid, sulph. dil., wine, brandy, arrowroot, sago, rice, &c. There has always been a
sufficient supply of bandages (except flannel), lint, tow, splints, and surgical instru-
ments, &c.

The hospital furniture and conveniences has generally been deficient.

The provisions for the hospital are the ordinary soldier's ration ; but, until recently, the
commissariat generally issued to the sick a fresh meat ration ; latterly, salt pork or beef
has been issued, which are inimical to the sick, especially those suffering from fever or
bowel diseases ; and on some occasions only half a ration has been issued.

The ration of rum on some occasions has been only half, and occasionally none at all issued.

11. Since landing in the Crimea there was no other available quarter to apply to for
medicines or medical comforts except the apothecary or purveyor.

I would beg to suggest, that fuel and a cooking hut be provided for hospital purposes,
and that larger quantities of medicines and medical comforts be always In the apothecary's
and purveyor's stores of the divisions, as on many occasions some articles that were
indented for only a part of the quantity asked could be obtained, some others had to be
waited for a few days until the supplies came from Balaklava ; also that a larger quantity
of candles be Issued for hospital purposes, or In lieu thereof oil burners be supplied, and
that a second or third hospital marquee (vide note at end) be available, with a proportionate
supply of cots and bedding, as bell tents are not appropriate for the sick ; that fresh meat
be always available for the sick ; that two or more field waggons be attached to the
regiment, for the purpose of conveying sick and wounded, also hospital stores, bedding, &c.,
and for going distances for hospital supplies ; and that the twelve sets of bedding and the
two hospital canteens (put on board ship on 20th September ultimo) be returned, or others
supplied in their place.

In conclusion, I beg to add that I have always received every support and assistance
from the deputy inspector general (Dr. Forrest) of the division, so far as was in his power
to meet my demands. I have, &c.

(Signed) James Mee,

Surgeon 44th Regiment.

^ Note. — Marquees are quite inadequate for the successful treatment of disease in the
climate of the Crimea, especially in winter, where rain, cold, and storms are so prevalent.
On one occasion (14th November ultimo) the marquee and all the tents were blown down
by seven o'clock In the morning ; the sick and wounded were thus exposed for the entire
day to the violence of a hurricane, and a similar disaster may occur any day during the
winter, and materially increase the sufferings of the sick. I would therefore beg leave to
suggest that wooden houses, or properly constructed huts, be substituted.

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]30

Verb Webb, Esq., Surgeon, 46th Eegiment.

Gentlemen, Heights before Seb..&to■^ I, December 29, 1854.

In reply to your communication of the 8th instant, making iiiqiiiiies into the condition
of the sick and wounded officers and sokhers of the British army, for the information of
his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, I have the honour to furnish the following remax'ks to
the questions therein referred to: —

1. The number of medical officers present with the regiment are as follows : — Vere
"Webb, surgeon; C. C. Dempster, 1st assistant surgeon; R. E.. Scott, ditto, ditto;
J. Duffin, 3d ditto, ditto.

2. The hospital sergeant and other attendants who came out with the regiment performed
their duties in an efficient manner ; but most of them, including the sergeant, have been sent
to Scutari for change, in consequence of illness, and those who have replaced them are not
yet efficient. '

3. The only tent supplied for the use of the hospital is a large marquee, forming a good
field hospital in fine weather ; but our immense numbers of sick obliged us to put the greater
part of them in the ordinary bell tents, which are ill suited for hospital accommodation.
The rain penetrates through the single roof on the weather side, affording but an indifferent
roof over their heads ; and frequently since we landed in the Crimea, namely, on the 8th of
November, the ground on which the patients lie has been saturated with moisture, ren-
dering the condition of the sick most pitiable, and frustrating the exertions of the medical
officers. The marquee is double-roofed, with double walls, and consepuently keeps out the
rain, and is better fitted for protecting the sick from the inclement and variable weather
of the Crimea, and it is to be regretted that they have not been supplied in greater
numbers.

4. We landed with twelve sets of hospital bedding complete, which soon became totally
insufficient, from the numbers of sick consequent on epidemic cholera making its appearance
in the regiment. For some da3's after our arrival the men were admitted with only one
blanket; but at three different times since we have had 65, 50, and 15 blankets issued from
those brought up from Balaklava for the use of the regiment, and within the last few days
six tarpavxlins placed at the disposal of the surgeon of the regiment by the commanding
officer, for the benefit of the sick, forming in six of the bell tents a waterproof flooring, and
making the patients, comparatively speaking, more comfortable ; but, with the exception of
the 20 cots in the marquee, by v/hich the sick are raised about one and a half feet from the
ground, the clothing is altogether insufficient for men in a state of health, and of course
much more so for those who have been attacked in large numbers by two of the most fatal
diseases known, viz., cholera and dysentery. Six mats and some hay was placed under the
sick on our arrival ; but the wet and filth arising from the men's complaints soon destroyed
them, and they Avere not replaced ; but the tarpaulins since supplied are much superior.
We have one close stool and seven bed-pans ; ill sufficient for men who are constantly
going to stool, men have therefore been obliged to go out in the open air, and from this
kind of exposure relapses have been frequent.

5. The medicines contained in our paiiniers were brought up with the regiment on our
landing at Balaklava to join the Fourth Division, and although they contained every thing
necessary for a small field hospital, were inadequate to supply men with medicines likely to
prove of value in the diseases from which we have suitered. We have therefore got up
supplies from our own regimental medicine chest at Balaklava, and have received a fair
quantity from the medical stores at the head quarter camp, and from those at Balaklava.
The medical comforts have been supplied on requisition, though not always in as large
quantities as required ; but it is btit fiiir to state, that soon after our arrival the commissariat
failed in bringing up the stores, and it is prestimed that it affected the transit of medical
stores and comforts also.

6. The surgical instrmnents with the regiment are, the surgeon's full and complete case,
provided at his own expense, on promotion ; a field case, provided by Government. These
are amply sufficient for any number of capital operations. There is a cutler at Balaklava
attached to the army, but we have not yet required his services to repair any instruments,
as ours are in good order. The surgeon and the assistant surgeons have each a pocket
case of instruments, in addition to the above.

7. At first we found it almost impossible, from the inclement state of the weather, and
from continuous days of drenching rain, to cook properly for the patients ; but two damaged
tents have been erected over the fire-places, forming a tolerably good roof over each, and
enabling a fire to be kept up for cooking. We brought up our canteens A and B, and
have been since supplied with nests of cooking utensils, so that as regards culinary arrange-
ments we have everything sufficiently adequate.

8. The only carriage supplied to the regiment for the conveyance of sick and wounded
consists of ten stretchers. On two occasions we have sent down a few sick men to Balaklava
by ottr own ambulance waggons ; some by artillery waggons ; a great many have been con-
veyed down by the French ambulance mule corps, to whose value and efficiency I beg to
refer, as they are particularly adapted for the conveyance of sick along roads which have

131

become almost impassable for wheel conveyances. The last men who were sent sick to
Balaklava rode on the spare cavalry horses, greatly to their discomfort. We have no car-
riage for tlie hospital tents ; and although we have indented for a pack-horse for the use of
the hospital, we have not yet received one, being informed that there are none to be obtained
for that purpose.

9. The number of medical officers, when all are present with the regiment, and in a good
state of health, are quite sufficient for every emergency. The hospital orderlies allowed by
regulation are equally sufficient in a regimental hospital at home and abroad, but have
scarcely been sufficient here, from the great and almost constant attention required by men
suffering from bowel complaints. Hundreds of men, from this cause being incapable of helping
themselves, must receive assistance from the orderlies ; and occasionally we have had more
than allowed by the regulations ; but the commanding officer has no power to grant more,
or have a greater number attached, or he would willingly have done so.

10. In being prepared a few days beforehand with our requisitions for fresh supplies of
medicines and medical comforts, we have mostly obtained them before the foi'mer ones were
entirely exhausted; although some unavoidable delay has now and then occurred in
bringing up medical comforts from Balaklava, to which place we have been obliged to send
fatigue parties, which have always been placed (when practicable) at the disposal of the
surgeon of the regiment by the officer commanding ; and we have every reason to be satisfied
with the supplies we have obtained, when it is borne in mind the Immense difficulties we
have had to contend against, in a want of commissariat carriage, bad roads (at times impas-
sable), inclement weather, and the fact that we have been compelled to fall back upon large
fatigue parties from the regiment to bring up both regimental and hospital stores from Bala-
klava. Surgical instruments, surgical materials, and hospital furniture we have not required,
except a few bed-pans, which have been supplied in as grcatnumber as they could spare.
Provisions for the hospital in the form of fresh meat have been issued by the commissariat,
whenever they had it in their power ; but we have been for days together without fi'esh
meat, during which time the preserved food supplied was of the utmost value.

11. All the supplies we have obtained have been fui'nished by the purveyors or apothe-
caries from the head-quarter camp, or from Balaklava.

I have, &c.,

Vere Webb,

Surgeon 46th Regiment.

William W. Weld, Esq., Surgeon 47th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 22, 1854.

I BEG to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated 8th ultimo, requesting to be
furnished with certain information relative to the arrangements of the medical department of
the 47th Regiment, and now submit the following answers to your questions : —

1. The number of medical officers with the regiment are three : — Surgeon Weld;
Assistant Surgeons White and Cusack.

2. The number of orderlies is regulated by that of the sick, one man being allowed
for every ten patients ; they perform their duties as well as they can under the cir-
cumstances.

3. Seven bell tents are allowed for hospital accommodation, which are not in my opinion
sufficient.

4. Neither beds nor bedding have been issued to the regiment for the use of the sick.
A few bedsteads have lately been received ; but, for the want of a marquee, two or three can
only be used. A pewter urinal is the only convenience for the use of the sick. The
canteens A. and B. were lost on the landing of the regmient in the Crimea.

5. The general nature of the drugs that have been issued are astringents, such as chalk
powder, opium, &c. The field panniers must necessarily be scantily supplied with medi-
cines, as they have to contain the instruments of the surgeon and the assistant surgeons,
bandages, tow, lint, and a variety of other appliances for the field. The medical comforts
kept for the regiment are sago and port wine in very small quantities, with portable soup
and a little brandy.

6. The surgeon has a complete case of capital instruments, which he was obliged to pur-
chase, on his promotion ; each assistant surgeon has a portable field case furnished him by
the service. There are no means of keeping them in repair.

7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras are merely three camp kettles, which
are not adequate for the purpose.

8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and invalids is one ambulance cart which
18 employed for the brigade. The hospital tents and stores are conveyed in a cart supplied
by the commissariat department, on requisition. Medicines, instruments, and the few
medical comforts are carried in the panniers.

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132

9. I consider the number of orderlies sufficient under ordinary circumstances.

For answers to 10 and 11, I beg to refer you to 2d Class Staff Surgeon Saunders, as that
officer was present and in medical charge of the regiment from the landing of the corps in
the Crimea up to within the last three weeks.

In conclusion, I beg to observe, that if the suggestions contained in the memorandum for
the information of medical ofScers on taking the field for active service, issued by the prin-
cipal medical officer of the army on leaving Varna, had been carried out, nothing more
could have been desired to complete the efficiency of the field hospital.

I have, &c.

(Signed) William W. Weld,

Surgeon 47th Regiment.

John Davies, Esq., Surgeon 49th Regiment.

Camp before Sebastopol, Dec. 12, 1854.

Answer 1. Four medical officers ; — Surgeon Davies, 49th Regiment; Assistant Surgeon
Hannan, 49th Regiment ; Staff Assistant Surgeon D'Arcey, attached ; Staff Assistant
Surgeon Biddle, attached.

It would be much more advisable if the regimental assistants -vrere kept with their
regiments, and the staff assistants for staff purposes. Assistant Surgeon Jephson, 49th Regi-
ment, has been absent from his regiment since the 7th November.

2. One sergeant and two orderlies ; by no means sufficient. Fatigue men are obliged to be
obtained, and frequently changed, as they will not work properly without receiving pay,
and there is only pay allowed for two orderlies.

3. Tlu'ee bell tents and one small marquee ; by no means sufficient or adapted for sick
men. Large hospital marquees are much more appropriate and convenient for sick.

4. No beds have been supplied until the last week, when 24 cots were received, without
any bedding whatever. They are, however, of no use at present, as not more than two or
three at the utmost can be placed in a bell tent. Twenty blankets supplied, which are by
no means sufficient ; one bed-pan and one chamber pot supplied ; no close-stools or any other
conveniences whatever.

5. Very scanty supply of purgatives, sedatives, alteratives, and tonics ; of medical
comforts, a little sago or arrowroot, tea, sugar, and a pot or two of the essence of beef.

6. Stomach pump and small case of capital instruments (Government property). Of my
own, every instrument I require. No means whatever of repairing or setting. Some of the
knives have required setting since the battle of Alma.

7. There were no means whatever of cooking until a week or two back, when one
large pot was supplied.

8. Means of carriage from off the field of battle, ten stretchers ; no other means what-
ever. For hospital tents, stores, medical comforts and provisions, none. One mule supplied
for carriage of the panniers, one of which contains the medicines, bandages, lint, and tow,
the other, surgical instruments.

9. Number of medical officers, if kept up, sufficient ; of orderlies, not; more have been
applied for, but disallowed, pay for two being only allowed ; fatigue men from the i-egiments
have in consequence been procured.

10. Since our arrival in the Crimea I have never on any occasion been able to procure a
sufficient supply of medicmes or medical comforts ; the answer against most articles being,
none In store. Fresh meat has been supplied by commissariat department for the
sick until lately pretty regularly, but no vegetables, with the exception of one or
two days, when a handful of potatoes and onions were given. No condiments whatever to
be had.

11. There is neither purveyor nor apothecary to the 2d Division, and no other quarter,
beyond the divisional store tent, (viz. one bell tent,) exists, where any article under No. 10.
could be procured.

I should recommend that each regiment in the field be supplied with three hospital
marquees and two bell tents, together with bedding, hospital conveniences, and comforts,
and a waggon to carry the same ; another waggon for sick and wounded ; that the cutler
should be sent round to each division, after an engagement, and that all medical officers be
amply supplied with Instruments by the Government, especially the jimlors ; that each
division should be supplied with more senior medical officers, for the purpose of assisting
the surgeons, and seeing that proper quantities of medicines, comforts, conveniences, and
surgical materials are supplied to each regimental hospital. At the commencement of the
campaign, one deputy inspector of hospitals and two staff surgeons first class were con-
sidered necessaiy for a division of the army ; but when we invaded the Crimea, some
divisions had but one staff surgeon, and It was more than one could do to attend to the
wants of six regiments, two batteries, and all the staff, especially after an action. In conse-

133

quence, when a consultation was required, none could be procured; and every surgeon
must at times wish for a second opinion, for the benefit of his patient.

I have, &c.
(Signed) John Davies,

Surgeon 49th Regiment,

Since the above date, the supply of medical comforts has improved, but no fresh meat
has been supplied for the sick for the last ten days or a fortnight, and not for many weeks
to the regiment. In consequence, scixrvy is showing itself ; and there have been no vegeta-
bles for the last two months.

(Signed) John Davies,
December 21, 1854. Surgeon 49th Eegiinent.

Ethelbekt H. Blake, Esq., Surgeon 55th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 21, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to forward the information requested in your letter of the
7th inst.

Query 1. Medical officers present with the regiment. — Surgeon E. H. Blake, M.D.,
Assistant Surgeon Cowan, M.D., Acting Assistant Surgeon George Fair, M.D.

2. Hospital servants employed. — A hospital sergeant and two orderlies ; the higliest
number sanctioned by the Inspector General. Fatigue men are almost constantly employed.
The sergeant and orderlies perform their duties in a satisfactory manner.

3. Number of tents in use.— Four ordinary bell tents for the sick, and one for stores,
hospital sergeant, and orderlies. The number is quite inadequate, and the tents them-
selves are ill calculated for the accommodation of sick.

4. Beds, bedding, &c. — 20 blankets issued in October Is the only bedding I have
received since landing in the Crimea, and many of these were lost when the hospital was
vacated on the morning of the 5th of November. About a week ago 24 beds were issued,
without bedding. They are, however, of little use, as it is Impossible to place more than
five in a tent ; and to do that It is necessary to treat two thirds of the men In their own
tents, a most unsatisfactory mode of proceeding. The bed-pan forms the whole of the
hospital conveniences. I need hardly state, that the whole of the articles mentioned under
this head are totally inadequate for the number of sick, which has not been under 50 for a
considerable period.

5. On landing In the Crimea the ordinary field pannier was completed with a supply of
medicines, but it has not been full since. It is impossible to state the average amount of
medical comforts usually in hand, the quantity at all times having been small to a degree
At the present time, when fresh meat, even for the sick, is a rarity, about three pounds,
of tea, from two pounds to three pounds of arrowroot or sago, witli, latterly, brandy and

{)ort wine, as required, is the whole amount of medical comforts issued, and this Is a far more
iberal supply than at any previous period. For upwards of a week no fresh meat has been
issued ; and I have been obliged to boil rice and biscuit together, for the greater portion of
the patients in hospital. The above-named articles, with rice at times, forms the whole list
of extras I have been able to obtain.

6. Surgical Instruments, &c. — In addition to my own case, I was furnished with a
portable case of capital instruments, which was aU I required, and these I had private means
of keeping In repair.

7. Means of cooking. — The only means of cooking consists in one camp kettle issued in
October. Of course this is quite Insufficient.

8. Five ordinary hospital stretchers and the country arabas were the only means of con-
veyance provided for sick and vvounded during the march through the Crimea. Since the
army has been before Sebastopol, the ambulance carts have been used, but, being insufficient,
a large proportion of the sick and wounded have been removed by the French ambulance.
During the march, one bell tent for the use of the sick was carried by the commissariat, and
one pack horse was provided to carry the field-panniers and fracture box,

9. The number of medical officers present is hardly svifficlent ; but as in each monthly
return the distribution of medical officers is stated, I presumed that my full number would
be completed whenever the service permitted. The number of orderlies is insufficient ; and
on one or two occasions, when I have considered it necessary, I have included a third in the
monthly claim for wages ; but it was not sanctioned. Fatigue men, being liable to frequent
removal, and being unpaid, neither know their duty as well nor perform it as willingly as
regular orderlies.

10. I have always received the requisite supply of surgical appliances. To the remainder
of the query the best reply I can give is the copy of a letter addressed to the staff surgeon
of the division on the 26th November.

" Camp before Sebastopol,
" Sir, " November 26, 1854.

" I have the honour to remonstrate most respectfully against the very inadequate supply
of medicines and medical comforts for the sick issued to the hospital under my charge,

134

though, I believe, I am in the same position as others. At this moment, with a large
number of cases of dysentery and diarrhoea, I can obtain no castor oil, no preparation of
opium, save a small quantity of morphine, no preparation of chalk, nor anything for a
gargle, should I place a patient under the influence of mercury.

" The only medical comforts issued are arrowroot and port wine, and these in quite
inadequate quantities ; tea can hardly be procured. Under these circumstances, and with-
out any sufficient protection from the inclemency of the weather, it is impossible to treat
patients with any hope of success, or with justice to themselves or the service.

" I have, &c.
" Ethelbeet H. Blake, M.D.,
" Dr. Marshall, Staff Surgeon, Surgeon 55th Regiment.

" 2d Division."

11. I never obtained any of the above-named articles, save through the ordinary course.

Having now replied to all the queries proposed, I would beg to offer one or two sugges-
tions, which I trust will not be considered out of place.

With respect to the conveyance of sick and wounded in the field, I think it would be
far better were an ambulance cart attached to each regiment, or, what would be still more
useful, a proper line of mules, with litters, such as those used in the French service, and from
which we have of late derived so much benefit, and which have the advantage of being
useful anywhere, whilst the ambulance cart requires a good road.

I would suggest, that one pack-horse is not sufficient for the conveyance of hospital
stores. In fact, the want of further means prevented any stores, even cooking utensils,
being carried on the march.

Whilst the I'ation issued to the troops consists of salt meat almost constantly, I think it
would be highly advantageous were a larger proportion of rice issued, or a proportion of
preserved potatoes. Preserved meat or soup for the sick would be a very acceptable
addition to the list of medical comforts. For a considerable period green coffee has been
issued to the men, which they can neither roast or grind properly, and which is consequently
of little use. Were tea or cocoa substituted, it would, I think, be of great service.

I have, &c.
Ethelbeet H. Blake, M.D.,
Surgeon, 55th Regiment.

James Dickson, Esq., Surgeon 57th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp near Sebastopol, December 31, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge your letter of the 8th instant, and in reply
will answer your questions, to the best of my ability, seriatim.

1. The medical officers belonging to the regiment are four, as subjoined : —

Surgeon James Dickson.
Assistant Surgeon T. C. Brady.

„ J. J. Scott.

„ J. S. Phelps.

2. The hospital attendants are one sergeant, one cook and five orderlies, and are perfectly
sufficient, and able to perform the duties required of them, aided occasionally by fatigue
parties for the purpose of carrying wood and water.

3. I have at present only two marquees, one a large one, and the second a small
Portuguese tent, perfectly suitable for present purposes. But in the event of a general
engagement, such as that of the 5 th of last month, I would be obliged to turn the present
occupants out to make accommodation for the wounded, and even then fall far short of the
accommodation required.

This occurred after the battle of Inkermann, when I and others were obliged to turn all
the sick into their own tents, to make room for the wounded.

As to the comfort of the hospital accommodation, I can only designate it as the most
wretched, from first to last. When we first arrived here, a blanket and the damp ground
was all we could offer ; and when the weather was bad, the state of the tents was miserable
in the extreme. Now, however, we have a few cots (20). The orderlies have managed to
build a kitchen, and make some other good arrangements ; but still I must state the accom-
modation provided for the sick In camp is not equal to the climate.

Tents are wanted, and that immediately.

4. As already stated, until recently, we have had no such things as hospital bedding ; the
men having only their own blankets and great coats, with their knapsacks as a pillow. Now,
having received 20 cots, we can of course accommodate that number, but no more. The
number of bed-pans, close-stools, &c., are quite sufficient, and fit ; but the nmnber of cots is
far below what is required.

5. Previous to leaving Corfu, I took especial good cai'e to be provided with pills of opium,
calomel aud opium, and acetate of lead and opium, and other medicines that appeared to
me suitable for the Crimea, and found the supply I brought of the greatest advantage, and
in fact I know that I could not have managed without, as there was no chance of obtaining
aid while on the march ; and the supplies since obtained have been received in such small

135

and irregular quantities that we have been obliged to use them sparingly. Often have I,
after having sent to Balaklava, been annoyed with the receipt of half an ounce of the
acetate of lead, or an ounce of laudanum ; not unfrequently getting nothing at all. The
same has frequently occurred in the supply of hospital comforts.

As to the average quantity of medicines kept with the regiment, I may sum up all in this
one statement, I have hitherto procured as much as I could, and I found it barely sufficient,
requiring the most rigid economy in its distribution.

6. There is a good private stock of instruments in the regiment, consequently v/e have
not been obliged to apply for a supply from Balaklava, where they can be got. Here, also,
instruments can be repaired.

7. We have the usual allowance of cooking utensils, and liave found them good and suffi-
cient. The orderlies, however, have to thank themselves for any kitchen accommodation
they have.

From the want of carriage, the supply of fuel has been a source of continuous vexation
and trouble.

8. Upon this question hinges all the troubles and difficulties we have had to contend with
since our arrival in camp. There is and has been no carriage for hospital purposes. Mar-
quees, charcoal, vegetables, hospital comforts, &c. &c. have been announced time after time
as ready for issue, but, from the total want of carriage, have been quite unavailable for a
length of time. On the march, I was allowed the use of an araba, to bring on the panniers,
but it always came up so late that its utility was lost, and I was obliged to over pack my
own horse with what was wanted.

As to the ambulance corps, I can only state that they did good service on the 5th of
* November in bringing in the woimded. Since that, however, I have lost sight of them, and
latterly have had my sick removed to Balaklava by the French mules, and more recently
by our own cavalry.

Carriage is what is wanted throughout the entire brigade, and its deficiency, or rather
total absence, has been severely felt.

9. I have every reason to be satisfied with my hospital staff, and have never had occasion
to apply for aid.

10. An answer to this query will be found embodied already in the substance of tliis
letter.

11. With the exception of having been obliged occasionally to use my own private stock
of tea, &c. for hospital purposes, I have not drawn on any other quarter.

In concluding this letter, there are only two points on which I will presume to dwell.
The first of these is carriage, ixpon which I have already said enough ; but I must add, that
were one or two pack-horses exclusively attached to each hospital they would do good
service, be kept in good condition, and enable us to avoid many of the miseries and troubles
we have had lately.

The second is the necessity of establishing between this and Balaklava a- general depot
for stores of every description, sufficient to last for at least seven or eight days, and to be
issued only in very bad weather, the supply being kept up when the state of the roads
permitted. So advantageous an arrangement does this appear to me, that I am astonished
it has not been adopted long ago; certain I am that, adopted, it would prove a great con-
venience to all, and a mighty boon to the men.

Before finishing T must fairly state, that although my supply of medicines and comforts
has been small, and obtained with difficulty, still I have never been completely without,
and those obtained have proved good. The chocolate particularly has been very good, and
much liked by the men, and the preserved milk has pi'oved a most pleasing addition
to boiled rice ; indeed I seldom use it in any other way ; the men are very fond of it, and
it always proves a good wholesome light dinner.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) James Dickson,

Surgeon, 57 th Regiment.

Wm. L. Langley, Esq., Surgeon 62d Eegiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

In reply to your letter of the 10th instant, I have the honour to state, for your
information, that I have been forbidden by the officer commanding the First Brigade,
Second Division of this army, to reply to any questions regarding the military administra-
tion of it, unless they have previously i-eceived the sanction of Field Marshal Lord Raglan,
Commander-in-Chief of the expeditionary force. I therefore regret I cannot comply with
your request until I receive further instructions on the subject.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Wm. L. Langley, M.D.,

Surgeon 62d Regiment.

136

"William L. Langlet, Esq., Surgeon 62d Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to state, for your information, in reply to your queries dated Scutari,
December 10th, 1854,

Answer 1. Medical officers present with 62d Regiment : —
Surgeon, Dr. Langley.
Assistant Surgeon, Mr. Rutherford.

„ „ Dr. Young.

Staff Assistant Surgeon, Mr. Biddle (temporary).

2. The number of orderlies were regulated by the number of sick as laid down by the
rules of the service. They were quite fitted for their duties, most of them having had
previous experience in the regimental hospital at Varna and at Malta. Only two of these
orderlies, however, receive pay as such.

3. One marquee (field officer's pattern), and five bell tents, which were found sufficient
for the accommodation of the seriously ill ; and the worst cases were occasionally sent to
Balaklava, when transport could be obtained, for which we have had to thank the French
authorities on three occasions lately, who placed their ambulance mules at the disposal of
Field Marshal Lord Raglan. The mild cases were treated in their own tents, where they
were as comfortable as they would have been in those set apart for the hospital. Both
were alike unfitted for the protection of sick or well, at this inclement season, being com-
posed of one single layer of canvas — in most cases thin, and in many well worn^ — quite
pervious to the rain, which falls with great force here, and soon beats through, making the
floors wet and muddy.

4. No beds or bedding were issued to us, and the sick were only furnished an extra
blanket (50) on the 8th of this month. We landed on the 13th of last month. Twenty-one
canvas bottomed stretchers, which are available for bearers, if required, were received on
the 16th ult., and have proved a great comfort to the sick, so far as they go. Three close-
stools and two bed-pans were approved to be issued, but the latter were never received,
though I sent my own charger specially to Balaklava for the purpose. No other utensils
of any description were supplied.

5. I landed in the Crimea with my regimental medicine chest complete, but was
indebted to the courtesy of the French commissariat for having it brought to camp. The
supply of medical comforts were very limited in amount, never exceeding 1 lb. of arrow
root or 2lbs. of sago, lib. of tea, 3lbs. of sugar, 2 bottles of wine, 1 bottle of brandy,
and 6 tins of essence of beef, and, on one occasion, lOlbs. of preserved potatoes.

6. I have in my possession 1 complete case of capital instruments, 1 small field case
(my own property), pocket cases and other minor instruments, 2 sets of portable instru-
ments, cupping apparatus, stomach pump, &c. (public). They are at present in perfect
order ; but how they are to be repaired, when necessary, I cannot tell, as no cutler has
visited this division, so far as I am aware of, since the arrival of the regiment in camp.

7. The means of cooking consist of a nest of tins, which have been found hitherto
sufficient ; but water is scarce, for want of proper means of conveyance. We have had to
send for it by hand in the small wooden canteens of the men, no water bags or hospital
mule having been yet supplied to us by the commissariat, though frequently applied for ;
the invariable answer being, that they had no horse or mule available for that purpose.

8. None whatever.

9. The number of medical officers, supposing them always in health, is sufficient, so far
as I have had experience, — as were the number of hospital orderlies, or rather attendants.

10. My requisitions for medicines were immediately attended to, so far as the very
limited stores of the division would admit of ; also one for a portable set of instruments.
Splints, bandages, &c. I brought with me from Malta. No hospital furniture, except those
already noticed, were required. The medical comforts were regularly received on
requisition, but in very small quantities. The provisions for the hospital were the same as
those issued to the other men, — were issued daily, — fresh meat being partially given in lieu
of salt pork and beef, when it was to be had, but that was only ten or twelve times since
the landing of the regiment in the Crimea ; but this evil seemed to be unavoidable, from
the want of cattle or the means of transport, nearly all the commissariat horses and mules
having died of want or fatigue. Under these circumstances, remonstrance would have
been useless.

11. I never procured any of the articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the
last question, except through the public stores, under charge of the medical department.

In reply to your request for any further information or suggestions bearing upon the above
questions, I have only to say that, as far as my observation and inquiries have gone, want
of a proper amount of transport, or shelter for the sick, at the disposal of the medical
department, has been the great evil of this army, as regards the sick and wounded, as
without the former no amount of stores, however great, could be made available for their
comfort. And I am fully satisfied that this will ever be the case until an independent and
internal power of action, involving a strictly personal responsibility, is delegated to the
heads of the medical department, similar to that granted by their Government to the French
medical chiefs of their army ; and their arrangement seems perfect, — a complete and large

137

ambulance corps, with ships and crews at their sole disposal. Our usefulness is impeded by
having to refer to so many different departments before anything can be done. The men
of the 62d Kegiment have suffered for want of fresh provisions and freshly baked bread, in
addition to extreme exposure on duty ; the latter unavoidable. The French soldier has
fresh bread twice or thrice weekly. Why not the English soldier also ? The number of
superintending medical officers are too few in proportion to the juniors.
^ (Signed) Wm. L. Langley, M.D., ^

Surgeon 62d Regiment.

January 9th.

Since the foregoing was written, eighteen plates and the same number of tin drinking
cups were received for the use of the sick, and a cutler has visited the camp ; and two
ponies, with one pack saddle, and one set of water bags, were handed over to the regiment
for the use of the hospital, &c.

(Signed) Wm. L. Langley, M.D,,

Surgeon 62d Kegiment,

ROBEKT Lewins, Esq., Surgeon 63d Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 24, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, dated Scutari, 10th
December, and shall answer to the best of my ability the queries contained in it relative to
the condition of the sick and wounded of the British army in the East, as far as my own
experience goes, which is confined to those under my own immediate medical charge.
I may premise that I sailed from Cork in the " Avon " steam ship on the 23d July
last, in medical charge of my own regiment, and two companies of the 46th, which
latter I retained until the arrival of the rest of the head quarters of that corps in the
middle of November. Although much crowded on board, no serious sickness or casualty
occurred during the voyage. We were landed at Belcos Bay, and encamped for
a couple of weeks in Sultan's Valley, on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus, where cholera
prevailed to some extent, eight deaths having occurred during that period, and 19 men
were sent sick to the hospital at Scutari, and four to the naval one at Therapia. On
anchoring in Varna Bay, cholera again broke out, and prevailed until the 25 th September,
the disease having increased in severity subsequent to the exposure of the men on landing
in the Crimea, though it had entirely ceased at the termination of the march to
Sebastopol. Hardly any other disease prevailed during the period that cholera was so
severe, though the men suffered, especially the recruits and young soldiers, very much
from exhaustion and fatigue.

1. The number of medical ofiicers at present with the regiment are three ; viz., myself
and Assistant Surgeon Francis O'Dell and Staff Assistant Surgeon Julius Wills. Until
lately, however, there were four ; viz.. Assistant Surgeons Mills and Flower, both of the
63d Regiment. The former was sent away on duty shortly after the action of the 5th
November, and the latter is absent on sick leave for three months, his health having com-
pletely broken up.

2. The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed has been the usual
number allowed by regulation, and they have been quite fit for their duties, being originally
men who had been employed in that capacity at home ; but of late great sickness has
existed among them, and at present my hospital sergeant and several orderlies have been
sent from camp to Scutari on account of illness, and several of the latter have died from
fever and dysentery. Fatigue parties are obtained from the regiment to perform many
duties necessary in a field hospital, such as obtaining firewood, water, &c., and I have,
besides two horses constantly occupied on similar duties, one of which is a public horse,
obtained at Varna, by application, through Dr. Hall, from the commissariat, and which
carried the hospital panniers on the march.

3. Eight circular tents are in use for hospital accommodation, one field ofiicer's marquee,
and one circular tent used as a surgery, which appears sufficient for the sick of a regiment ;
but the weather has been lately so Inclement, and the toil of the men in the trenches so
incessant, that convalescents have frequently to be kept in their own tents, which, in slight
cases, requiring chiefly exemption from the exhausting labour and exposure to which they
are constantly subjected, seems preferable to mixing them with others labouring under
dysentery and other serious and mortal diseases. The treatment of sick in tents during
such weather as has lately prevailed here, during which it is impossible to exclude ixiolsture
and cold, is very unsatisfactory, and every exertion has been made to remove all cases able
to bear the transport to general hospitals. This was done, first, in commissariat arabas and
in ambulance cars, and since this means of transport has failed, in consequence of the
horses and mules perishing, great numbers are being constantly removed by means of the
artillery waggons and the French ambulance mules.

4. Three close-stools, with stands complete, six chamber pots of metal, and four bed-pans
are in use in the hospital tents ; 20 cots and mattresses have been issued. The cots occupy
so much room that all of them are not in use, a circular tent not being capable of holding
more than four or five. The mattresses are, however, all iu use with the rugs and bedding

S 3

issued in England to accompany the A and B canteens. In addition to blankets, hay was
used while means of transport was to be had.

5. The medicines required have been principally astringents and opiates, such as the
pulv. cretae c, acet. plumbi, sulph. quin., ipecac, pulv. with antimon. tart., pil. hydrarg.,
and ordinary aperients, a supply of which is kept in the hos])ital panniers. The medical
comforts consist of tea, sugar, tins of preserved meat, preserve J ii^' .:, cocoa. Fresh meat is
always supplied to the sick in hospital by the commissariat, when possible. Of late this
has frequently not been able to be obtained ; but the sick have always been supplied with
three hot meals daily, and soup can be made with salt meat well washed, added to tins of
preserved meat, and thickened with the preserved potato, a supply of which has been
constantly kept with the hospital for several weeks past, and which is much relished by the
sick. Wine and brandy are also among the medical comforts.

6. No surgical instruments have been supplied me since joining this army. I am in
possession of a capital case of surgical instruments, and of two complete pocket cases.
Each assistant surgeon has one of the latter. No repairs have hitherto been necessary, as
they are still in perfect order.

7. A kitchen has been dug in the neighbourhood of the hospital tents, for cooking the
rations and extras, roofed over with tarpaulin, and is adequate for the purpose.

8. The means of carriage supplied on the march for the sick was very small. I had only
two arabas capable of containing about 18 men; but eveiy morning those incapable of
marching with the regiment were sent in commissariat waggons to the sea, and embarked
on board ship, so that the transport that accompanied the regunent was for the conveyance
of men who fell out during the march from disease or fatigue. One circular tent was also
carried for each regiment by waggons at the head-quarters of the division, and the medicines
and surgical instruments and appliances were carried in panniers on a public horse, as
mentioned in No. 2., which accompanied the regiment.

9. The number of medical officers, orderlies, and other hospital attendants appear suffi-
cient ; I have not applied for more. On Assistant Surgeon Mills being sent away on duty,
and Assistant Surgeon Flower being sent home on sick leave by a medical board, an addi-
tional staff assistant surgeon was immediately attached to the regiment, without my having
had time to make any application, and in the present diminished state of the regiment, from
the number of casualties, and from the great number who have been sent sick from camp to
general hospitals, three medical officers have appeared to me sufficient for the ordinary
duties of the corps, although, in the event of an action, additional assistance might be neces-
sary. After Inkermann I found my medical staff quite sufficient.

10. I have occasionally been vmable to procure, on requisition, supplies of certain medi-
cines and medical comforts, the use of some of which, as the preparations of opium, have
necessarily been excessive. I have not found it necessary to apply for surgical instruments,
or their repair, as my own are still in perfectly good order, as mentioned in No. 6. Sur-
gical materials and appliances, bandages, lint, splints, &c., have always been supplied
w^ithout delay, and in sufficient quantities ; and when unable to procure fresh meat from
the commissariat, I have hitherto always been able to obtain a supply of tins of essence of
beef and preserved meat.

11. I have on no occasion since the landing of the regiment in the Crimea been obliged
to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or apothecary any articles comprised
under the heads mentioned in Question 10, except the usual supply of fresh meat, and
occasional supplies of rum, in aid of the wine and brandy supplied by the purveyor.

I have, &;c.
(Signed) Robekt Lewins, M.D.,

Surgeon 63d Regiment.

E. W. Young, Esq., Staff Surgeon, 2d Class, in Medical Charge of

63d Regiment.

Gentlemen, Heights above Sebastopol, January 16, 1855.

Having received a memorandum from Dr. Humphrey, Deputy Inspector General,
requesting me to furnish you with a return of requisitions made by the medical officer in
charge of the 63d Regiment, for marquees, huts, hospital furniture, and stores, medicines
and medical comforts, I have the honour to state, that the surgeon of the regiment is sick,
and his charge devolved upon me only four days since. After searching among the few
records to be found in the surgery tent, I am unable to find any copies of the requisitions
in question, nor am I able to obtain any information regarding them. It is to be remarked,
that the only assistant surgeon with the regiment is very young in the service, and also on
the sick list. The hospital sergeant died some time since. His successor was constantly
drunk, and the present sergeant, who is himself sick, has only held the appointment a few
days.

Under these circumstances, I regret much that I am unable to furnish the required
particulars.

I have, &c.
(Signed) E. W. Young, M.D.,
Staff Surgeon, 2d Class, in Medical Charge of 63d Regiment.

139

J. Stewart Gkaves, Esq., Surgeon 68th Light Infantry,

Camp near Sebastopol, December 26, 1854.
Eeplies to certain Queries relative to Condition of the Sick and Wounded of the 68th Light
Infantry serving with the Army of the East.
Answer 1. There are at present two medical officers with the regiment, the surgeon and
junior assistant ; but since the landing of the army in the Crimea it has seldom been with
less than three, and on one occasion (only) four.

2. The orderlies have been employed in sufficient numbers, and have shown general
fitness for their duties in that capacity ; two have been attached to the hospital prior to the
regiment leaving Malta.

3. Tents were not generally supplied until the 5th of October. Two, however, were
landed, contrary to order, and conveyed onwards by officers of the regiment, one of which
was given up for the use of the sick at and after the battle of Alma. Shortly before the
battle of Inkerman marquees and small tents had been supplied, but were insufficient, both
on that occasion and since, from the great increase of sickness.

4. Neither beds nor bedding were supplied until the 8th December, when 20 mattrasses
and the same number of stretchers were issued. These were good of their kind, but only
four could be contained in the small bell tent now commonly in use. Blankets were freely
supplied. One bed-pan was brought and kept in use for the worst cases of diarrhoea, &c.,
a privy having been constructed for the use of others at a convenient distance.

5. A pair of field panniers was supplied at Varna, and landed in the Crimea on the
14th September, and conveyed with the regiment on its march towards the present
encampment. Having brought two large medicine chests on board ship, an opportunity
offered of obtaining a supply from them, otherwise the quantity would have been very
inadequate ; thus, as far as I can judge, we are better provided than any regiment in the
4th Division of the army. Small quantities of medical comforts were conveyed, according
to the limited means of carriage.

6. The surgical instruments have been sufficient for all purposes, and the means of repair
are now available at head quarters.

7. Fuel for cooking hospital rations has never been supplied, the orderlies having
procured wood whenever it was to be cut in the neighboiu'hood of the camp. This has of
late become scarce and difficult to obtain, and which difficulty must increase as the season
advances, the thermometer standing now at freezing point. This want of fuel has been
productive of much disease, because the rations were used in an uncooked state ; than
which nothing is more conducive to affections of the stomach and bowels.

8. The means of conveying the sick after landing was by the supply of ten stretchers,
carried by men of the band, and, after the battle of Alma, an araba cart was provided
capable of liolding about sixteen. No other means than already described were supplied
for the conveyance of hospital tents, stores, medicines, comforts, provisions, or surgical
instruments, and which would have been impossible to do from the rapidity of the onward
movement on the 25th September.

9. The number of medical officers has hitherto been sufficient, and the orderlies as well,
and any application for others has always been readily complied with by the commanding
officer.

10. With regard to the tenth query, I feel bound to state that neither medicines,
medical comforts, hospital furniture, and conveniences, Avere sufficiently supplied for a
length of time, and our very last requisition for comforts, viz., arrowroot, sago, and pre-
pared cocoa, was not complied with. In lately requiring for medicine, neither tincture or
powdered opium were supplied. Fresh meat has been supplied whenever the commissariat
were able to procure it, and that has been tolerably regular to the sick in hospital.

11. No articles whatever were ever supplied from any other quarter than the purveyor
or apothecary ; but officers of the regiment, as well as myself, have occasionally given arrow
root, &c.

In conclusion, I am satisfied to say, that all connected with the hospital establishment
under my charge have endeavoured to meet the wants and comforts of the sick and wounded
as far as it was possible, under the trying circumstances ; and I believe I may say that as
few, if not fewer, deaths have occurred in the 68th Regiment as in any corps attached to
the army of the East, and this important fact, I consider, is mainly attributable to having
always kept a supply, however sparingly used, of the medicines most requisite in the diseases
which have so largely prevailed.

I have, &c.
(Signed) J. Stewart Graves,

Surgeon 68 th Light Infantry.

Having referred a letter from Scutari, of the 14th Dec. 1854, enclosing one with
certain questions in it, I referred them to Surgeon Graves, 68th Regiment, and the above
are his replies.

H. Smyth,

Camp, Dec. 26, 1864. Lieut. -Col. commanding 68th Regiment.

S 4

140

C. Macartney, Esq., Surgeon 77th Kegiment.

Gentlemen, Lines before Sebastopol, December 22, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th inst.
(received on 21st), calling for information on the following subjects as per margin:

Question 1. — The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating
their names ?

Answer 1. Surgeon Macartney, Assistant Surgeons Burton, Miller, and Humfrey.

Question 2. — The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed, and their
general fitness for their duties in that capacity ?

Answer 2. Hospital sergeant, one cook, and four orderHes. All perform their duties
satisfactorily. When the sick list is great, any number is granted by the commanding
officer that I may think requisite.

Question 3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your
opinion as to its sufficiency ?

Answer 3. In Bulgaria I had an hospital marquee, and bell tents according to the
extent of the sick list; but on landing in the Crimea my marquee was ordered to be left on
board, there being no means of transport available at the time. On the second day after
landing I myself procured an araba of the country (which was afterwards paid by the
commissariat), and with it was enabled, on marching from our first halting place, to carry
with me one bell tent (allowed for the hospital), and to pick up a few of the sick on the
march. The above bell tent was the only hospital accommodation which I had for some
days after our arrival at the lines in front of Sebastopol, when the men having got their
tents, two were told off for the hospital, and I subsequently procured three more, on requi-
sition to the quartermaster general's department, making up six, my present number,
which is sufficient,

I repeatedly applied officially through both military and medical authorities for my
hospital marquee during the fine weather, without effect, as I do not consider bell tents
suited at any time for an hospital. In hot weather the patients are suffocated, and in wet
weather the rain beats through the windward side of the canvas (particularly of the old
ones), drenching the blankets of the patients, which may not be got dried for some
days.

Huts, in my opinion, are the only thing suited to the present inclement season.

Question 4. The quantity and nature of bedding supplied for each patient, together
with your opinion as to its sufficiency ; also the number of close-stools, bed-pans,
and other such conveniences ?

Answer 4. In Bulgaria I had fifteen waterdecks, and twenty-four empty bed and pillow
cases, which were frequently filled with dried grass, cut by a fatigue party of the regi-
ment (the commissariat having once filled them with hay). Each patient had his blanket
and great coat for a covering, which was then quite sufficient. In the Crimea I have not
had the bedding, it having been left on board ship on our landing. I have had latterly two
large tarpaulins, and a number of waterdecks to put under the patients, each of whom has
two or three blankets, (a number of extra ones having been supplied on requisition,) which
I consider sufficient at present. I have no close-stools, but have four bed-pans and two
chamber pots.

Question 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicine and medical com-
forts usually kept with your regiment ?

Answer 5. The general nature of the medicine has been the tonic, stimulant, anodyne,
astringent, diaphoretic, mercurial, and purgative classes. The average quantity exceedingly
small, having nothing but the medical panniers to carry it in, as my regimental medicine
chests were ordered into store at Varna, on our first landing from Constantinople.

The average quantity of the medical comforts was, in my opinion, below what the seve-
rity of the sick list demanded.

Question 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the means of keeping them in
order and repair?

Answer 6. The surgeon's case of capital instruments, one det' case ditto, one pocket
case for each medical officer, one stomach pump, one cupping case. No means of keeping
them in order or repair, except attention to them after being used.

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?

Answer 7. The means of cooking at first were a few camp kettles, and the men's
own mess-tins. Latterly I got a boiler and a nest of saucepans, which are sufficient at
present.

141

Answer 8. On the march in Bulgai'ia the sick were conveyed in arabas provided by the
commissariat. The remainder of appliances, medicines, stores, medical comforts, &c. in
this clause were carried on two arabas (always attached to the hospital) and the medical
pannier horse-
In the Crimea the sick and wounded in the field are brought in by the band on the
hospital stretchers in the first instance, and they are afterwards periodically conveyed to
Balaklava, en route to Scutari, &c., &.c. This was done at first by the English ambulance,
but latterly by the French ; the latter, consisting of strong mules, with chairs, for the sitting
and reclining posture on either side of the animal, seems admirably suited for the purpose ;
but the waggons of the former are too heavy for the state of the roads of the country, and
the men too old and drunken. After the battle of Alma the wounded of my regiment
were carried to the ships from the field hospital in hammocks slung from poles, by the sailors.

Question 9. Is the number of medical officers, orderlies, and other attendants under
you sufficient ; if not, have you at any time applied for more ; and if so, what
was the result of your application ?

Answer 9. The number quite sufficient, except on the occasions of their being ordered
on some detached duties.

Question 10. Have you been unable at any time, since the landing of your regiment
in the Crimea, and if so, how often, and for how long on each occasion (to the
best of your recollection), to procure, on requisition, within the ordinary and
proper time for obtaining such things, a supply of any, and what medicines, &c.

Ansiver 10. I have been frequently unable, for a considerable time, to procure
supplies of—

Pulv. opii.

Pulv. cretje c. c. opio.
Tinct. catechu.
Hydg, c. creta.
01. terebinth.
Emp. lytt«.
Arrowroot.
Kice.

Preserved soup.
"Wine, brandy, &c.

Question 11. Have you, on any occasion since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea, been obliged to procure from other quarters than the piuweyor or apothe-
cary any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question ; if so,
state from what quarter, and what the article was ?

Ansicer 11. I was obliged, a short time since, to procure a bag of rice from the quarter-
master of the regiment, by order, of the colonel, for the use of the sick in hospital. I had
also to procure from the 88th Regiment some oL terebinth, required for the fomentation of
an officer, there being none in store-waggon oi the division.

I have, &c.
(Signed) C. Macartney, M.D.,
Surgeon, 77th Pegiment.

T. G. Scot, Esq., Surgeon 79th Highlanders.

Question 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating
their rank and name ?

Answer 1. At this date there are four medical officers present with the regiment, viz.: —
Thomas Goldie Scot, M.D., Surgeon,
James Nicholas Bell, M.D.,

Edward Louis Lundy, 1 Assistant Surgeons.

Andrew Knox Drysdale, M.D. J

Question 2. The number of hospital orderlies and other hospital attendants employed,
and their general fitness for their duties in that capacity ?
Ansioer 2. Besides one hospital sergeant, there is one orderly for every ten men in hospital.
Being selected from those best suited, (and some of them having had considerable experience,)
they are generally well fitted for the duties required of them.

Question Z. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your opinion
as to its sufficiency ?

Answer 3. Two hospital marquees, calculated each to contain 24 men, were issued in
Bulgaria, only one of which was by order brought to the Crimea. This one marquee was
by order left on board ship when the regiment landed at " Old Fort," on the 14th of Sep-
tember. From that date to the 17th there was no tent or covering of any description for

142

the sick. On the 17 th of September one bell tent was substituted for the marquee, and
retained during the march, but, from want of proper transport, it was rarely up with the
regiment at the end of a day's march. As soon as the tents were landed at Balaklava,
a sufficient number of bell tents were procured. Since the 27th of October, a portion of
the sick of the regiment have been accommodated in a house in the village of Kadikoi ;
the remainder, in bell tents in the camp. On the 25th of December the marquee was
returned. In Bulgaria the two marquees were sufficient as to space, comfort, and protec-
tion, and at present, with a stove in it, the one marquee does remarkably well.

Question 4. The quantity and natm-e of bed and bedding supplied to each patient,
and your opinion of its sufficiency ; also, the number of close-stools, bed-pans,
urinals, and other such conveniences ?

Answer 4. The only description of bed and bedding supplied, from the commencement of
the campaign until the beginning of October, were 20 empty palliasses and pillow cases, when
20 blankets were issued ; in the middle of November, 25 mats and six sets of boards and
trestles. Tliere being no allowance of straw or any material to fill the palliasses or pillow
cases with, they were of no service as beds. By my own exertions I procured, at intervals,
small quantities of hay or chopped straw ; but this supply was so scanty and uncertain that
only a few beds were at any time available. During the march through the Crimea the
soldier's one blanket was all his bedding.

Close-stools : — only one allowed.
Bed-pans: — ditto, ditto, ditto.
Urinals : — none until November.
Chamber pots : — 'ditto, ditto, ditto.

Since the beginning of November, a sufficient number of the above articles has been
procurable from the purveyor's store at Balaklava. As to sufficiency, I am of opinion that
if the means of filling the palliasses and pillows had been afforded, it would have been a
source of much comfort and benefit to the sick; but, as we were situated, I may say that
no provision was made as to bed and bedding.

Question 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical com-
forts usually kept with the regiment ?

Ansiver 5. The medicines considered most useful and applicable were alone obtained, the
quantity being limited to the means of conveyance. The printed list of medicines in the field
panniers will show the class and quantity of medicines and medical comforts. The supplies
were, as required, renewed from the divisional chest or general store.

Question 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the means of keeping them in
repair ?

Answer 6. One case of capital instruments, according to regulation, the property of
the surgeon.

One field case, small, for the use of the assistant surgeons.
Four pocket cases.

When instruments required repairing, they were sent to a cutler attached to the general
hospital.

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?

Answer 7. Two tin cans and two camp kettles were the only utensils for cooking the
hospital rations, and for carrying and holding water, for which purposes found them sufficient.
For the cooking of extras no utensils have been supplied, though I have frequently appUed
for pannikins and sets of Flinders' kettles.

Question 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and wounded in the field, for
hospital tents and stores, medicines, medical comforts, provisions, surgical instru-
ments, matei'ials, appliances, &c. ?

Answer 8. In Bulgaria, during a march, arabahs were supplied according to the number
of sick. For hospital marquee and stores, one arabah ; for medicines and medical comforts,
one baggage animal. In the Crimea, two arabahs only were allotted to the 1st Division
for the carriage of sick and wounded. I never, on any occasion during the march, got a
single man accommodated in either of the arabahs. As a favour, I was allowed to put two
men attacked with cholera on a commissariat arabah. The only transport attached to the
regiment was five long and three short bearers, which were borne by the bandsmen.
Since the middle of October, ambulance waggons have been procurable when required ;
but while in Bulgaria during one march only, and on that occasion the medicine chest —
most important part of it — was not with it, nor, indeed, as far as I am aware, has it ever been.

Question 9. Are the number of medical officers, orderlies, and attendants under you
sufficient ; if not, have you at any time applied for more ; if so, what was the
result of your appHcation ?

Answer 9. When all are present with the regiment, the full complement of medical officers
is sufficient. The number of orderlies are not so. One to ten men, when there are many
serious cases, is not sufficient. On one occasion, when the average sick of the month

143

amounted to 27, the pay for a fourth orderly was disallowed. When the regiment embarked
for the Crimea, at Varna, I had only with me one assistant surgeon, and Dr. R. J. Mackenzie,
a civilian attached to the army. I made a written application for a third assistant, re-
questing that Assistant Surgeon Bell, of the regiment, might be allowed to accompany
me ; but the request could not be complied with, as his services were required with the
sick of the Highland Brigade left at Galata Burnu. I was deprived of the able assistance of
Dr. Mackenzie, by his untimely death by cholera, on the 25th of September; and from that
date till the 10th of October I had only one assistant, and during the whole of that period
the cholera was raging. My third assistant only joined on the 6th instant.

Question 10. Have you at any time been unable, since the landing of your regiment
in the Crimea, and if so, how often, and how long on each occasion (to the best
of your recollection), to procure, on requisition, within the ordinary and proper
time for obtaining such, a supply of any and what
Medicines ;
Medical comforts ;

Surgical instruments, or repair of them ;
Surgical materials and appliances ;
Hospital furniture and conveniences ;
Provisions for the use of the hospital ?

Answer 10. During the period the regiment was in Bulgaria the supply of medicines
and medical comforts was very inadequate to the demand ; at times none ; and frequently
only a very small portion of the articles applied for were issued. Candles were throughout
issued very sparingly, and for a long time were not procurable.

During the march through the Crimea I found the supply of both sufficient, with the
exception of candles, of which not one was to be had.

During the month of November the following medicines were only pi'ocurable in very
small and insufficient quantities : — Tincture of opium, opium, Dover's powder, sulphuric
acid. At one time, and that when most urgently required, the supply of the last-named
medicine was entirely suspended, to the best of my recollection, from the middle of
November till the middle of December.

For a few days only have I found it impossible to obtain sago and arrowroot, and that
was in the last week of December ; but this I iinderstand arose from the stores having
been packed at the bottom of the cargo, and thus a delay occurred in landing them.

Of surgical instruments I have had a sufficiency, and have not required the repair of
any. Surgical materials and appliances — I had no difficulty in obtaining on requisition such
as I required.

Of hospital furniture and conveniences I have always had as many as I could conve-
niently carry, with the exception of a transparent lantern, and this I have not been able to
procure.

Provisions for the use of the hospital : — I have always been able to procure fresh meat,
on requisition, when it was in the power of the commissariat to supply it; and I am glad
to say the supply has been pretty regular. Vegetables have only been issued twice.

Question 11. Have you on any occasion, since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea, been obliged to procure from other qviarters than the apotliecary or
purveyor any articles compi'ised under the heads mentioned in the last question ;
if so, state from what quarter you procured them, and what the articles were ?
Anstoer 11. Had it been in my power to procure, from any other quarter than the
apothecary, the medicines enumerated in Answer No. 10, I should certainly have purchased
them.

Of medical comforts, I have purchased sago and arrowroot in Balaklava at the time
(stated in Answer No. 10.) when they were not to be procured from the purveyor. I have
frequently been under the necessity of purchasing candles, and have also supplied them to
the hospital out of my own stock, or procured them from other officers.

I have, &c.
(Signed) T. G. Scot, M.D.,

Surgeon 79 th Highlanders.

I GLADLY avail myself of the opportunity of adding a few remarks and suggestions
connected with the subject of the above questions.

I am fully satisfied that the cause of deficiencies in the supplies of medicines and medical
comforts has arisen from the extreme difficulty in obtaining the requisite amount of
transport, as well as from the delays in landing stores from the ships.

Another source of difficulty in obtaining medicines and medical comforts, &c. is the
number of signatures required to be attached to each requisition, as well as the difficulty
and loss of time in finding the proper persons to authorize the issue. It would be very
desirable that this should be in future simplified.

With regard to the means and modes of carrying sick and wuondcd, I am of opinion that
a well-organized ambulance corps, similar to that used by the French, would be a great
improvement, and should be adopted without delay. From what I have seen of the

T 2

144

ambulance waggons now in use with the army, I have come to the conclusion that they are
only adapted for the conveyance of sick aud wounded in a level country with good roads.
They are so heavy, that, under most favourable circumstances, they require six mules to
draw them, and on bad roads from eight to ten. They can only carry ten men, and, from the
nature of the springs, are very rough and uneasy. The system in use by the French has
many advantages, as has been obvious from the extraordinary amount of assistance it has
afforded us at a time when we were perfectly helpless, from our ambulance establishment
being completely knocked up. Their system consists of an iron frame chair, fixed on each side
of a mule by means of a pack saddle, in which a patient, if slightly wounded, sits on each
side ; if badly wounded, however, he lies on an iron frame litter, covered with a waterproof
sheet. This litter can be removed with the patient in it, and forms a bed, or stretcher.
By this means sick or wounded men are easily transported up or down very steep hills, and
along the worst possible roads, with ease and safety. In this way every single mule is
made available, and not one more than necessary is employed. One muleteer is able to
drive and take care of three mules and six patients, and almost as many when in litters.
In addition to the above, it cannot be denied that a certain number of light spring waggons
will, under certain circumstances, be very useful ; at all events, one waggon should be attached
to each regiment for the conveyance of an hospital tent, medical comforts, stores, &c., so
indispensable in our field hospitals. I might enlarge on this subject by entering into minute
details, but as the drawbacks to our ambulance conveyances are so obvious, they cannot
have failed to attract the observation of every one now in this country. In my opinion a
committee ought to be appointed, of practical men, to test the relative merits of the
respective systems.

I have, &c.
(Signed) T. G. Scot, M.D.,

Surgeon 79 th Highlanders.

J. G. Moore, Esq., Surgeon of the 88th Regiment.

Answer 1. There are at present with the regiment four medical officers: —

J. G. Moore, Surgeon.
Dr. Williams, Assistant Surgeon.
Mr. Harris, do. do.
Mr. Meade, do. do.

2. One sergeant, one acting corporal, three orderlies, and one man who has charge of
hospital bat horse, and who assists the orderlies.

The sergeant and corporal are both fit for all their duties.
The orderlies as fit as orderlies usually are.

3. Five bell tents ; one used as a surgery. They are not now sufficient. I have not
applied for more, as I daily expect marquees. Bell tents are quite unfit for sick people at
any time, more particularly now, when the wet comes through them, and the ground is
constantly wet and cold.

4. The only bedding supplied have been a few miserable mats and two bad tarpaulins.
28 blankets were furnished from the quarter master general's department, and 20 from the
quarter master (regimental). During this wet season, blankets, once soiled or wet, I cannot
get dried, and consequently I am getting short of blankets. I consider the bedding to be
quite insufficient. Each man ought to have a stretcher of some sort, a mattress, two or
three blankets, with the means of changing them, when wet or soiled, for clean and dry
ones. No-close stools have been supplied. Three bed-pans and seven chamber pots
(pewter) have been furnished.

5. The medicines have been good. The quantity of medicines and medical comforts kept
with regiment has necessarily been small. On the march I had but small means of carrying
them, and at all times I could not have got a large supply, even had I wanted it.

6.. The usual supply of surgical instruments has been furnished, viz., one field capital
case, one set tooth instruments, one cupping case, and one stomach pump, &c. The regimental
surgeon has, or ought to have, his own instruments. I am not aware of any means of
keeping them in repair, if they required it. I have heard of a cutler being with the army,
but I have not heard of his residence.

6. Hospital rations have not been fvirnished in the Crimea.

7. The extras are cooked as best they can be — with some green wood collected by a
fatigue party — in the open air. A small quantity of charcoal is now allowed, but not suffi-
cient. Some vessels have been supplied by the purveyor, sufficient in quantity. The present
method of cooking is perfectly inadequate. On a wet day it is almost impossible to cook any
thing. There should be a cooking shed built.

8. The only means of carriage for sick on the march was a bearer with men ; the same at
Alma. True, the sick have some days been sent on board ship. Only one hospital tent was
allowed, viz., a bell tent, until arriving before Sebastopol. It was carried by the quarter-
master general's department.

Medicines, medical comforts, surgical instruments, materials, and appliances were carried in
two panniers un a bat horse.

9. The number of medical officers and attendants under me at present is sufficient.

145

10. Yes ; more than once ; how often I cannot say, nor the length of time; not more,_
however, than a few days at a time, have I been unable to obtain some particular articles of
medicine, more particularly preparations of opium, and also medical comforts,— as sago, port
wine, arrow root, lime juice, &c. . ,

I never required surgical instruments, or to have them repau-ea, until, ten days ago,
I wanted small cupping glasses, and could not get them.

I never wanted materials or appliances that I did not get them.
Hospital furniture I could not obtain.
Provisions have not been issued.

11. Yes ; I have both borrowed and lent small quantities of medicine, not havmg been
able to obtain the same in due time. I have generally applied for medical comforts before
I wanted them, and thus had them in time.

I should recommend the looking at the dllFerent requisitions sent to acting apothecaries
and purveyors. I should also wish to bring to the notice of the_ Commissioners the diffi-
culties regimental surgeons have in trying to have blankets dried and cleaned. There
should be a place at Balaklava for washing and drying those articles.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) J. G. Moore,

Surgeon 88th Regiment.

From E. C. Anderson, Esq. Surgeon 90th Light Infantry.

Gentlemen, Lines of Sebastopol, December 22, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 10th
instant, and to offer in reply the following answers to the questions contained therein :

Quenj 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating
their names and rank ?
Reply 1. Surgeon E. C. Anderson, M.D., 90th.

Assistant Surgeon E. W. Jackson, 90th.
Assistant Surgeon W. Eenwick, 14th.
Query 2. The number of orderbes and other hospital attendants employed, and their
general fitness for their duties in that capacity ?
Reply 2. One hospital sergeant, two orderlies (receiving i^ay), and five fatigue men.
Intelligent, and as well fitted for these offices as can be chosen from the regiment.

Query 3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your opinion
as to its sufficiency ?

Reply 3, Four bell tents (at present), together with a small room in a mud hovel, kindly
furnished by Staff Surgeon Alexander, in which the worst cases are placed. The hospital
marquee was left behind at Balaklava on the sudden removal of the regiment fi-om that quarter
to the front. Application has been made to the commissariat for Its being sent up, but
without avail; nor do I see any probability of obtaining it, although most urgently needed.
On the whole, the hospital accommodation is in my opinion most faulty and inadequate.

Query 4. The quantity and nature of bed and bedding supplied for each patient,
together Avith your opinion as to Its sufficiency ; also the number of close-stools,
bed-pans, urinals, and other conveniences ?

Reply 4. The following articles of bedding was furnished for the use of the sick on em-
barking for active service in the East, viz, :

Palliasses, single - - - - - 1 2

Cases, bolster - - - - - 12

Blankets - - - - - 24

Sheets - ~ - - - - 36

Eugs, single - - - - - 12

There is no available means for filling the palliasses. The sick are placed upon the ground
and provided Avith an extra blanket or rug from the above-mentioned supply ; this, with his
great coat, constitutes the bed of a sick soldier in camp, and which in my opinion is totally
insufficient.

One close-stool, one bed-pan, and one urinal are available for the use of the sick of the
90th Eegiment in camp.

One complete hospital canteen was furnished to the regiment, which, if accompanied
with the more important conveniences of comforts, and the means of cooking them, would
be of essential service for the sick.

Query o. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical comforts
usually kept with the regiment ?

Reply 5. Two panniers (one containing medicines and surgical appliances, the second for
the conveyance of instruments and other articles necessary for emergencies,) were furnished
to the regiment. The quantity of medicines is very scant, and many of the more important
are soon exhausted, owing to the prevalence of bowel complaints, &c, Limited supplies,
however, are furnished, on requisition, approved by the divisional surgeon.

T 3

146

The following articles of medical comforts were received by order from the commander
of the vessel (Europa) which conveyed the 90th Regiment to the Crimea, viz. : —

Preserved meats - - - - 10 lbs.

"Wine (port) - - 4 bottles.

Tea - - - - - - lib.

Sugar - - - - 6 lbs.

Sago - - - - - 2 lbs.

The means of obtaining additional supplies are extremely limited.

Query 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the msms nf keeping them in order
and repair ?

Reply 6. The surgical instruments in possession consist of

The surgeon's case of capital instruments.
Ditto pocket ditto.

Ditto lancets.

The assistant surgeons' pocket case and lancets.

There are no means, to the best of my knowledge, for keeping these instruments in order
or repair.

Query 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras ?

Reply 7. The sick in camp receive the same ration as the efficient soldier. The only
means of cooking the extreme limited provision of extras is at a miserable fire of green
boughs and roots, at a hole in the ground. Firewood is extremely scarce, and obtained
with the greatest difficulty.

Query 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and wounded in the field, for
hospital tents and stores, medicines, medical comforts, as provisions, and surgical
instruments, materials, and appliances ?

Reply 8. No means beyond the issue of ten stretchers has yet been provided for the
carriage of the sick and wounded of the 90th Regiment. These are principally used for the
probable requirements of the companies on trench and picket duties. Even a bat horse,
for the conveyance of the panniers and bringing up the necessary comforts for the sick from
Balaklava, has been unavailingly requested frona the commissariat, although sanctioned by
the proper authorities. On submitting the approved requisition, the assistant surgeon
was informed that a bat horse could be issued at an early hour in the morning, but must be
returned the same evening. The inutility of such an arrangement for a regiment in the
front is obvious.

Query 9. Is the number of medical officers, orderlies, or other hospital attendants
under you sufficient ? If not, have you at any time applied for more ; and if so,
what was the result of your application ?

Reply 9. I consider another medical officer necessary for the regiment, and have made
application for the: third assistant, but cannot at present obtain one, most regiments being
reduced to the same nvimber (two), owing to illness or absence of medical officers on other
duties. The number of orderlies is sufficient. I receive every possible assistance from my
commanding officer in the way of attendants, &c. &c.

Query 10. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment in
the Crimea, and if so, how often and for how long on each occasion (to the best
of your recollection), to procure, on requisition, within the ordinary and proper
time for obtaining such things, a supply of any and what

Medicines ;

Surgical instruments, or the repair of them ;
Surgical materials and appliances ;
Medical comforts ;

Hospital furniture and conveniences ;
Provisions for the use of the hospital ?

Reply 10. Being now only 20 days landed, I have not yet exhausted the smaU supply of
medicines contained in my panniers, and my instruments are still in good order and repair.

I have applied twice for rice, sugar, and arrowroot, and have been promised an order on
the commissariat at Balaklava ; but as I have no means of bringing these articles up a
distance of seven miles, it is perfectly useless. I have applied for hospital furniture, but
cannot obtain a supply, owing to the same reason.

Query 11. Have you on any occasion since the landing of Tyour regiment in the
Crimea been obliged to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or apothe-
cary any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question ; if
so, state from what quarter you obtained them, and what the articles were ?

Reply 11. I have noti^'been provided from any other quarters than the medical and pur-
veyors' stores ; for, although most urgently needed, I have had no means of obtaining
transport for them, were additional supplies at my command.

147

Remarks.

I would suggest that boards be furnished for the purpose of raising the sick from the
damp ground, and stoves and charcoal for the purpose of cooking and preparing hot water,
so necessary for persons suffering from cholera, bowel complaints, &cg.

In conclusion, I beg leave to state, for your information, that the sick of the regiment
under my medical charge are suffering much from the very inadequate supply of medicines,
medical comforts, and the necessary transport for these latter articles, which might be
obtained from Balaklava were the transport available ; and further, that I have no doubt
but that the sickness has been greatly augmented in consequence of the men not being
supplied with occasional fresh meat, rice, &c. &c. The men of the 90th Regiment have
now been on salt provisions for three weeks, consisting of pork or beef, biscuit, coffee in
its raw state, and sugar of the worst description, and in very small quantity. A great
proportion of the sickness is attributable to the imperfect preparation of the coffee ; and
very frequently, during the very inclement weather, the men have no possible means of
cooking even their salt provisions, — leaving them ill-fed and overworked.

I have, &c.
(Signed) R. Anderson, M.D.,

Surgeon, 90th Light Infantry.

I FULLY concur in and approve of the correctness of the answers to the several
queries given by Surgeon Anderson of the 90th Regiment.

(Signed) F. Eld,
Lieutenant Colonel commanding 90th Light Infafttry.

W. MuNRO, Esq., Surgeon 93rd Highlanders.

Gentlemen, Camp, Balaklava, near Sebastopol, January 7, 1855.

^ In reply to your questions of the 10th December 1854, I beg leave to return the
following answers :

1. Four medical officers have been with the 93d Highlanders since the regiment landed
in the Crimea : Dr. Munro, surgeon ; Messrs. Sinclair, Menzies, and Pollard, assistants.

2. On joining the regiment, on the 15th September 1854, there were one sergeant and
four orderlies, to look after the hospital property, and to take care of sick, in the event of
there being any. They were all good steady old soldiers, and well suited to the purpose.

3. One tent was allowed for the use of the hospital during the march from Touzla to
Balaklava ; and as soon as a stationary camp was formed here, three were allowed. During
the march the one tent was enough, and until the 26th October three tents were sufficient
to contain the sick of the regiment. Since the 26th October the sick have been accommo-
dated in houses. After the battle of Alma, the wounded, 40 in number, were put by me
into a house on the field of battle, and kept there two days, until they were embarked for
Scutari. A number of the wounded Avere carried to the place of embarkation on the
French mules, and others were carried on stretchers by our own men.

4. Until the end of October, the men of the regiment had only their own blanket and
great coat. About that time a field officer's marquee and two tents were given me for the
sick, and 16 blankets; and last month 12 more blankets and 25 straw mats — the latter on
requisition— were given me. I have no beds ; indeed were such things in my possession
they could not well be used, as the two small houses occupied by the sick of the regiment
as hospitals are necessarily so crowded that were beds put up one third of the number of
sick only could be accommodated. Until to-day there were no close stools, nor urinals,
nor chamber pots in my possession for the use of the sick, though they were applied for
before by me.

5. When the regiment landed, of the few things belonging to the hospital only the
medicme panniers and bearers for the sick could be taken with it. The other articles, con-
sistmg of a few waterdecks and two large tins for cooking, were kept on board ship, in
consequence, I presume, of want of transport ; but not having joined the regiment until
after the landing I cannot speak positively as to the articles left on board ship. On joining,
I found only the hospital medicine panniers, and ten bearers for sick or wounded, with the
regiment.

_ The different medicines contained in the panniers were good, but too small in quan-
tity, suited only for field service, and not, in my opinion, sufficient for the expenditure of
a temporary hospital. Since the Investment of Sebastopol, and the formation of general
and field regimental hospitals, I have found it difficult to obtain supplies of medicines
and medical comforts ; not that transport was not attainable, for a fatigue party of a few
men could always be got, but frequently such medicines as were asked for were not in
store at Balaklava; and during nearly two months, to the best of my recollection, my
requisitions for arrowroot, ground rice, and essence of beef were not complied with.

148

6. The instruments with the regiments are my own case of capital instruments, new,
and in first rate order ; one field case, new, and in good order also, belonging to the public ;
and the pocket cases of the different medical officers.

7. The means of cooking are extremely limited, consisting of one hospital camp kettle,
a regimental camp kettle, and several vessels picked up in the houses here.

On our march from Touzla we had no transport attached to the regiment for cases of
wounds or disease. During our march (to the Belbeck river) a soldier of the regiment
was struck down by cholera, and had to be carried on a stretcher till we bivouacked, when
he died. On the following day, during our march to Mackenzie's Farm, another man was
seized with cholera, and carried for nearly two miles with the greatest difficulty on a
stretcher, through dense wood, under a wasting sun, until we met a commissariat araba,
into which I was permitted to put him, and there he died. Only on one occasion, to the
best of my recollection, have I had the use of the divisional ambulance carts to carry sick
of my regiment to the ship at Balaklava, to embark them for Scutari. On two occasions I
had them carried in commissariat waggons, and twice on artillery waggons.

The conveyance of sick has always been a matter of difficulty with me.

The solitary hospital tent was carried in an araba, (I believe) belonging to the
quartermaster general's department of the Division, and at the end of a day's max'ch it
was difficult, and on two occasions impossible, to find it. We had no I'egimental meana of
carrying hospital comforts, stores, or provisions, the one horse with the panniers being
barely sufficient to carry our medicines and Instruments.

9. The number of medical officers with the regiment (four) have been sufficient, but the
number of paid orderlies not so : one orderly for every ten sick Is not sufficient, and I have
been and am constantly obliged to apply to the Lieutenant Colonel commanding for fatigue
men to sit up with the sick. The orderlies and fatigue men are always careful and
attentive.

10. Since landing in the Crimea, I have frequently applied for medicines, viz., opium,
tincture of opium, Dover's powder, sulphuric acid, and also for medical comforts, viz.,
ari'ow root, ground rice, and candles, without receiving them. I have also applied for close-
stools, chamber pots, and urinals, once unsuccessfully. Surgical instruments I have never
acquired.

Fresh meat has generally — not always — been supplied for the sick by the commissariat.
Extra articles, as wine, arrowroot, &c., I have required from the purveyor's department ;
but, as already stated, 1 did not always receive them.

11. I have never bought anything for the hospital, but have on many occasions supplied
candles, and even tea ; but have received preserved meats and soup and tea from the agent
of the Patriotic Society, and a small quantity of arrowroot from the agent for the
" Times."

I have had no experience in the use of the large ambulance waggons, but think a more
serviceable and simpler ambulance corps might be established (at least in my opinion).
Nothing apparently is more simple than that of the French.

They have mules, with chairs so fitted on that a man slightly wounded can sit; and
others with comfortable iron cots, so constructed and fitted to the saddle as to be easily
taken off with the wounded man lying on it, and form a bed. For sick or severely
wounded I do not see any objection to our present ambvdance carts, on good roads ; but
I think the wounded must be much jolted and shaken In them on rough roads. I
think a convenient cart for the purpose would be one built on the same principle as the
Canadian spring waggon, viz., a light cart seven feet long, five feet broad, and eight inches
deep, fitted with double springs, and placed on a light frame running on four wheels of
equal size, to be drawn by one horse. A waterproof covering could easily be fitted on by
means of a moveable light Iron framework. This cart could carry two men lying at full
length, with their arms and accoutrements; would be easy and comfortable, and could be
drawn by one horse over almost any road. It could also be easily taken to pieces, and six
of them in that state v/ould not take up more room, or even so much, particularly when
transported on board ship from one place to another, as one of the large carts now in use.
Our present carts carry ten men (and I fear not comfortably), are drawn by six horses or
mules, and in a bad state of the roads require more. The carts described by me are
light, run easily, and present the follov/ing advantages over a two-wheeled one, viz. : that
there would be no weight on the horse except the drag, and the sick would not be so
jolted ; besides, they are less liable to upset. Such vehicles, with a mule train like that
of the French, In my opinion should constitute our ambulance train ; a certain number of
each to be attached to every regiment in the field, and placed at the command of the
surgeons. I ha7e frequently felt the inconvenience of the want of a proper regimental
means of carrying the sick.

Ten bearers, carried by twenty men of the band, arc not sufficient for the conveyance of
wounded men from the field of battle. It is impossible for two men to carry a wounded
one on a stretcher for any distance ; there must be four to relieve each other, and their
motion is necessarily slow. Five wounded men, therefore, only can be carried away at
one time by the band.

The French chairs on mules are very good for cases of slight wounds, and the cots also
are good for severe ones ; but I have several times heard wounded officers of our army,
who were carried from Sebastopol in this way, complain of the motion. I believe the

149

light cart described above would be more comfortable than either, and besides, the persons
carried would have the advantage of being covered. All would be useful even in the
battle field, and the men of the band could be employed, Instead of carrying away the
wounded, in helping to put them on the mules or carts. An ambulance corps might be
established, with mules carrying chairs, and others carrying cots, similar to the French,
and also carts such as I have described. To each regiment employed on active service a
certain number of the corps, and one non-commissioned officer, with three mules carrying
chairs ; three with cots, and three spring carts with spare mules (three) should be attached.
Altogether twelve mules, with six chairs, six cots, and three carts, capable of carrying
eighteen sick or wounded, would require one non-commissioned officer and six men to
look after them. Nine men would perhaps be required.

All to be put under the charge of the officer commanding the regiment for the use of
the hospital alone.

In one of these carts the regimental medicine chest could be carried on the march,
together with all hospital utensils and a tent ; and thus every regiment would be inde-
pendent and responsible for its own hospital transport. Besides, the mules and carts with
regiments would leave a reserve attached to the principal medical officer of each division.
Our present ambulance train is inefficient, as shown by the fact that on several occasions
we have been obliged to ask the French for assistance in conveying our sick and
wounded.

The pack horse or mule with panniers, I think, should still be retained, as, for recon-
noisance duty, nothing can be better to carry a small supply of medicine, &c. I would
also keep the long stretchers, but instead of burdening men to carry them on the march,
they could be folded up and attached to the side of the spring carts by straps.

The present ambulance carts I do not presume to condemn, but hardly think they
could have accompanied the army during our march from Touzla to this place.

If the spring cart mentioned by me should be approved of, I will be happy to give a
more minute description of it.

Wm. Munko, M.D.,

Surgeon 93d Highlanders.

N.B. Since writing the above I have received several articles, such as A and B
canteens, and other hospital necessaries, which had been applied for before unsuc-
cessfully.

T. P. Matthew, Esq., Staff Surgeon, 2d Class, in Charge 95th Eegiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 26, 1854

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a letter, signed by you and dated
Scutari, 18th December 1854, addressed to the medical officer in charge of the 95th
Regiment, containing queries as to the hospital arrangements, accommodation, &c. afforded
to the regiment; also of a letter dated Scutari, December, addressed to myself, and
containing queries as to the transport, &c. of sick and wounded soldiers.*

On the subject matter of both I am able and anxious to afford information, but within a
few hours of the receipt of yours I received orders not to do so, at first in the shape of an
unsigned memorandum. I enclose copies of the correspondence, numbered from 1 to 3, from
which you will see that it is now impossible for me to furnish you with the information
required, until such order has been abrogated, either by his Excellency the Field Marshal
commanding, or the Eight Honourable the Secretary for War.

I have, &c.
(Signed) T. P. Matthew,
Staff Surgeon, 2d Class, in charge 95th Regiment,

Copy No. 1.

SiE, Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

I have the honour to inform you that I yesterday evening received, through the
orderly room, an unsigned memorandum, of which the following is a copy : —

" Memo. « 1st Brigade, 2d Division, December 22, 1854.

" Officers commanding regiments, and medical officers doing duty with them,
" will be good enough not to furnish answers addressed to them (sic in originale) upon the
" subject of hospital arrangements, &c. &c. by any person unless under authority proceeding
" from his Lordship the Field Marshal commanding the forces in the Crimea.

" The above memo, refers to civilians unknown, and without such authority."

And I have now the honour to request that you will procure me authentic information
if such memorandum has been issued by authority, and if so, if it refers to certain queries

* A copy of the letter set forth infra, p. 189, is here referred to. Mr. Matthew was in charge of
the sick and wounded who were sent from the Crimea to Scutari on board the Cambria on the
21st September.

150

addressed to me in a letter signed A. Gumming, P. B, Maxwell, and P. Sinclair Laing, and
purporting to be by authority of his Grace the Duke of Newcastle.

I beg further to add, that Dr. Cumming's person and signature are both well known to
me, and I know him to be an Inspector General of Hospitals ; and, even though the memo'
randum above quoted be genuine, I can scarcely believe that it can apply to the above-
mentioned queries, in consequence of the note in the corner respecting civilians.

(Signed) T. P. Matthew,
To Capt. Davis, Staff Surgeon, 2d Class, in charge 95th Regiment.

Commanding 95th Regt,

Copy No. 2.

December 24, 1854;.

Questions referring to the administration of this field army in any departments,
addressed to any officers doing duty with the 1st Brigade, 2d Division, are not to be
answered without the sanction of their own immediate superiors, authorized by the Field
Marshal commanding the forces.

(Signed) Charles Trollope, Colonel 62d Regiment,
Commanding 1st Brigade, 2d Division.

Copy No. 3.

All communications on military subjects must come through the proper channel :
if medical, through the principal medical officer of the army ; and, if military, by the
direction and authority of the Field Marshal commanding in Chief.

(Signed) G. Bullee,

Brigadier General.

Robert Bowen, Esq., Surgeon Rifle Brigade.

Gentlemen, Camp, 4th Division, December 29, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, dated the 11th instant,
containing certain queries, which I will now answer seriatim.

Answer 1. Assistant Surgeon J. E. Scott, M.D., Assistant Surgeon P. Williams.
There has been a vacancy of one Assistant Surgeon unfilled since the 21st September, when
Assistant Surgeon Shorrock died.

2. One hospital sergeant, remarkably efficient. Four orderlies, all strong men and well
fitted for their duties. Also, fatigue parties for carrying water, and every assistance the
battalion can afford.

3. For a long period I had only one bell tent, then two, and latterly five ; I have now a
large marquee in addition ; but, owing to the very large number of sick, there has never been
sufficient room in the hospital tents for all ; and the sick (except the worst cases) have been
obliged to be in their respective companies' tents.

4. I have 20 cots and mattresses, and 115 blankets ; this allows each man in hospital at
least three blankets, the worst cases being put in the cots.

One bed pan and one urinal.

5. The medical pannier has been kept supplied as at its Issue.

Owing to the great prevalence of diseases of the bowels other medicines have been
necessary ; e. g. opium, ipecacuan. plumb, diacet., and other astringents ; also, ol. ricini,
tinct. rhsei, &c, &c. The quantities kept have been always necessarily small, as I have
been unable to procure more than a few days supply at a time.

One bottle of brandy, two of port wine, a little tea, sugar, and arrowroot when it coi:,ld
be procured, always kept on hand ; say, a week's supply on an average.

6. I have my own instruments, and my assistants have theirs, as by regulation ; and
there is also a case of public instruments In the panniers.

I believe there is a cutler at Balaklava, but I never required his services.

7. Foiu" camp kettles ; they are sufficient.

8. I have made frequent requisitions for a horse to carry the hospital panniers, but have
never been supplied with one ; the answer has always been that the commissariat could not
give one.

On the march here the panniers, tent, &c. were carried (with those of other corps in the
division) in one araba ; a very inconvenient mode, for it was impossible to keep the araba
sufficiently close to the rear of the column to be available If the men came into action, or
if anything was wanted. This waggon alone carried everything. There could sometimes
be afforded another for sick or lame, but most frequently not.

9. I have before said that we are deficient one assistant surgeon. With regard to
orderlies, &c., there are sufficient ; and every assistance I can possibly require is always
afforded me by my commanding officer.

151

10. I have, on almost all occasions, been able to get a small portion at least of any
medicine I have sent requisitions for ; twice, I think, I could not get tinct. opii, but I
had the pulv. opii.

Surgical instruments I have not required.

All materials and appliances for which I have sent requisitions have been duly furnished.
I have several times failed to procure arrowroot and brandy, but sago has been furnished
instead of the former. Hospital furniture has not been asked for.

I have frequently failed to procure fresh meat from the commissariat for the use of the
sick.

11. I have used arrowroot from private stock, but never obtained anything from other
sources than the apothecary and purveyor.

I may remark, in conclusion, that at first there were, of course, much greater difficulties
in the hospital arrangements than occur at present ; and my answers are framed from a
general view of the state of things during the whole period I have been in the Crimea.

I may also add, that I have abstained from making requisitions for many things, because
I was aware that they either could not be supplied, or that the means of transport did not
exist to convey them to camp.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Egbert Bowen,

Surgeon Rifle Brigade.

Robert Bowen, Esq., Surgeon Rifle Brigade — (No. 2.)

Sir, Camp, 4th Division, January 27, 1855.

I REGRET I am unable to forward for the information of the Medical Commission a
correct return of all requisitions, in a tabular form ; in many instances I was unable to
keep copies, although I have lists of all the articles I have received at different dates.
The following, however, is as near as possible a statement of the information called for.

Since the 1st Battalion Rifle Brigade landed in the Crimea, I have applied twice for a
marquee on the Quarter Master General's department. I received no answer to the
first requisition, but, a long time after, I had a marquee given over to me by the staff
surgeon of the 4th Division. This marquee was destroyed in a storm. I then applied
for another, and the answer was, that the full establishment of tents had been issued to
the batallion, and that the companies' tents must be used for the hospital. Since then,
however, a marquee has been issued.

I never made any requisition for a hut, one having been given over to me through the
Quarter Master of the batallion.

The requisitions for hospital stores and furniture have been generally complied with ;
they were sent to the purveyor's office. Occasionally brandy and arrowroot have been
wanting, and the answer has been, " None in store."

With regard to medicines, the requisitions have been sent to the hospital at Balaklava,
and I may say that not a single one has been completely complied with. I have generally
received some small portion of each article asked for; frequently, however, the answer has
been, "None in store," and in consequence my requisitions for medicines have been ex-
tremely numerous and frequent.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) Robert Bowen,

Surgeon Rifle Brigade.

John Fraser, Esq., Surgeon 2d Battalion Rifle Brigade.

Gentlemen. Camp before Sabastopol, December 22, 1854.

I have the honoiir to submit to you, for the information of the Duke of Newcastle,
the following answers in reply to your questions regarding the condition of the sick and
wounded officers and soldiers of this battalion (more especially the right wing) since our
landing in the Crimea : —

Answer!. There are three medical officers now present with the battalion ; namely. Surgeon
John Fraser, M.D., and Assistant Surgeon Grahame Young, 60th Rifles, with the right
wing ; and Assistant Surgeon James L. Brown, M.D., with the left wing, at Balaklava.

2. Four ; viz., one hospital sergeant, one cook, and two orderlies, and, in addition, a
batman for the pannier horse, who are generally fitted for their duties in their several
capacities.

3. One marquee, which was obtained only two weeks ago ; and four bell tents, which are
ordinarily sufficient for the sick of one wing, but not so in the event of any emergency,
such as wounded or cholera. The want of the marquee was felt very much.

4. There have been no beds nor bedding (except two bedsteads) until the 21st instant,
and four only out of fourteen received are fit for use, until the remainder are completed.
Fourteen blankets were issued to this wing six weeks ago, and 35 additional blankets were

152

obtained by Colonel Laurence from the Quarter Master General, which may be considered
sufficient.

There are no close stools nor urinals, and no convenience but four bed pans, and one tripod
stool pan.

5. The few medicines contained in the field pannier, with a few of the ordinary astringent
medicines required for the prevalent bowel complaints, and some quinine, were those kept
with the regiment ; but it would be impossible to give the average of articles which were
generally deficient or wanting, and where one had to supplement another medicine.

The medical comforts were arrowroot (ground rice often instead of it), sago, rice, wine,
brandy, rum, and essence of beef ; latterly, preserved potatoes and preserved mutton, and a
little cocoa, which have all along been issued with a most sparing hand, from the insuffi-
cient supply. The above remark as to the average is particularly applicable to the medical
comforts.

6. The surgical instruments are my own case of capital instruments (according to regu-
lation), my pocket case, and some minor instruments ; and a similar large capital case (public
property with the left wing, with Assistant Surgeon Brown's own pocket case and lancet
case. There is a cutler at Balaklava (Government), which I learned accidentally some
weeks ago.

7. The means of cooking are the men's own tins and two camp kettles, which, with want
of fuel (consisting of roots grubbed up, &c.), and a suitable fire-place, have proved totally
inadequate, and are a continued difficulty, especially during wet weather, in preparing the
most simple extras for the sick.

Four days ago two large tin boilers were received ; and charcoal has just been issued,

8. Stretchers are the only means for conveying wounded off the field, and ambulance
carriages latterly, for conducting sick and wounded to the general hospital. Since the
5th of November our sick and wounded have chiefly been carried by the French ambulance
corps.

The hospital panniers (one set for each wing) on two horses, conveyed all the medicines,
medical comforts, surgical instruments, materials and appliances, and some water decks.
A captured araba, given by Colonel Lawrence for the use of the hospital and the sick, was
invaluable in the way of conveyance, which would have been otherwise impossible,

9. The number of medical officers has not been sufficient, especially with the left
wing, with which there has been only one assistant surgeon, since landing on the Crimea ;
but, on the whole, I have not felt this want much, from the few casualties which have occurred
since the separation to a distance (to Balaklava in November) of the two wings.

Colonel Lawrence applied to the principal medical officer, Dr. Hall, at Varna, on our
embai-katlon for the Crimea, for a third asslssant surgeon, in the prospect of our working
in two wings, and was acquainted by him that he was unable to comply with his request.

A sufficient number of hospital orderhes has always been supplied by the commanding
officer.

10. Since landing in the Crimea, I have been frequently unable to obtain on requisition
medicines and medical comforts ; but having kept no record of the frequency or length of
interval of procuring them, I can only state generally, that the deficient supply was
habitual and notorious, and that a requisition was never fully complied with until the
17th Inst.

There has been a sufficient supply of surgical materials, such as lint and bandages, and
it may be added that any of the above deficiencies was probably less felt by this battalion,
from having two sets of panniers, and thus a double supply of medicines, and the means
of carrying more extra supplies, which often helped us in our straits On one occasion we
were abovit ten days without any preparation of opium, but happily had a reserve of
morphia.

Previous answers will give the necessary information regarding hospital furniture and
conveniences. We had no bed pans until the 7th November, and candles began to be
issued in twos by 28th October. The provisions for the hospital have been the ordinary
rations,

11. I have not, since landing in the Crimea (but largely in Bulgaria), had it in my
power to purchase any of the articles mentioned in the above question, simply because there
were no camp sutlers. On one occasion I purchased 2 lbs. of arrowroot on board ship,
and candles at Balaklava ; in October, olive oil (hospital) and grease had to be used.

I have no special remark or suggestion to make to the above, but simply and earnestly
to state that the continued deficiency of a due and regular supply of medicines and medical
comforts, and conveniences for the sick, often made my duties most painful and irksome,
and rendered medical aid comparatively useless.

However, I may add that, though so much has been neglected in remedying diseases
when they have developed themselves, on the other hand much has been omitted in the
way of preventing disease, especially dysentery, occasioned, no doubt, very much by the
vicissitudes of the weather, without due protection from them, and the continued hardships
of duty, combined with the rations, which, though of sufficient quantity, have not been
dally mixed with farinaceous or vegetable food. And since the early part of November,
the ration of meat being almost continuously salt, without rice or potatoes (save for a few
days with some onions), or lime juice with the rum, the dysentery becomes now necessarily
scorbutic, and scurvy itself has made its appearance in its usual form of spongy gums,

153

swollen and discoloured extremities ; and if the above causes are allowed to operate (1
mean those over which we have control), the efficiency of our army must be more affected
by it than by the sword and artillery of the enemy.

I have, &c.
(Signed) John Fraser, M.D.,

Surgeon 2d Battalion Rifle Brigade.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, Janviary 17, 1855.

In reply to your letter of the 7th inst., requiring a return of all requisitions for
marquees, medicines, and medical comforts, I have the honour to state to you, for the
information of the Secretary at War, that I am unable to furnish you with copies of any
of them, having in every instance given either the requisitions or receipts in duplicate to
the medical officer in charge of medicines, &c., and to the purveyor's clerk ; and further,
that the supply of paper was very generally unequal to the continually required duplicates,
and copies of which I had not the means of keeping until the arrival of the hospital books.
Moreover, it is not the custom of the service to keep them for the above reason.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) John Fraser, M.D.,

Surgeon 2d Battalion Rifle Brigade.

LETTER ADDRESSED TO COMMANDING OFFICERS OF REGIMENTS,
ENCLOSING THE LETTER TO THE SURGEONS OF REGIMENTS.—
Vide sup. p. 65.

glK^ Scutari, December 3d.

Having been instructed by the Duke of Newcastle to make certain inquiries into
the condition of the sick and wounded officers and soldiers of the British Army in the
East, we have requested the principal medical officer in charge of your regiment to favour
us with information on the several heads set forth in the enclosed paper.

As many of the matters in question may be within your immediate knowledge, we shall
feel obliged by your giving us replies to as many of the queries as you can answer. We
shall also feel obliged by any further information which you can give us bearing in any
way upon the subject.

We have, &c.
(Signed; A. Cumming, I. G. H.

P. Benson Maxwell.
To the Officer Commanding — Regiment. P. Sinclair Laing.

ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE LETTER.

Colonel Edward C. Hodge, 4th Dragoon Guards.

Gentlemen, Camp, Kadikoi, December 25, 1854.

I HAVE much pleasure in aflfording you any information in my power upon the
subject contained in your letter of the 1 6th instant, on the state and condition of the sick
soldiers belonging to the regiment imder my command, whose comforts have been, in my
opinion, but little cared for ever since we landed at Varna in July last. I feel it due,
however, to Surgeon Pine, lately belonging to the 4th Dragoon Guards, to say that his
exertions were unremitting to obtain more shelter and comforts for the sick during the
prevalence of the cholera at Varna, and afterwards on our arrival in the Crimea ; and I
have every reason to be satisfied with Surgeon Cooper, his successor, who is most zealous,
and is constantly in person seeking for and obtaining medical comforts and stores, which he
finds it impossible to get except by personal application, and he has been unable to procure
even the commonest drugs, for the want of which I know we are now suffering.

As some of the questions contained in your letter are purely of a medical nature I must
leave them to be answered by the surgeon ; my answers to the i-emainder are as follows : —

Answer 1. Two: Surgeon Robert Cooper, and Assistant Surgeon W. B. Armstrong.

2. One hospital sergeant (Sergeant Major Drake), an excellent man in every way, and
who has been most useful in his capacity and unremitting in his attentions to the sick ever
since his appointment. Three ox'derlies, which is as much as the regiment can afford to give;
they are but moderate ; their duties consist in tending the sick, cooking, obtaining wood
and water (both of which are very arduous duties here), and at times in going into town
in search of medicines and medical comforts.

3. Four single bell tents, which let in the water and are very confined, afford wretched
shelter and accommodation ; the hospital marquee, which was brought from Varna, was
not allowed to be landed on our arrival in the Crimea ; it was stolen from us with a
quantity of other baggage, having been left on board the " Simla " steamer.

154

4. No beds or bedding have been given to the hospital. A suppfy of fifty extra
blankets was given to the regiment some days ago, thirty of which I ordered to be given
to the hospital for the use of the sick. A few Turkish mats were also obtained to put
under the patients, which^ however, afford but poor accommodation. When at Varna, in
a stationary camp, I tried to obtain tressel boards for the hospital marquee, but without
effect; the sufferings of the cholera patients there were mucli '.;mented by lying on the
damp ground without anything but their cloak and two blankeis.

The numbers of utensils furnished is, 1 know, absurdly inadequate for men who are
chiefly suflfering from diarrhrea, and who ought not to be required to go out of their tents
during the night at this inclement season of the year.

5. Must be answered by the surgeon.

6. Must be answered by the surgeon.

7. An open kitchen, in which it is hard to light a fire in inclement weather, is all the
accommodation we can afford our sick.

8. Four stretchers borne by men, is all we have to carry our wounded from the field ; an
absurd mode of conveyance for cavalry, whose wounded are frequently miles from the rear
of the army. It is a pity that we do not copy our allies, the French, whose admirable
mule chairs have been so freely made use of by our sick and wounded during this campaign.
The latter part of this question is more for the surgeon to answer ; but 1 can answer for
his having asked for very simple medicines, and not having been able to procure them.

9. The number of the medical officers is quite sufficient ; the number of orderlies is
quite as much as the weak state of the regiment can afford ; no extra aid has ever been
asked for, nor is it known from what source this extra aid could be procured.

10. The surgeon must answer this.

11. The surgeon must answer this.

I am not in the habit of interfering with the medical department, having been fortunate
in lately having had a most zealous and active surgeon in Dr. Pine, now Staff Surgeon,
first class, but I have often been grieved to see the miseries endured by the dying patients,
both at Varna and since we have been here, from want of simple comforts that could have
been with ease afforded them. Here, proper double marquee tents, tressel boards, and
palliasses filled with cut or whole straw should be furnished to the men, also stoves with
patent fuel, where the weather is very damp and severe ; the army being in an entrenched
position, it is presumed that this could be easily done.

I have, &c.

(Signed) Edward C. Hodge, Colonel.

Lieut.-Col. Commanding 4th Dragoon Guards.

Major R. Thompson, Commanding 5th Dragoon Guards.

Sir, Camp, Kadekoi, January 25, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter relative to the condition
of the sick and wounded officers and men of the regiment under my command. I have
seen the answers given by the assistant surgeon to the questions asked in your letter, and
fully concur with the opinions stated therein. Things have been very well managed under
the able superintendence of Assistant Surgeon Cattell. The detention of the late Captain
Campbell came under my own observation, and I can answer for the correctness of the
statement concerning this officer's case. I have, &c.

(Signed) R. Thompson,
Major Commanding 5th Dragoon Guards.

Lieut.-Colonel J. Douglas, Commanding 11th Hussars.

Gentlemen, Camp, Balaklava, February 3, 1855.

In reply to your letter of the 16th December, with its enclosure, and with reference
thereto, I beg to give replies to questions Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8, as coming within my
knowledge.

Ansicer 1. Two medical officers present, and always have been with the regiment, viz..
Surgeon St. Croix Crosse, and Assistant Surgeon H. J. Wilkin.

2. One hospital sergeant and two orderlies always employed, all fit for the duties they
are required to perform.

3. The number of tents we have had for solely hospital purposes have varied, but there
always was a difficulty in obtaining in the Crimea the number to the extent necessary ;
the regiment has only now obtained an hospital hut. Until the last few days the sick
k?.ye been in bell tents, there being no marquee available, the one belonging to the regiment
having been left on board the " Trent" steamer at Eupatoria, and could not be found
afterwards.

4. Twelve sets of bedding were supplied at Varna, but not landed and restored to the
regiment untU early in December. There were no stretchers , and by bedding I mean
empty paillasses, but had no means of stuffing them.

155

In my opinion the furnisHngs of the hospital were quite inadequate to the wants of
the sick, who in the wet weather we frequently experienced, from lying on the wet ground,
could have no chance of recovery. Now, with our hospital hut, they have every comfort
consistent with an army in the field.

7. Very imcertain, depending upon the weather, and a scanty supply of fuel cut by the
men. The cooking was done by the troops, and the proportion required by the hospital
sent to the patients. This answered very badly, and a separate cook-house has now been
established, attached to the hospital ; the cooking is done by the orderlies.

In my opinion, where practicable, rations of wood should, if possible, be granted by the
commissariat for culinary purposes to the hospital, to ensure regularity in the meals of the
patients.

8. Everything in this respect most defective ; only one pony allowed for a pair of
panniers, and not available for any other purpose.

As to the conveyance of sick, 1 believe there is only one ambulance waggon attached to
the light cavalry brigade, which only joined when wc reached Sebastopol, and never could
be depended upon, owing to the failure of men or horses.

The sick were conveyed at first on arabas ; by degrees they broke down, and the men,
therefore, got on the best way they could. The transport was not sufficient to convey the
hospital tents, stores, and comforts altogether. A veiy great deal of inconvenience and
suffering to the men arose from this cause, and it appears to me that the want of transport
for the sick has been one of the greatest difficulties we have had to contend against.

I have, &c,
(Signed) J. Douglas,
Lieut.-Colonel Commanding 11th Hussara.

Colonel W. S. Newton, Commanding 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards.

Gentlemen, Before Sebastopol, January 11, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th ult., and
having obtained the sanction of Field Marshal Lord Raglan, commanding this army, I pro-
ceed to answer seriatim the different questions propounded therein as far as I am able, and
I have also to forward to you the report of Assistant Surgeon Wyatt, of the battalion
under my command, he being at present the senior surgeon with the battalion.

Answer 1. Three medical officers are now present with the battalion, Assistant Surgeons
Wyatt, Cay, and Trotter ; the latter officer is at present sick, but I hope in a few days his
services will be available.

2. As many orderlies are employed as the number of sick require ; generally speaking,
they are fit for their duties, as they are volunteers and men of good character.

3. One marquee ; another has been obtained, but owing in the first instance to the
badness of the poles, and latterly to the bad weather and wet state of the ground, it has
not been put up ; besides which, there are a certain number of bell tents set apart whoUy for
the sick.

4. Bed and bedding none. There are six wooden tressels, a few mats, and some
tarpaulins.

5. See Assistant Surgeon Wyatt's report.

6. Do. do.

7. A small kitchen has been made by the pioneers of the battalion, but it is not
adequate for the purpose, from the want of proper materials.

8. One hospital pony, which carries two panniers, carriage for medical stores, &c., and
hospital tents, is dependent upon the commissariat department.

9. At present the number of surgeons, orderlies, &c. are sufficient. At one time, when
only one regimental surgeon was present with the battahon, an assistant staff surgeon was
appointed exclusively to the battahon.

10. Many medicines have been applied for in vain, also medical comforts and hospital
necessaries ; and the allowance of fresh meat for the hospital has also been in many in-
stances deficient. I beg to refer you for further particulars on this subject to the report
of Assistant Surgeon Wyatt.

11. Opium at one time was not to be procured, and some was given for the use of the
hospital by Lieutenant-Colonel Carlton of this battalion. Brandy also has not been
obtained, nor is it now ; but it has been given by Lieutenant-Colonel Wood, of this battalion,
and myself. Tea also has been given by officers.

I have, &c.
(Signed) W. S. Newton, Colonel

Commanding 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards.

Colonel Edward W. Walker, Major Commanding Scots Fusilier Guards.

Gentlemen, Scutari, December 11, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, containing certain
instructions from his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, and in reply thereto I beg to observe

U 4

156

that to many of the queries therein contained, relating mostly to the medical depart-
ment of the regiment, I fear it will not be in my power to give an answer.

Answer 1. The medical officers present with the battalion on the 5th November were
Battalion Surgeon Bostock, Assistant Surgeons Robinson and Elkington ; another Assistant
Surgeon, Turner, has since joined with a draught from England.

2. The number of orderlies employed depends on the number of sick. I have not had
any complaints of their inefficiency, or their number being too few.

3. Early in October but one tent was supplied for the hospital, but that being insufficient
another was obtained, and no difficulty arose till after the battle of Inkermann, when some
delay did occur, but before night the wounded were provided for.

4. No bedding beyond blankets has been provided, the sick and wounded faring alike. I
endeavoured ineffectually to procure some straw for the hospital tents, but my application
was not attended to. I consider men in sickness or suffering from wounds do require a
softer bed than the bare ground, and that the addition of hay or straw would greatly add
to their comfort, and even perhaps save life. There Avere no close stools or urinals, bed
pans, or any such conveniences when I left the camp (November 6th). Those of the men
who were able had to relieve themselves at the latrines, those who could not go so far, in a
shovel, which was carried away by the orderly. As such luxuries were not forthcoming in
the field, I did not apply for them.

5. As to the quantity of medicines and medical comforts generally in possession I can
give no answer.

6. A question I am also unable to reply to ; but I am not aware of any means of keep-
ing them in repair.

7. The same means are used for cooking hospital rations and extras as for the dinners of
the men ; viz., a pile of stones with a hole sufficiently large to admit the wood collected by
the orderlies, often very difficult to procure. If the means of transport could be provided,
some small stoves and charcoal would greatly add to the efficiency of the medical cuisine.

2. The means of carriage for the wounded I consider quite inadequate, and the " ambu-
lance corps" a humbug, as they never make their appearance till danger is over, and then
slowly and cautiously. The means by which the sick have hitherto been conveyed from
Sebastopol heights to Balaklava, has been on araba carts ; but the roads now being broken
up, and the animals dead of starvation, no sick, I conceive, can be removed until these
causes are remedied ; the means of transport for them and other things, mentioned in
No. 9, none has been efficient.

9. I consider the number of medical officers under my command sufficient for the want
of my battalion when they are all efficient ; but I have had (from sickness) to apply for
assistance, which has not been refused me.

10. On several occasions since the landing of my regiment in the Crimea I have had
complaints from my principal medical officer that he did not receive half the medical com-
forts and medicines for which he had sent in a requisition.

11. Quinine and arrowroot, to the best of my recollection, had to be procured from
private sources.

I formed a tub out of a discarded pork barrel, which tub was borrowed by Dr. Bostock
for an amputation table. I consider something light and portable might be added to the
medical chest, affording less discomfort to the unhappy victim to be operated on than a
pork barrel tub.

I have heard that chloroform has been sent out in very large bottles, quite unportable,
and as no small bottles are to be picked up in camp it has been impossible sometimes to
have recourse to this valuable remedy.

As the salt pork on which the troops are fed has been proved conducive to diarrhoea I
should recommend a larger stock of essence of beef and rice to be considered necessary
in the medicine chest. Both these articles failed before I left the Crimea, and had to be
purchased from the shipping at Balaklava at an exorbitant rate.

I have, &c.

(Signed) Edward "W. "Walkek, Colonel,

Major Commanding 1st Fusilier Guards.

Colonel Lacy Yea, Commanding 7th Royal Fusiliers.

Camp before Sebastopol, December 24, 1854.

Replies to the Questions proposed by the Commissioners in their Letter dated

Scutari, December.

1. Surgeon Lockwood, Assistant Surgeon M'Arthur, and Assistant Surgeon Tippetts.

2. Two orderlies, and as many of the band as the surgeon chooses to call in to assist, all
of whom more or less are as fit as ordinary soldiers can be.

3. There were none supplied beyond what I gave from the quantity served for the
regiment ; a marquee, after an infinity of trouble, was only obtained about a week ago ;
one is not sufficient even when obtained.

4. Until very recently there was nothing ; since the commencement of this month a few
tretchers (unprovided with bedding), a few close stools (two or more), and one bed pan.

157

all of which I consider totally inadequate ; hospital canteens, " A and B" have been often
applied for, but up to this date without success.

5. The supply of medicines and medical comforts have been so scanty, that the regiment
has very frequently been for days without any.

6. The supply of instruments, as far I am aware, are sufficient, but I know of no means
of keeping them in repair.

9. None ; except what can be constructed on the ground outside the hospital tent.

8. There is no ambulance attached to the regiment, nothing, in fact, but a few
stretchers.

9. The hospital orderlies were sufficient, if there had been conveniences for cooking,
and for attendance on the sick supplied to the hospital.

10. The difficulty has at times been so great, and the refusals so frequent, that I have
considered it my duty to report the circumstance direct to Lord Raglan through his
military secretary ; in fact, 1 may say the regiment is frequently left unprovided with
medical comforts, and rests on the charity of the officers themselves.

11. Yes; the surgeon had to purchase arrowroot, and the officers to contribute rice.

I have, &c.

(Signed) Lacy Yea, Colonel and Lieut.-Col.

Commanding 7th Royal Fusiliers.

Colonel Lacy Yea, 7 th Royal Fusiliers.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 25, 1854.

In forwarding to you my replies to the questions submitted to me in your letter
dated Scutari, December 12, 1854, I have to express my regret that the inquiry is not to
extend to Bulgaria, where even more complaint existed than since the landing in the
Crimea.

I have, &c.

(Signed) Lacy Yea, Colonel and Lieut.- Col.

7th Royal Fusiliers.

Major Sir T. St. V. H. C. Troubridge, Bart., 7th Royal Fusiliers.

Gentlemen, Scutari, December 19, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 1 3th
instant, on the subject of certain inquiries into the condition of sick and wounded officers
and soldiers of the British Army in the East, and hasten to reply to such of the matters
in question as have come under my observation.

2. There being in our Army no permanent corps of hospital orderlies or sick attendants,
these are merely private soldiers selected for their intelligence and steadiness ; three or
four are sufficient for the ordinary duties of a regimental hospital, and when in the event
of an engagement or any unusual amount of disease an immediate increase in their numbers
is necessary, the new attendants have to learn their duties at the very moment when they
should be most proficient in them.

1 would suggest that every regimental hospital should have a certain proportion of extra
men in constant training as sick attendants, to be replaced by others as soon as they are
sufficiently acquainted with their duties, by which means in course of time a considerable
number of men in each regiment would be capable of acting as sick attendants in case of
emergency ; and this plan would be attended with no expense, as plenty of volunteers
would be found to attend the hospital at certain hours during the day on condition of
being excused from other duties.

8. The ambulance waggons sent out appear to answer well ; but it is a question whether
the pensioners might not be replaced with advantage by strong, active, and steady men.
As these waggons cannot keep up with light infantry in broken ground, and as the jolting
in such ground is often insupportable to the wounded, it would appear that a proportion
of mules or horses fitted with the side seats in use in the French army might be
added to the ambulance corps with advantage. The motion of a horse on rough ground is
infinitely easier than that of a waggon; and again, a horse can follow the troops through
brushwood, which is impassable to a waggon.

Not being at present with my regiment, I am unable to give accurate answers to
many of the queries. I have heard frequent complaints from tlae medical officers of the
regiment of the difficulty of procuring medicines and medical comforts, more especially
during the prevalence of cholera in Bulgaria.

I have, &c.
(Signed) T. Troubridge,

Major 7th Royal Fusiliers

158

Lieutenant-Colonel A. Borton, Commanding 9th Foot.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sabastopol, February 13, 1855.

I MUCH regret to be reminded that, in consequence of your letter of the 12 th Decem-
ber last having been mislaid, I have hitherto omitted to reply to the queries which you
therewith submitted to me relative to the sick in the regiment under my command. As,
however. Surgeon Dunlop of the 88 th Regiment, who was at that time in medical charge
of the corps, has, I believe, given without reserve all the information which you have
called for, I apprehend that any detailed statement on my part must be now unnecessary.

You will doubtless have gathered from Dr. Dunlop's report that for some time after the
9th Regiment reached camp the sick were exposed to the same privations as the healthy,
lying in bell tents, on damp ground, with no covering beyond that of a single blanket,
too often already saturate with wet. The weather was desperate, and the duties in the
trenches very severe. Cholera broke out on the third day, and in the absence of all
necessary comforts the mortality was, as might be expected, very great ; so that 90 deaths
took place amongst 450 men within a month of their disembarkation.

You have, I am informed, visited this army since that period, and need not, therefore, to
be informed that much of this privation and sickness was attributable to the great scarcity
of carriage and desperate state of the roads, by which the arrival of all necessary supplies
was retarded ; but, as regards my own regiment I have no doubt that, after a sickly summer
in Malta, during which the majority of the men had suffered from attacks of fever, they were
peculiarly ill calculated to withstand the severe privations to which this army has occa-
sionally been exposed. I have, &c.

(Signed) A. Borton,

Lieut.-Col. Commanding 9th Foot

Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Unett, Major Commanding 1 9th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 20, 1854.

In answer to your letter, dated Scutari, I have the Iwnour to transmit the enclosed
questions and answers for the information of the Medical Committee.

Question 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating
their names and rank ?

Answer 1. Three medical officers : Surgeon T. Longmore, Assistant Surgeon W. M.
Webb, and Assistant Surgeon E. L. Hiffernan.

Question 2. The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed, and their
general fitness for other duties in that capacity ?

Answer 2. One hospital sergeant and four orderlies ; men taken from the ranks, generally
old and trusty men as may be, but not trained or fitted for the duties they are called upon
to perform by any previous schooling.

Question 3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your
opinion as to its sufficiency ?
Anstver 3. The number of tents varied, but a sufficiency has not been furnished at any
time during our sojourn in the Crimea, more particularly in our march here.

Question 4. The quantity and nature of bed and bedding supplied for each patient,
together with your opinion as to its sufficiency. Also the number of close
stools, bed pans, urinals, and other such conveniences?
Answer 4. The bedding has been, most insufficient ; in fact, none at all beyond the
patient's great coat and blanket. About ten days since twenty-five mats were issued and
two tarpaulins; neither of these articles are fitted for placing the sick or wounded soldier
on. As regards close stools, bed pans, urinals, and other conveniences, none whatever were
supplied until a considerable period had elapsed since arriving here, and then not in suffi-
cient quantities, the want of which was acutely felt during the prevalence of the cholera
and diarrhoea here, and reported to me by the surgeon of the regiment as, in his belief, to
have increased the mortality.

Question 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical
comforts usually kept with the regiment ?
Answer 5. So small has been the supply issued at the various times that it has been used up
generally in two days, consequently it has been impossible to keep any store of medicines ;
the same applied to the medical comforts, and it has been my painful position_ to hear
repeatedly from sick officers and orderlies attending the hospital, the impossibihty there
was of obtaining from the regimental hospital either the medicines they required, or the
comforts they needed. I reported this want personally to the officer commanding the
division a few days after our batteries had opened. The general contradicted the report I
made in such a strong manner, and with such strong expression, that discretion thenceforth
kept me silent on this matter. I immediately returned and corroborated my statement by
a personal investigation in the regiment.

159

Question 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the means of keeping them in
order ?

Answer 6. The surgeon has his own private case of instruments, and there is one small
pubhc one for the use of one of the assistants, but there are no means of keeping them in
repair.

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?
Answer 7. There has been no means of cooking for the hospital, excepting the sick
men's small canteens, which have been quite inadequate. About ten days or so since, two
saucepans were given by the quartermaster, from three sent by the quartermaster general for
the use of the regiment ; but there are no cooking canteens or kettles by right belonging
exclusively to the hospital.

Question 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick in the field, for hospital tents
and stores, medicines, medical comforts and provisions, and surgical instruments,
materials, and appliances ?
Answer 8. One pannier pony, and ten stretchers carried by the men of the band, are the
only means of conveyance for the different articles enumerated.

Question 9. Is the number of medical officers, orderlies, and other hospital attendants
under you sufficient. If not, have you at any time applied for more, and if so,
what was the result of your application?
Answer 9. The medical officers, viz., the senior and three assistants, supposing they
always remained with the regiment, I consider sufficient ; but the assistants have been
and are continually sent away from the regiment on other duties. The hospital orderlies,
in number, have been always granted by the commanding officer, according to the want of
the. times.

Question 10. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment in
the Crimea, and if so, how often and for how long on each occasion (to the best
best of your recollection) to procure, on requisition, within the ordinary and
proper time for obtaining such things, a supply of any and what —
Medicines,

Surgical instruments or the repair of them,
Surgical materials and appliances.
Medical comforts,

Hospital furniture and conveniences,
Provisions for the use of the hospital ?
Answer 10. I leave this to the surgeon of the regiment more in detail to answer ; but
from my own knowledge I can safely say that after the conversation I had on the subject
with the general commanding the division, I compared the previous requisitions with the
supplies granted, and found that these requirements were as nothing in proportion to what
had been asked for.

Question 11. Have j^ou on any occasions, since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea, been obliged to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or apothe-
cary any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question. If
so, state from what quarter you procured them, and what the articles were ?
Answer 11. Most of the medical comforts were too expensive and too difficult to obtain
for the sick men generally ; but the sick officers, all along, for the most part, have been obliged
to purchase these comforts for themselves, and it has only been at considerable expense on
them, and trouble and difficulty, that these comforts have been met with in the different
ships and houses at Balaklava. There can be no doubt that had the regiment been jDro-
vided with proper means of transport for the men who fell sick on the line of march, as well
as transport for tlie medicines and requisites for the sick men's proper treatment, with better
protection against the weather, and better provisions for the care of the sick when the field
hospitals were established, that very many valuable lives in all human probability might
have been saved. I have, &c.

(Signed) Thomas Unett, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel,
Major Commanding 29th Regiment.

Colonel Fkederick Horn, Commanding 20th Regiment.

Sir, Camp before Sevastopol, January 2, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to forward through you, for the information of the Field Marshal
commanding, the accompanying reply to certain queries regarding the sanitary state of the
regiment under my command, as called for by the Medical Commissioners under the
authority of his Grace the Duke of Newcastle.

I have, &c.

(Signed) Frederick Horn, Colonel and Lieut.-Colonel
The Adjutant General of the Commanding 20th Regiment ,

Forces, Crimea.

X 2

160

Colonel Frederick Horn, Commanding 20th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 30, 1855.

In reply to your letter of the 12th instant, permit me to state that I consider it
needless for me to attempt to answer all the various queries contained in a document which
accompanied that communication, the surgeon of the 20th Regiment having more
accurately replied to them than I was able to do.

It is however my duty, when called upon, to afford all the information in my power on
the subject to which it refers ; and in doing so in a general way, I cannot but deplore the
sad want of better arrangements for the restoration of the sick and wounded of the regiment
tinder my command, and the lamentable results therefrom.

The ambulance department (from what particular cause I will not here attempt to
account for) has been next to useless since its establishment in the Crimea. The sick and
wounded were, in most instances, conveyed to Balaklava in jolting arabas,on the ambulance
muies of our allies the French, who kindly lent them, and on dragoon chargers, a singular
mode of conveying an enfeebled patient six miles, who, perhaps, even in health, had never
before mounted a horse.

There has been throughout the campaign a sad deficiency of tents for the hospital, and
the sick have been much exposed in consequence.

The surgeon reports to me the want of one of the most useful of medicines, where the
prevailing sickness is bowel complaint, namely, opium ; but the chief cause of this prevalent
complaint, all seem to agree, arises from the hard work, exposure to inclement weather, and
the hitherto difficulty in obtaining pi-oper transport for the comforts of the troops from Bala-
klava; and large fatigue parties of soldiers have, in addition to their already over-worked con-
dition, been compelled to wade through the mud to the above-named place, for the purpose
of bringing up their own rations, which the commissariat department failed to do, and all
other necessaries, medical comforts, and regimental stores, &c. &c.

I now hear that these poor fellows are expected to carry their own huts, when they
arrive in the Crimea.

There are no b^t horses, that I can find, allotted to the 4th Division, and hence officers'
chargers and private horses have been used to carry the men's rations, and latterly dragoon
horses have also assisted the commissariat department, but in a very trifling way. I have
very little hesitation in saying that owing to this sad mismanagement as to the establish-
ment of proper transport for the troops between the camp and Balaklava, much of the
prevalent sickness and mortality is attributable.

I have, &c.,

(Signed) Frederick Horn, Colonel and Lieut. -Colon el

Commanding 20th Regiment.

P.S. — Since writing the above I have been required to send a party of 150 men of the
regiment to Balaklava, for the purpose of bringing a small portion (only) of the planking
and timber required for the construction of their huts On the return of these men, they
will almost to a man be required to proceed to the trenches for the night, after their
twelve-mile trip and labour to and from Balaklava. These and other hard duties (for our
soldiers sometimes go four days out of the seven in the trenches), coupled with the fact of
their being frequently on short rations imperfectly cooked from want of time and good
weather, cannot, I apprehend, at the present inclement season, but seriously affect the
sanatory state of the troops serving in the Crimea.

Brevet Lieut.-ColoneI Lord West, Commanding 21st Fusiliers.

Gentlemen, Camp, heights above Sebastopol, 25th December 1854.

In compliance with the request contained in your letter of the 12th instant from
Scutari, I proceed to notice some of the points to Avhich my attention was therein drawn.

I will at once enter upon the larger view of the subject opened up in those queries
which you have addressed to the surgeon of the regiment under my command, to which he
has replied in detail, and in such a tenor as meets my fullest concurrence.

The miseries endured by our sick on the march from the landing place in the Crimea to
the Alma, after the action, and during the march thence to the heights above Sebastopol,
I consider to be the usual concomitants of any great enterprise such as that we
undertook.

It was probably found impossible to provide and embark a sufficiency of bat animals to
convey the stores, the material and baggage of a numerous army, hastily thrown upon a
hostile shore.

When such an effort is to be made, a calculated sacrifice of men must in general be
decided upon.

Such a sacrifice, unfortunately, did occur. In my regiment alone, in addition to the
deaths recorded and known, I have incurred a loss of 47 men unaccounted for, being those
who fell out in the march and could not be brought along ; or, who being embarked from
the Alma to Scutari, died on the passage, having never been heard of since.

161

I pass over such incidents as these, which must be classed amongst the usual calamities
attendant upon long marches and other rapid operations which mark the commencement of
a campaign.

I come now to what has occurred in our own standmg camp, which occurrences have
been so fully described by Dr. Mackinnon.

The utter helplessness of our medical department, their total inability to meet the pressing
emergencies as they arose, became most conspicuously manifest.

This may be attributed partly to their dependence upon the commissariat, and to their
want of stores, medicines, purveyors, and clerks upon the spot in the field.

Each division ought to have a purveyor and an apothecary department.

The sick in hospital should not be dependent for their rations upon the regiment to
which they belong ; they should receive their rations from the purveyors, as well as their
medical comforts and other extras.

In visiting my hospital I have constant complaints from the patients that they have not
received their biscuit and coffee from the companies.

The commissariat of the division will not now issue fresh meat to the surgeon on hia
requisition, and deducts it from the ration return of the regiment ; but they require it to
be issued to the different companies, who are then supposed to send it to their sick in
hospital, and this is very often most irregularly done.

The deputy inspectors and staff surgeons of divisions appear to possess no powers what-
ever. If, for instance, they send in an indent to the commissariat for straw for the
patients to lie upon, or for carriage, it is most probably refused ; the surgeon must then
try to obtain these and similar things through another channel — through the commanding
ofl&cer of the regiment, who refers it to the Assistant Quartermaster General of the
division, who forwards it to the Quartermaster General of the army.

It is this perpetual bandying to and fro of requisitions from one department to another,
the furnishing of some portion of hospital diet by the commissariat, and another, including
medical comforts, by the purveyor, that creates the delay and embarrassment that prevails
at present.

In conclusion, it appears to me that unless the medical board is reconstructed on a basis
of greater authority and independence as regards the procuring of carriage, of hospital
accommodation, furniture, and utensils ; and unless it is provided with an efficient staff of
purveyors, clerks, and apothecaries, present on the spot where the army is encamped, or in
quarters in the field, the unfortunate scenes of misery and destitution, and consequent loss
of hfe, such as I have witnessed amongst the sick in the camp, during the inclement
weather of the last six weeks, will inevitably, under similar circumstances, again occur.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) West,
Brevet Lieut.-Colonel commanding 21st Fusiliers.

Lieut. -Colonel Adams, commanding 28th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

I HAVE the honour herewith to enclose answers to the questions contained in the
accompanying papers, viz : —

Answer 1. Four: Siirgeon Marlow, Assistant Surgeons Brlce, Steuart, Wrench.

2. One orderly for ten patients, their fitness very tolerable ; I have received no com-
plaints to the contrary.

3. One marquee, which has seldom been found sufficient. I have frequently supplied
bell tents, taking them from the duty soldiers, a practice very objectionable.

4. No beds or bedding since (our arrival?) in the Crimea. We reserved a few at "Old
Fort," which we brought from Varna ; but as no carriage whatever was supplied for the
accommodation of the sick, had to send it on board ship again.

5. Not known ; but from my medical men I receive continued complaints of great
scarcity.

6. Not known.

7. Not known.

8. One mule ; stretchers have been supplied for carrying the dead and wounded.

9. Generally ; but upon occasions of cholera and other serious epidemics, extra men have
been required, but not allowed to be struck off the duty of the corps.

10. I am not aware of any particrdar cases ; but the surgeon of the regiment has often
reported great delay, and what is more, that many requisitions have been returned with
mformation that only a portion, or even that none were in store.

11. I have not heard of any.

RemarJcs.

I have reason to believe that the great siclaiess that has prevailed in the corps since the
arrival in the Crimea is from excess of duty, want of clothing and bedding, and from the
great Irregularity of supply of the rations, and these being chiefly salt provisions without

vegetables for so long n period. The tents are thin and worn out, and give but slight
protection to the soldiers in wet and windy weather.

The men, in my opinion, are overworked ; and consequently, the regular discipline to
which the army have been accustomed to has been in a great measure disregarded.

T have, &c.
(Signed; Frank Abams,
Lieut.-Colonel commanding 28th Regiment.

Brevet Lieut.-Colonel J. B. Patullo, commanding 30th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp, heights above Sebastopol, December 24, 1855.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th Inst.,
requesting answers to various queries. In reply, I beg to acquaint you that It Is not In
my power to give them, unless under authority proceeding from his Lordship the Field
Marshal Commanding the forces In the Crimea.

I have, &c.
(SIgnedj J. B. Patullo,

Major commanding 30th Regiment. ]

Gentlemen, Camp, January 15, 185a.

In answer to certain queries in your letter, dated 13th December 1854, I have the
honour to reply.

Ansiver 1. Surgeon Dowse, Assistant Surgeon Mackesey, Assistant Surgeon Milroy.

2. The number applied for by the surgeon has always been supplied, and I have every
reason to believe that they are sufficient, and fit.

3. The present number Is six bell tents, and I consider them Insufficient, and quite
unsuited for hospital purposes.

4. The quantity of raised stretchers are very few, and have only lately been received ;
bedding In sufficient quantity, buffiilo hides, and one vulcanized floor cloth have just been
issued, but will of course be ruined, and worse than useless, unless immediate steps are taken
to raise the patients from the wet ground, or liouse them In some way. The state of the
hospital since bad weather has set In has been deplorable, and it is not to be wondered at that
few return to their duty who enter it. The remainder of this query I leave to the surgeon,
as also jSTos. 5 & 6.

7. Lamentably deficient. Cooking carried on In the open air. A hut has been con-
structed, but no assistance or materials afforded by any authorities.

8. Ordinary hospital stretchers for wounded In the field, most of which have been worn
out or lost by constant use. Since the arrival of the regiment In the Crimea no means of
transport has been afforded for hospital teiits, stores, &c. beyond one pannier pony. The
sick are at present conveyed to Balaklava by tlie French ambulance mules. The stores,
tents, &c. have been brought to camp by any opportunity that offered.

9. I believe them to be sufficient.

10. The regiment, as far as I can judge, has been Invariably In want of proper medicines
and hospital comforts. I was not in command of the regiment on the march from
14th September to 5th November, but I have always, in cases of cholera, which were very
freqxient. heard the medical officers say that they could do nothing for the men ; they had
no means of treating the patients ; even in cases of officers and men of the regiment who
were taken Into Balaklava suffering from cholera, the medical officers who accompanied them
were unable to obtain at the general hospital a grain of medicine suitable to the disease.

11. I leave to the surgeon.

In conclusion, I am of opinion that the departitnent has been conducted during the
campaign with too rigid economy by the superintending officers, and that many of the
subordinates are deterred from making the necessary requisitions through fear of its bringing
on them the censure of their superiors and affecting their future prospects.

The medical officers of the regiment have exerted themselves to the utmost with the
means at their disposal.

I have, &c.

(Signed) J. B. PatuLlo, Brevet Lieut.'-Colonel,
Commanding 30th Regiment.

Major A. C. Goodenough, Commanding 34th Regiment.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 21, 1854.

I have the honour to forward you answers to the questions contained in your letter
of the 13th December.

Answer 1. The medical officers doing dtity at present with the 34th Regiment are
Assistant Surgeon Evans, M.D., 16tii Lancers; Assistant Surgeon Haward, 34th
Regiment; and Assistant Surgeon Phillips, M.B., Staff.

163

2. One sergeant, one corporal, and six privates are employed as orderlies in the hospital,
and more if required.

3. One marquee tent and one bell tent are at present sufficient to accommodate the
patients ; more can be obtained if necessary.

4. No bedding, close stools, urinals, bed pans, or any such conveniences have been
supplied to the hospital.

I can say nothing of the quantity gr nature of the medicines supplied, but the supply of
medical comforts is very small.

6. On this head 1 know nothing.

7. There are no means of cooking extras or rations in the hospital, there being only one
camp kettle.

8. No panniers have been issued for the conveyance of comforts, appliances, or surgical
instruments.

9. In my opinion the number of medical officers, orderlies, and attendants in the
34th hospital is sufficient.

10. I was unable on landing to obtain, on requisition, medical comforts, hospital furniture,
and conveniences, or provisions for the use of the hospital.

11. On landing I was obliged to furnish the hospital myself with candles and brandy,
though in small quantities ; this was before the regiment was attached to any division.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) A. C. Goodenough,

Major commanding 3-ith Regiment.

Colonel D. A. CameeOn, Commanding 42d Highlanders.

Gentlemen, Heights of Balaklava, December 29, 1854.

In compliance with the request contained in your letter of the 13th instant, I have
the honour to enclose herewith my replies to some of the queries you forwarded to me, all
of which, however, the surgeon of the regiment will be able to answer more fully and
satisfactorily.

Since the commencement of the campaign in the Crimea, the wounded and sick men
have usually been taken so far to the rear, as to prevent my visiting them often, and ascer-
taining how they were treated. I am, therefore, unable to furnish you with so much
information as I could wish.

Replies to certain Queries relative to the Treatment and Condition of the Sick and
Wounded Men of the 42d Royal Highlanders.

Heights of Balaklava, December 29, 1854.
Answer 1. Only two regimental officers are at present doing duty with the regiment, viz..
Surgeon G. Wood and Assistant Surgeon A. McKinnon. Of the two remaining assistant
surgeons, one is sick at Scutari, and the other was sent home by a medical board in J uly
last, and has not since rejoined.

2. Five orderlies are at present employed at the hospital, who, I presume, are fit for
their duties, as no complaint has been made to me in that respect by the surgeon.

3. Five bell tents have been supplied for the sick in camp, Avhich are sufficient for all
slight cases ; all serious cases are sent down to a house in the village of Kadikoi, serving
as a hospital.

4. I am not aware that any bedding has ever been supplied for the use of the patients,
nor any conveniences of the kind alluded to in this query, except a few close-stools, &c.
which the surgeon reports to have received a few days ago. The want of such utensils
has been seriously felt, dIarrho3a having always been the prevailing complaint, and men
enfeebled by this disease having great difficulty and pain in making their way to the
latrines.

7. I have never received any complaint from the surgeon of the inadequacy of the means
of cooking.

8 . When the army was in Bulgaria, the encampment of the division was very frequently
changed, and the sick were conveyed in arabas, exposed to the sun, and the jolting of
these rude carriages. Only on one occasion do I remember their being conveyed in our
own ambulance waggons, viz., on the march between Gevlekler and Varna, and very few
were so conveyed. The hospital marquees were also conveyed in arabas. On the march
fi-om the place of debarkation on the coast of the Crimea to Balaklava, one araba was
allowed for the conveyance of the hospital tents of the whole division, one tent for a
battalion, and only two arabas for the sick, the greater part being compelled to follow the
best way they could. The men wounded at the Battle of the Alma were taken to the
rear on bearers carried by the band.

9. The number of medical officers doing duty is not sufficient. The number of orderlies
is always regulated according to the wishes of the surgeon.

I have, &c.,

(Signed) D. A. Cameron, Colonel and Lieut. Colonel,

Commanding 42d Regiment.

164

Colonel Spencer, Commanding 44th Regiment.

SiRj Camp near Sebastopol, December 1, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to enclose the following answers to the questions contained in your
letter of 13 th instant.

Ansioer 1. Surgeon Mee, Assistant Surgeon Gibbons, Staff Assistant ditto Sparks.

2. As per regulation. The sergeant is very fit ; the orderlies being supplied from the
ranks, can only be fit by experience.

3. and 4. The supply of bedding has been very small ; for a long time the patient had
only his own blanket. There has been a further supply very lately. The large marquee
furnished for the hospital has not been found sufficient. Whilst the cholera was raging at
Varna, thei'e was no bed stool; now, one has been furnished.

5. The quantity of medicines and medical comforts has been very limited ; not long since
there was no brandy or opium for cholera patients.

6. I believe good.

7. The means are much the same as those of men out of hospital, consequently very
indifferent. Supply of fuel, bad.

8. Very bad.

9. I do not think the number of medical officers sufficient.

10. Frequent requisitions have been made for the articles specified in this question, but
without success.

11. There has been no opportunity of obtaining from other quarters the above mentioned
articles.

There has been a difficulty in providing medical comforts for sick officers, it being under-
stood that the latter were supposed to supply themselves. This has been found impracti-
cable ; and I would suggest that in all cases of sick officers they should be allowed these
comforts or payment for the same.

I have, tScc.
(Signed) A. Spencer,

Colonel Commanding 44th Regiment.

Major Alexander Maxwell, Commanding 46th Regiment.

Siu, Camp before Sebastopol, January 3, 1855.

EjjCLOSED I send you replies from Surgeon Webb of the Regiment under my com-
mand, to certain questions sent to him from a Commission of which you are a member.
I have nothing to add to Surgeon Webb's remarks.

I have, &c.

A. Cumming, Esq., (Signed) Alexander Maxwell,

&c. &c. Major Commanding 46th Regiment.

Colonel Wm. G. Halt, Lieut.-Colonel Commanding 47th Regiment.

Gentlemen, January 4, 1855.

I beg to forward answers to the queries enclosed in your letter handed to me by
Stafi" Surgeon Laing, M.D. 1 regret that I should not have been able to forward them
by an earlier opportunity. I have endeavoured, in my replies, to enter as fully as possible
into all points which came under my observation as a commanding officer of a regiment.
I will not attempt to disguise from you that it was most depressing and discouraging to see
the very meagre allowance of comforts and appliances for the accommodation of the sick,
especially in Bulgaria, where there Was no difficulty, had proper arrangements existed, in
providing any amount of nourishing diet, prepared in a palatable form, with any medicines
or comforts that might be necessary for them. I hope the Commissioners will call upon
Staff Surgeon Geo. Saunders for any sanitary report that may be necessary from the
47th Regiment, as that officer had medical charge of the corps from early in July until
his promotion in Nov. 1854 — a medical officer who most deservedly enjoyed the fullest
confidence of the whole regiment.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Wm. G. Haly, Colonel,
Lieut-Colonel Commanding 47th Regiment.

Answers to queries submitted.
Answer 1. On the 6th November, the date of leaving my regiment in the Crimea for the
General Hospital, Scutari, (having been wounded in the battle of Inkermann), the following
medical officers were present with the 47th Regiment, viz. three. Assistant Surgeon
Geo. Saunders, M.D., in medical charge of the corps since the month of July 1854, — an
officer distinguished since his entry into the 47th Regiment in 1846 for his zeal and ability
in the discharge of his duty, as also for his kind and prompt attention to the sick of all

165

ranks. Dr. Saunders lias since been promoted on the staff; and the regiment, both officers
and men, feel that in him they liave lost a medical officer in whom they had the greatest
confidence. Assistant Surgeon White, M.D., appointed to the 47tii Regiment about
January 1854, very zealous and attentive to his duties and the patients under his care.

Assistant Surgeon Cusack, M.D., joined the 47th Regiment in Bulgai-ia in July 1854,
very highly reported of by Dr. Saundex-s in medical charge. The surgeon of the regiment.
Dr. Weld, left the regiment when in camp in Bulgaria, in the month of July 1854, for
Varna, sick, and did not return to the duties of the regiment until the latter part of the
month of November 1854. I am of opinion, therefore, that the most correct report of the
sanitary state of the 47th Regiment and of hospital supplies, both in Bulgaria during the
prevalence of cholera, and on boai'd the steam transport Melbom-ne," on passage to the
Crimea, as also during the operations in that country, can be farniscd by Staff Surgeon
Saunders.

2. One hospital sergeant, one man as cook, and four orderlies (two paid and two acling\
During the course of July, the hospital sergeant (Purcell) was taken ill; he was a very
efficient and attentive non-commissioned officer, with experience in that dep;irtment, highly
spoken of by Staff Surgeon Battersby, for many years in medical charge of the 47th Regi-
ment, as also by Dr. Saunders. Hospital Sergeant Purcell was left sick at Varna on our
embarkation for the Crimea. He was succeeded by an active and intelligent sergeant, but
of course inexperienced in hospital duty.

The orderlies belonging to the regiment proved very zealous and attentive. One died
in Bulgaria of cholera; another efficient orderly died in camp before Sebastopol, in October,
of diarrhoea. The men were of course succeeded in their duties by others of no experience.
It would, in niy opinion, be very desirable, if, in addition to the orderlies, a properly taught
cook could be allowed for the regimental hospital, with sufficient extra pay to make him
value his situation, and not seek to leave it for more beneficial employment in the regiment,
(say fourpence per diem) ; it would be an inducement to a man to take pains, and tend
very materially to the comfort of the sick.

3. During the greater portion of the time the regiment was in Bulgaria, one hospital
marquee was allowed, which, in my opinion, was insufficient : supposing a battalion in the
field 800 strong to have five per cent, sick present gives 40, which would certainly require
two marquees. During the month of August, when the number of sick had much
increased, in consequence of different applications on the subject we at last were granted
a second marquee. It would also be desirable that in addition to the marquees inhabited
by the patients, two bell tents be allowed for each regimental field hospital, one for the
separate use of the orderlies and attendants, another for the use of the medical officers,
for the purpose of writing, making up returns, reports, &c. with other duties not advan-
tageously performed mixed u.p with the patients in the hospital marquee.

4. I am not prepared at this rnoment to state preciselv the quantity of bedding allowed,
or intended to be allowed, to each regimental hospitid. The nature of the bedding was
in my opinion totally uiifit for the use of the sick, in the manner in wdiich it was thereto
applied; it consisted of a piece of double canvas laid on the bare earth, without ihe
slightest intermediate substance, the soldier's great coat and an ordinary blanket. Sick
men, who were obliged to lie in a state of suffering on the hard ground for days and even
weeks, had much to endure, which could not tend towards the patient's convalescence.
Having, during the period we Averc in Bulgaria, discovered that the canvas spread under
the patients was in reality the ticking of a paillasse, I made application through the regular
channel for a supply of straw for the sick, pointing out that if the authorities at home
had supplied paillasse tickings, it must have been intended that the sick sliould be furnished
with straw to iill them. I regret to say that my applicntion was returned to me, with a
remark signed by the sttiff surgeon of the 2nd bi\ i.-ion, that th(,^ s^npply of straw for the
sick was deemed unnecessary.

However, not satisfied at seeing my sick men lying on the ground, I succeeded in the
corrrse of some days in making some hay, which I gave over to stuff the beds in the hospital,
having previously given one small hair mattress for the nsc of such patient as might be
most in need of it. Previous to the embarkation for the Crimea, some small mattresses
(I think twelve) were given for the use of the sick. I cannot state the number of close
stools supplied, but I believe none ; I am av.-are that there was one bed pan. I know that
there was no such thing as a urinal supplied to the hospital of the 47th Regiment, having
myself, when confined to my bed in camp, on one occasion applied for the use of one ; the
rejily sent to me was that none had been supplied.

5.^ In replying to this query, I cannot take upon myself to state with anything like
precision t!ie nature and quantity of the medicines kept with the regiment, but i am
aware that the supply was very limited, :u>d sometimes very scanty and insufficient. On
one occasion, to quote an individual case, a field officer of the regiment suffering from
severe indisposition, for sevcrnl days the remedy required, (blue pill, I believe,) althourh
anxiously sought for by the medical officer in' charge, could not be procured from the
medical stores. This occurred in the Crimea previous to the advance upon Sebastojiol.

The medieid comfoi ts Avere gcneially, both in Bulgaria and the Crimea, on all occa?ions
very limited and insnificient ; someUmes necessary articles Avere deficient and not procurable.
Many soldiers Avere supplied with such things Ix-th in the hospital tent and during conva-
lescence, from the small stock which some officers had v/ith them for personal use.

166

1 am aware that wlieu the aruiy made its advance tVoin its iii-st position on tiie sea coast
in the Crimea towards Sebastopol, the hospital panniers of the 47th lieginieat possessed
one bottle of brandy, and I believe no wine, and other articles for tlie comfort of the sick
were either deficient or insufficient. On the night after the battle of Alma my medical
officers were deficient of candles or any other sort of light, for the purpose of attending to
the wounded, unless that obtained from a little burning \vood.

6. This query I am of course unable to touch upon, or give any reply to, beyond that I
never heard of any deficiency in tliis respect.

7. Tlie means of cooking hos[)ital rations were very insufficient for the purpose, an important
one towards the recovery of weak and sickly men. For a very considerable time, I think
until tlie month of August, beyond arrow-root or sago, no cooking took place at the
hospital tent.

The [jatient's ordinary ratioi of badly-cooked meat or soup was brought from his
comjjany, and in most cases between the want of appetite and the cold and impalatable
nature of the food it was to be seen almost if not entirely untouched.

In ihilgaria poultry was abundant and very cheap; fowls as low, according to size, as
fourpence (two piastres) a couple ; tcnpence for a goose, which would have tempted half-a-
dozen i^atients to eat ; nothing of the kind was sv.pplied.

Latterly, a few \iteusils having been supplied to the hospital, a soldier was appointed to
cook, and the ordinary ration of tiie soldier, v. lien sick, was sent from the companies to
the hosi)ital tents uncooked, and as the cook was a soldier untaught in cookeiy, but an in-
different meal could therefrom be produced. See answer to No. 2 as to cook.

During the expedition to the East, both in Bulgaria and in the Crimea, to my own
positive knowledge, many a soldier, when becoming sickly or after being in hospital, has
broken down from the effect of mawkish and insipid food, badly cooked, which debihty and
want of appetite prevented his eating ; and several soldiers so situated have, to my
personal knowledge, been set up and in a great measure restored to health in ray own
regiment by the help of a little vt'holesome and palatable food from officers' tents.

8. During the marches in Bulgaria, and when proceeding from the camp to the general
hospital at Varna, the sick were conveyed in arabas or coimtry waggons drawn by two oxen ;
the ambulance carriages, from some cause or other, appear not to have been available or
sufficient. The same mode of conveyance prevailed in the Crimea, unless in some instances
between the lines before Sebastopol and BiJaklava, when ambulance carriages were
provided.

In the field, the wounded were carried from where they fell to the hospitals, or the spot
where the medical officers had establislied themselves, by the musicians, a class not over-well
adapted for tliat duty, from the Hict ')!"rj:u)y of tliem l)oing young growing lads of hardly
sufficient physical strength for the purpose, and whose intelligence and activity miglit, in
my opinion, be more beneiicialiy employed in assisting the medical officers at the field
hospital, and attending to the wants of the sick and wounded on such emergencies, than in
merely pcrforuiing the duty of porters or labourers.

One horse was allowed to carry the medical panniers, in which are conveyed the medicines,
instruments, and medical comforts, which, I should consider, can hardly be considered
sufficient for the wants of a battalion on active service in the field. For so important a
service two horses or mules might well be allowed, and thus in the event of the two wings
of the battalion being separated on any temporary service, one horse and panniers would be
available to accompany each wing. Separate and additional carriage is of course required
for the hospital marquees or tents, whether, according to circumstances, it be wheel carriage
or bat animals.

9. I should presume that the present establishment of one surgeon and three assistant
surgeons would be equal to any Avants of tlie battalion, supposing that these medical officers
are present and fit for duty. Were each divisional staff surgeon to have two staff assistant
surgeons under his orders, it would enable him to replace any deficiency that might tem-
porarily occur in the medical establishment of any regiment in the division from sickness or
other cause. I never had occasion to apply for extra medical aid, which application under
ordinary circumstances have originated with the officer in medical charge, on whose
application I always furnished any number of extra hjinds as hospital attendants on
temporary duty.

10. I never had myself in the Crimea to make application personally for any articles of
medical supplies or comforts, but I can state that Dr. Saunders frequently lamented the
very scanty means at his disposal, both as regards medicines and comforts for the sick ; and
as stated in my i*eply to query 5, some blue pill required for a field officer of the regiment
could not be procured from the medical stores. This question can probably be correctly
answered by the officer who was in medical charge during that period.

11. It having been mentioned to me by Dr. Saunders, some time in July or August,
that he was totally deficient of arrow-root for the use of the sick, and had been unable to
procure it on appHcation, I succeeded in obtaining a very small quantity from an officer of
the regiment, which I gave for the use of the sick in hospital. On another occasion, in
reply to an application for arrow-root, one pound of ground rice was given for the use of the
regimental hospital. Being informed that the supply of wine to the regimental hospital
was so very limited, I constantly gave such contribution as I could from a small stock pur-
chased by myself for the purpose, and only regret that my very limited means prevented

167

my being able to afford a better supply, the hospital wiae being exclntively reserved for
the most urgent cases.

I have endeavonred, in ansAvcring the diflterent qnestion? submitted as fully as I am able,
to combine Avith the ansAver any snggostiou -which I thought I might venture to ofter on
that particular point. I would here beg to add that bad results may in every respect be
anticipated, if the skill of the mcdicnl officers is nullified by the total want or niggardly
supply (,f medicines, nutritious articles of diet, or other comforts and appliances. The
zealous medical officer nuist fee! discouraged and insecure in his practice ; the sick soldier
sirfters additionallv, both in body and mind, and the means at the disposal of the regimental
medical officer proving after a time insufficient, a further suffering is entailed on the
soldier, and expense and delay iiicurred in the removal of the patient to a distant general
hospital; Avhereas a more liberal system of management and supply in the regimental hos-
pital might have sooner restored the soldier to his place in the raidvs, have given him and
his comrades greater confidence in their own medical officers, and hav-e lessened the very
depressing and bad effects on all ranks, of seeing so many men carried off to the general
hospitals.

It should l:>e borne in mind that there are few thhigs soldiers dislike more than, iC it can
he avoided, being removed from their own regiment to a general hospital, and the dislike is
very natural. The food and cooking of the hospitals should be improved, as also should
the cooking in general of the soldier^, which is lamentably deficient in the English army.

On each regimental Imspital establishment a corporal siiould be borne as a staff non-com-
missioned officer, in addition to the hospital sergeant, which would affjrd an opportunity of
training for the superior duty.

I think that flannel shirts, if introduced generally in wear for the army, would very much
diminish the sick list in most climates.

I have, &c.
(Signed) M. G. Haly,

Lieut. Colonel, commanding 47th Regiment.

Major J. T. Grant, commanding 49th Kegiment,

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, December 27, 1854.

I HAVE have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, and beg to furnish
you with information that you have called for.

1. Doing duty with the 49th Regiment, Surgeon Davies, and Assistant Siu'geons
Hannan and Jephson. The surgeon in charge of the corps considers it liighly advisable
that the assistant surgeons should always be kept with their regiment, and that the staff
assistants should be employed in attending on all sick and wounded men that may be
detached.

2. One sergeant and two orderlies, not sufficient for a regiment iir the field.

3. Large hospital marquees should be furnished instead of bell tents.

4. Twenty-four beds supplied last month ; they take up too much room for any bell
tent. No bedding has been received. One bed pan, and one chamber pot received. No
close-stools.

5. Of medical comforts and medicineis, the supply insufficient.

6. Reported on by Smgeon Davies.

7. Ditto.

8. Ditto.

9. Medical officers, if kept with their regiment, the number sufficient ; orderlies not,
fatigue men being daily detached from the regiment to assist in the duty.

10. Reported on by surgeon.

n. Surgeon Davis, 49th Regiment, who is a most valuable and attentive officer, has
fully explained in his letter the advantages that there would be, were the accommodation
for the sick in more roomy tents ; and also that means should be provided for the convey-
ance of medicines, medical comforts, sick and Avounded, and an increase to the senior branch
of the medical profession.

1 have, &c.
(Signed) J. T. GliANT,

Major, commanding 49th Regiment.

Lieut. Colonel Robert A. G. Dalzell, commanding 63d Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 28, 1854.

I HAVE not much time, — certainly not so much as the subject desei'ves, — to devote to
your letter of the 14th instant ; but as you desire information regarding the condition of
the sick and wounded officers and soldiers of this army, and have called upon me to reply
to as many of the queries you have addressed to the surgeon of the regiment under my com-
mand as may be in my power, I beg to submit the following remarks, premising that, in
my opinion, the condition of the sick has been, and is, far less satisfactory than would
appear from Surgeon Lewins' letter to you. This observation I made to Dr. Lewins on
returning it, after careful perusal, disclaiming, as I now again do, any imputation of his

Y 2

168

veracity. His attention to the sick has been unremitting, and his duties most laborious
and unenviable ; yet the state of the sick soldiers has been, so far as my observations have
extended, most pitiable, and had I not witnessed it in my visits to the hospital as com-
manding officer, I would not have credited the existence of such discomfort, — to use the
mildest term.

To queries 3 and 4, I reply that the quantity and nature of bed and bedding in use of
each patient have not l^eeu, and are not, what one might reasonably expect, attributable in
a degree, it would ap]3ear, to the number of tents being insufficient, as also the description
of tent being unsuited to the purpose. The 63d Kegiment has received 20 cots, but not
more than four, or at the utm.ost hvc, could be extended in a bell tent. As there is but
one marquee, and only eight bell tents, either several (many ?) lots arc useless, or many
sick men could not be received into hospital. The preference has unavoidably been o-iven
to an admission of the utmost number of sick, of whom I find (I write in the present
tense as not affecting tlie truthfulness of my representations) the average to be ten in each
bell tent. These men have only their great coats and two blankets at most, each; under-
neath no bed whatever, not even straw or hay, and the ground very damp, the air verv
foul, and the appearance and condition of tliese beings prostrated by illness, and mostly
utterly helpless, to my mind most deplorable. I have ordered to be issued for hospital use
from time to time as Dr. Lewins made application, every available tent and blanket, and
have on no one occasion refused the services of men as orderlies or attendants, or on fati"'ue
for wood and water carrying, &c., yet the etiect of Dr. Lewins' admirable exertions, and
my own ordinarily considerate efforts on behalf of suft'ering humanity, has not been grati-
fying. Indeed that the mortality (I speak of my own coi'ps) should have been, and should
continue to be, great, is not surprising to one quite ignorant of curative science, but that
some of the many who are admitted into hospital, (and we are now at the 28th December !j
should recover sufficiently to be discharged on this side of the grave, always appears to me
little short of a miracle ! In explanation of the paucity of tents, bedding, &c., it is to be
noted that the protracted detention of the army around Sebastopol not having been pro-
vided for at a sufficiently early date, when numberless additional supplies were needed,
they were not pi'ocurable. The number of conveyances was not equal to the requirements
of any department, and of course the sick, as well as others, felt, and have continued to
feel, the breaking down of carts and deaths of animals, from over-work and under-feedino-
during periods of constant rain, wind, and cold. There has been no means of washing,
even at the hospital ; thus there has been waste and want of blankets, the badly soiled
ones having to be rephiced by entirely new, a drain which the number in possession of the
regiment has never been able to meet successfully.

Hoping that these remarks may tend in a slight degree to prevent a longer continuance
of the evisting evils, and may ameliorate the condition of the sick hereafter,

I have, &c.
(Signed) Robekt A. G. Dalzell,

Lieut. Col., commanding 63d Kegiment.

Lieut. Colonel Graham Egerton, 77th Foot.

Gentlemen, Light Division Camp before Sebastopol, December 23, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter enclosing a list of queries
connected with the medical administration of this army, to which I append answei's in such
particulars as I am competent to speak to.

I have confined my remarks as closely as possible to events in the Crimea, but I regret
that the inquiry entrusted to your investigation does not appear to extend to the period
of our service in Bulgaria, where no one placed in the position of a commanding officer of
a regiment could witness the deficiency of means to alleviate the Avants and sufferings of
the sick soldier without a pang.

We are here in the territory of a hostile power, and consequently surrounded by difficul-
ties, but at Aladyn, Devna, and the neighbourhood of Pravadi, no such obstacles could be
advanced in excuse, for we had at command the assistance of the Turkish authorities, and
abundance of transport under proper management, to have ensured our troops an adequate
supply of medicines and comforts, in both of wliich my own and every other regiment in
the Light Division were kept lamentably deficient in spite of the efforts and remonstrances
of the regimental surgeons.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Graham Egerton,
Lieut-Colonel, 77th Regiment, Brevet Colonel.

Question 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment, stating
their names and rank ?

Ansiuer 1. Four.

Surgeon Christopher Macartney, M.B.
Assistant Surgeon 11. G. Burton, M.D.
Ditto Ormsby B. Miller.

Ditto Alexander Humfrev.

169

Question 2. The number of orderlies and otlier liospital attendants employed^ and
their general fitness for their duties in that capacity?
Ansiver 2. One hospital sergeant and six orderlies at ])rcscnt ; any increase wished for
by the surgeon is promptly responded to at all times, and in the event of liis reporting any
to me as incompetent, sucla are immediately exchanged.

Question 3. The number of tents supplied for hospital accommodation, and your opinion

as to its sufficiency ?

Ansiver 3. Three circular tents obtained from the Quartermaster General's Depart-
ment, and two circular tents taken temporarily from the companies. A hospital marquee
repeatedly applied for hoi\\ by the surgeon and myself through every quarter, and although
approved of and ordered by tiie QuartennastL'r General, cannot be obtained.

Present tent acconinioi-lation insufficient and wholly unsuited to the lodgjnent of sick,
whose sufferings have been greatly aggravated by the cold, wet, and exposure consequent
upon the attempt made to convert ordinary soldiers' tents to hospital pui-poses.

Qvcstion 4. The quantity and nature of l^ed and bedding supplied for each patient,
together with your opinion as to its sufHciency ; also the number of close stools,
bed pans, urinals, and other sucli conveniences ?
Ansiver -1. At first the patients had oidy one blanket, but now each has two. There
are, besides, some water decks, but tlie palliasses in use in Bulgaria are wanting. Bedding
insufficient beyond a doubt.

Question 5. The general nature and average quantity of medicines and medical comforts
usually kept with the regiment?
Ansiver 5. Opiates and astringents, I understand, ])at I am informed the supply both
of medicines and comforts in hand is not sufficiently large.

Question. 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and th.e means of keeping them in
order and repaii'
Ansiver 6. The surgeon will answei- this in detail.

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadefjuaey of such means
Ansiver 7. Hitherto only a few camp kettles, }ierfectly inadequate for the purpose.

Question 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick and wounded in the field, for
hospital tents and stores, medicines, medical comforts, and provisions, and surgical
instruments, materials, and appliances ?
Answer 8. No transport beyond tiie medical p inuier horse could be obtained on landing
in the Crimea. An araba wdth two bullocks was privately captured and subsequently
recognized, but tlie bullocks are dead and the cart broken to pieces ; the j^anuier horse alone
remains.

Question 9. Is the uumber of medical officers, orderlies, and other hospital attendants
under you sufficient, if not have you at any time applied tor more, and if so what
was the result of your application?
Ansiver 9. Yes; provided none of the assistant surgeons are hereafter detached with sick
or wounded to Scutari, but if that practice continues, no.

Question 10. Have you been unable at any time since the lauding of your regiment
in the Crimea, and if so liow often and for how long on each occasion, to the best
of your recollection, to procure on requisition within the ordinary and proper time
for obtaining sucli things, a supply of any and what —
Medicines ;

Surgical instruments, or the repair of them ;
Surgical materials and appliances ;
Medical comforts ;

Hospital furniture and conveniences ;
Provisions for the use of the hospital ?

Question 11. Have you on any occasion since the landing of your regiment in the
Crimea been obliged to procure from other quarters than the purveyor or apothe-
cary any articles comprised under the heads mentioned in tlie last question, if so,
state from what quarter you procured them, and what the articles were ?

Ansivcrs 10 and 11. Kice and sugar have had to be obtained from the commissariat at
times, in default of the purveyor being able to supply them. Previously to landing in the
Crimea it was constantly the case that we cyuld not procure the medicines and comforts
demanded upon requisition, and I was obliged to give peremptory orders t'^at no medicines
should be sent to the surgeons of other corps whose supply had failed, for fear of being left
utterly destitute of them.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Graham Egerton,
Lieut. Colonel, 77th Regiment, Brevet Colonel.

Y 3

170

Colonel H. Shirley, commanding 88th Regiment,

Camp before Sebastopol, December 28, 1854.
Anstoer 1. Surgeon J. G- P. Moure, Assistant Surgeons T. R. Williams, Wiliiain Harris^
and William Meade.

2. One sergeant and six orderlies : additional orderlies are always supplied whenever the
surseon asks for them, but few soldiers are fit for the dutv.

.3. The hospital tents now used are five common round bell tents, and one of these is
used to contain the medicines, Ikc. These arc not nearly sufluicient to contain half the sick,
(having bj^ this morning's state three sergeants, and 107 rank and file sick, of these twenty-
eight only are in the hospital tents,) and are, moreover, perfectly unsuited to the purpose,
especially in such weather as we have had for this last month or more, as they are not
weatherproof, being simple without any sort of lining to make them warm or waterproof

We had a hospitnl marquee when in Bulgaria, l)ut have had no means of carrying it
since we landed in the Crimea. 1 believe it is now at Balaklava, but we cannot get it up,
having no araba attached to the regiment, and it cannot be carried on horses' backs ; and
although application has been frequently made, we have never received one. I would sug-
gest that tents of a more portable description, and lined with some waterproof material,
should be issued for the use of the field hosj)ital ; and also that any building that may be
in the neighbourhood of the caiup be fitted up as a hospital, by having windows and
shutters put to it with a floor and fire-])lace. Such a building is close to the Light Division,
but very little has been done to make it habitable, and that little only very lately, within
the last month. It has been used as a hospital for wor.nded men when in a most dilapidated
state.

4. The only l)edding hitherto issued for the use of the patients consists of a few mats,
which in a few days become perfectlj^ useless from the damp ; two very iudiflerent tar-
paulins and blankets, (of the latter each man has one of his own,) and I sent twenty addi-
tional of those issiied by the Government a few weeks ago. I am not aware what number,
in addition to these, Jiave been supplied by the medical department. There are no tressel
bedsteads and no waterdecks, or anj'^thing to keep the men from the wet ground, but what
I have mentioned above, and these liave only been lately supplied. No close stools in posses-
sion ; there are three bed pans, and six ui inals, and these it appears have only been issued
within the few last days.

5. I have no means of ascertaining this, but I have often been informed that the supply
of both medicines and medical comforts have not been nearly so ample as they ought
to be.

6. Will be answered by the surgeon.

7. The means of cooking are the same as those for the rest of the regiment ; viz., camp
kettles of a very defective construction ; no stoves or fire-places of any description, except
a heap of stones piled up to raise the pot and placed against a wall of loose stones. Within
the last few days, three pots with handles and placed on iron stands were issued to the regi-
ment, and 1 sent them to the hospital. These are an improvement on the common camp
kettles, inasmuch as they have handles, but I am not aware that any saucepans or utensils
for cooking, ditt'erent from those in use in tlie regiment, are even issued for the hospital.
In short, I consider the means of cooking anything which requii'es more than common
boiling most indequate.

Since writing the above I have been informed that stoves are to be pi'ocured, and I have
made a requisition accordingly, but I doubt whether they are adapted for cooking.

8. Ten stretchers for conveying wounded off" the field, and one horse which carries a pair
of panniers with surgical instruments and a few medicines ; no other conveyance for hos-
pital tents or stores of any sort or kind.

9. Answered by the Surgeon.

10. I am aware that application lias frequently been made without avail for those things,
but as they not made through the Commanding OflScer, I cannot answer the question with
the accuracy I would wish.

11. This must also be answered by the surgeon for the same reason.

Regarding the last paragraph, I conceive that if the control of the medical staff was placed
more immediately under the General Officers commanding brigades and divisions than it is
at present, the supply of necessary comforts for the men would be much greater and earlier
obtained .than at present, and at all events otHcers commanding regiments, as the report to
the General Officers would then go throiigh them, would know what the men received in
the way of comforts, which, in consequence of the excessive jealousy of the medical depart-
ment regarding the shghtest interference with their practice, they cannot ascertain with any
degree of accuracy at present.

I have, &c.
(Signed) H. Shirley,

Colonel, commanding 88th Regiment.

171

The Officev commanding 95tli Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December 24, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated Scutari, Dec. 15,
and to inform you that no information can be given except by authority from the Com-
mander-in-Chief.

I have, &c.

commanding 95th Regiment.

Brevet Major T. Davis, (-ommanding 95t]i Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, January 12, 1855.

In compliance with a memorandum from the head quarters of the army, published in
yesterday's orders, I now have the honour to forward the answers I had prepared for your
questions, on the receipt of your letter of the loth of December last, dated the 27th of
December 1854.

I have, &c.
(Signed) T. Davis,

Brevet Major, commanding 95th Regiment.

Question 1. The number of medical officers now present with your regiment ?
Answer 1. Generally the full number of four, although two were detached for a time.

Question 2. The number of orderlies and other hospital attendants employed, and their
general fitness for their duties in that capacity ?

Question .3. The number of tents employed for hospital accommodation, and you
opinion as to its sufficiency ?

Ansiver '.). The common bell tents are used : tlieir number depends on the number
sick.

Question 4. The number and nature of bed and bedding supplied for each patient,
together with your opinion as to its sufficiency ; also the number of close stools,
bed-pans, ui'inals, and other such conveniences ?

Ansiver 4. None generally ; a few rush mats were issued on one occasion. In wet
weather I have seen the sick lying on mud, in their tents, with no sort of covering but a
damp blanket. Mortification and dropsy of the extremities, in addition to a number of
deaths, might, in my opinion, be attributed to these causes ; of course this state of things
increases or decreases as the weather varies.

Question 5. The general nature mid average quantity of medicines and medical comforts
usually kept with the regiment ?

Answer 5. Medical comforts are so few as to be almost unknown, and the supply of
medicines has been so inadequate that a similar reply to this part of the question might be
given with little exnggeration. I have myself suffered from severe diarrhoea, and been
unable to prociu'e the simplest remedies ; no opium, rhubarb, blue pill, Dover's powders,
soda, &c. &c., and I lielievc this to have been the ordinary state of things.

Question 6. The supply of surgical instruments, and the meons f>f keeping them in
order and repair ?

Question 7. The means of cooking hospital rations and extras, and the adequacy or
inadequacy of such means ?

Anstmr 7. There are few extras, the only means of cooking them have been the mesa
tins of the men — quite inadequate ; Ijut lately camp kettles have been supplied.

Question 8. The means of carriage supplied for the sick, and wounded in the field, for
hospital tents and stores, medicines, medical comforts, and jirovisions, and surgical
instruments, materials, and appliances ?

Answer 8. So totally inadequate and insufficient that many of the sick v/ho have gone
to Balaklava must have been still on the ground, had not the French kindly removed
them,

; Question 9. Is the number of medical officers, orderlies, and other hospital attendants
under you sufficient ; if not, have you at any time applied for more, and if so,
what was the result of your application I

Ansvjer !). I believe the number of medical officers to be quite sufficient, and I nm not
aware that there has ever been any yvant of orderlies, but only three are allowed to be paid
for this most trying duty.

Question 10. Have you been unable at any time since the landing of your regiment in
the Crimea, and if so how often, and for how long on each occasion, to the best of

your recollection, to procure ftn requisition, within the ordinary and proper time
for obtaining such things, a supply of any and what —
Medicines ;

Surgical instruments, or the repair of them ;
Surgical materials and appliances ;
Medical comforts ;

Hospital furniture and conveniences ;
Provisions for the use of the hospital 1
Ansu-er 10. These requisitions go from the medical officer through the medical depart-
ment, but I believe they have been frequently made without avail.

Question 11. Have you, on any occasion since your landing In the Crimea, been
obliged to procure from other quarters than th.e purveyor or apothecary, any
ai'ticles comprised under the heads mentioned in the last question; if so, state
from what quarter you procured them, and what the articles were ?
A?isrvcr 11. As above.

I am unable to give further information, and there is little use in making sug-
gestions, as there has been much difficulty lately, even in subsisting the men on salt
provisions. The want of fresh meat and vegetables or some kind of mixed diet, together
with fiitigue and exposure. Insufficiency of clothing (which latter is now being corrected),
I believe to be the chief cause of sickness. It vv^oiild be beneficial if rice and vegetables
(if fresh cannot be had, preserved potatoes,) and fresh bread occasionally, which our allies
find no difficulty in obtaining constantly, in lieu of biscuit, could be issued by the commis-
sariat, and fresh meat at least twice a week. Also, if the men could have three nights
uninterruptedly off duty ; and if tents could be given them in the redoubts, and on all
pickets where it would not be dangerous to liavc them. Men after four-and-twenty hours
continuous exposure to rain and snow, and having no change, lie in their tents, rolled in
wet blankets, till tried bv their own heat, or till they are carried to the hospital.

(Signed) T. Davis"

Captain, cominanding 95th Regiment.

LETTER ADDRESSED TO THE :^[EDICAL OFFICER IN CHARGE OF

DIVISIONS.

Sir, Balaklava, January 7, 1854.

Having been instructed by the Minister of War to make certain inquiries into the
condition of the sick and wounded officers and men of the British army In the East, we
have to request that you will furnish us, at your earliest convenience, with the following
information : —

A return of all requisitions made by you, or any other officers or other persons under
your orders, for marquees, tents, hospital furniture and stores, medicines, and medical
comforts, distinguishing the quarters upon which the requisitions were made ; showing also
■what requisitions were, and what were not, complied with, and stating any causes which
were assigned by those on whom the non-complied with requisitions were made, as the
grounds lor such non-compliance.

We have, &c.
( Signed i A. Cumming, I.G.H.

P. Benson Maxwell.
P. SiNCLAui Laing.

ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE LETTER.

W. Linton, Esq., Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

Camp of 1st Division before Sebastopol,
Gentlemen, _ January 1855.

I HAVE the honour ta ackno\vledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th instant, and
in reply thereto I have to acquaint you that none of the requisitions made by myself, or those
under me, were entered in any book, and that those docketed were blown to the winds in
the hurricane of the 14th November, with the exception of requisitions on. the commis-
sariat and purveyor at lialaklava, of dates since the 1st of December.

I may here state that the different requisitions forwarded from this were sometimes com-
plied with In full, and at other times only in part, according as the articles required hap-
pened to be in store; but by watching for the arrival of fresh stores, and repeating from
time to time the different requisitions, I can venture to say, that notwithstanding all this
and also taking into consideration the state of the roads and difficulty of obtaining trans-
port, that no''dlvisioii has generally been better supplied with medical comforts and
medicines, &c.

These requisitions were entirely confined to the Quartermaster General's Department,
the Purveyor to the Forces, and "the Coiumlssariat ; to all of whom the foregoing equally
applies.

With regard to the hos]/ital marquees, the General Officer commanding the division would
not allow their being applied for on our lirst arrival before Sebastopol, conceiving, as the
sick men were not numerous at that time, bell tents would be sufficient ; that they would

173

be move convenient. Sec. ; and in this opinion some of the medical officers in charge of
the corps agreed. But at a subsequent period, when they were thought desirable, they
could not be obtained, the marquees which were landed from the shipping having been
all issued.

The dilFerent corps and batteries have since, however, with the exception of the regi-
ments stationed at Kadlkol, and who occupy liouses as hospitals, liave been supplied
with them.

A and H batteries have each one (the foimer vvantiug one pole).

The Grenadier Guards liavc one large and one small marquee, together Avitli several
bell tents; one store hut, only requiring roofing and glazing; and also the materials for
a wooden hut, has been brought up from Balaklava, which will be erected in a f'ev/ days.

The Coldstream Guards haye one complete and one incomplete marquee, with six
bell tents.

The Scots Fusilier Guards have one marquee, w^ith several bell tents.

The 97tli have two marquees, with some bell tents, and all are supplied with a portion of
bed-boards and trestles, or Smith's cots. Fifty extra blankets liave been furnished to each
hospital, and some of them have obtained a portion of builiilo robes from the quarter-
master general's department. Their cooking utensils consist of either A and B canteens
or nests of saucepans, with tin plates and tin pots issued from the stores.

I am aware that the hospitals of the 1st division, now before Sebastopol, are still in Avant
of many things, the state of the roads and want of transport rendering it impossible to
supply them with all the various articles required.

1 have, &c.
(Signed) W. Linto.v, M.D.,

l)e[)uty Inspector General of Hospitals.

W. LiNTON', Esq., Deputy Inspector G eneral of ITospitals.

GextlE5IEN, Canqt of 1st Division, before Sebastopol, January 2G, 1855.

Herewith I have the honoiu- to enclose copies of requisitions on the jnirveyors
and commissariat for the difterent articles therein stated, as required for the division.

I have, &G.

W. Linton, M.D.
Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

First Division.

Copies of Requisitions on the Purveyor to the Forces, for the Month of December 1854.
Required for the use of the 1st Division from Purveyor Jenner :^
20 lbs. sago,

10 tins preserved cocoa and milk,
10 tins preserved milk,
December 2, 1854.

1 5 lbs. candles,
20 lbs. tea,
4 dozen port -wine.
Edward Morris, P. C. iu charcre.

Required for the use of the 1st Division from Purveyor Jenner : —

4 cases preserved potatoes, 2 cases of lime juice,

20 lbs. candles, 6 tins preser\ed milk,

100 tins essence of beef, 20 tins preserved cocoa and milk.

December 6, 1854. Edward Morris, P. C. iu charge.

Required from Purveyor Jenner for the use of the 1st Division

30 lbs. candles,
20 lbs. soap,
10 lbs. arrowroot,
December 11, 1854.

50 tins boiled mutton,
3 boxes matches.

Edward ]Morris, P. C. in charge.

Required for the use of the sick of 1st Division :-

40 lbs. rice.
December 21, 1854.

Required for 1st Division from Purveyor Jenner
30 lbs. sago — none in store,
30 tins cocoa and milk — none in store,
30 lbs. candles,

December 27, 1854.

-Edward Morris,

P. C. in charge.

20 lbs. arrowroot — none in store.
1 case lime juice.

Ed-ward jMorris, P. C. in charge.

Required for the use of 1st Division from Purveyor Jenner :

60 lbs. sngo,
56 lbs. arrowroot,
20 lbs. tea,

70 tins preserved nuitton,
25 tins cocoa and milk,
December 30, 1854.

183 tins essence of beef,
12 bed pans,
4 West's kettles,
60 sets boards and trestles.

Edward Morris, P, C. in charge.

174

First Division.

Copies of Requisitions of the Commissariat for the Month of December 1854.
Required for the use of the hospital of this division, from D. A. C. G. RoUeston.

50 lbs. sugar. — 20 lbs. only received, owing to their not being able to obtain
transport from Balaklava.
December 3, 1854. Edward Morris, P. C. in charge.

Required for the use of the sick of this division, from D. A. C. G. RoUeston.
6 bottles rum.

December 7, 1854. Edward Morris, P. C. in charge.

Required for the use of the sick of this division, from D. A. C. G. RoUeston.
6 bottles rum.

December 13, 1854. Edward Morris, P. C. in charge.

Required for the use of the hospital of this division, from D. A. C. G. RoUeston.
20 lbs. sugar. [ 6 bottles rum.

December 20, 1854. Edward Morris, P. C. in charge.

Required for the sick of this division.
6 bottles rum. | 20 lbs. sugar.

December 26, 1854. Edward Morris, P. C. in charge.

J. Marshall, Esq., Staff Surgeon 1st Class, in Medical charge 2d Division.

Gentlemen, Camp 2d Division, before Sebastopol, January 12, 1855.

In reply to your letter of the 7th instant, I regret I can only make general state-
ments from memory, no duplicates of any requisitions having been kept, owing to the
want of stationery.

Requisitions have been repeatedly made for hospital marquees, huts, stoves, blankets for
the sick, Jersey frocks, warm under-clothing, &c. ; but these, though properly signed,
countersigned by the Quarter Master General, and recommended by the Inspector General
of Hospitals, have, up to the present time, been almost altogether uncomplied with, the reason
given generally being, that there were none in store ; or, more recently, the reason has been
the total want of the means of transport.

Since my arrival in the command, my requisitions for medicines have generally been
well attended to, though a few items in some indents have not been complied with in full.
I refer to opium and some of its compounds. I have always received a liberal supply of
the preparations of morphine ; and I do not consider that the service has suffered in this
division from an absolute want of oplinn or any of its compounds.

"With respect to medical comforts, of late the supply has been most liberal, indeed, quite
equal to all demands ; and our means of transport, had it been necessary, could not have
brought us more. Any further information in my power I shall be happy to furnish.

I have, &c.

(Signed) J. Marshall, Staff Surgeon, 1st Class,

In Medical charge 2d Division.

W. C. HuMFREY, Esq., Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

Gentlemen, Camp, 4th Division, 11th January, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th inst.,
which I have sent to the medical officers in charge of the several regiments of the 4th
Division, with orders to furnish the information you require, as far as is in their power.

Since I have had the medical superintendence of the 4th Division there, has not been any
depot of medicines or medical comforts at the camp ; consequently I have not myself made
any requisitions for those articles, but have only approved of those of the surgeons of
regiments who have sent for them, either to liead quarters or Balaklava.

On receiving information from Dr. Hall that a depot of medical comforts and medicines'
would be established at the camp, 4th Division, I made a requisition on the Quartermaster
General, approved by Dr. Hail, for two circular tents for the reception of the above-named
articles, and the accommodation of the dispenser, under whose immediate charge they were
to have been placed, which was returned to me, with the remark, " none in store." A
requisition for a pack horse for the use of the divisional staff has been complied with;
and one that I made for a marquee for my own use has not been returned or replied
to as yet.

1 have, &c.
(Signed) W. C. Humfret,

Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

175

C. Pine, Esq,, Staff Surgeon, 1st Class, Principal Medical Officer 3d Division.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, 3d Division, January 13, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 6th inst. It is
utterly impossible that I can comply with your requests.

I assumed charge of a division, the 3d, iipon the 26th December. It has been no part
of my duty to make requisitions ; I have had merely to approve or disapprove of them,
when forwarded to me by regimental surgeon-i, but in no instances have I kept copies of
those requisitions. These remarks will not apply to requisitions for medicines or medical
comforts.

1 have written at great length to Dr. Smith upon the subject of our deficiencies, and
upon the manner of conducting the war generally, in relation to medical affairs, and if
you will call upon him for those letters, doubtless he will hand them to you. The story,
necessarily, is a long one, and requisitions complied with, or not complied with, throw but
little light upon the subject.

The crying evil, from the beginning, has been want of transport, both by sea and land.
On shore it has always been, not " what Avill be useful ?" but, " you shall not take this —
you shall not take that," without regard to the usefulness of the articles in question. These
objections have been made by the military authority — chiefly by the Quartermaster General's
department — which, so far as I have observed, has fulfilled no useful function at all. The
commissariat department, too, has quite failed in the performance of its duties.

Owing to the want of transport, the sick have accumulated necessar-ily in camp, where,
at this season of the year, they cannot be properly treated; and thus an inordinate demand
has been made for tents, marquees, &c. not to be complied with, if reference be made to
carriage alone ; for instance, at tliis moment we have stoves, but no fuel, because the
commissariat department cannot bring it up from Balaklava !

The sick of the division in camp amount to 939, and we cannot keep it imder; it is
daily increasing. For these, medicines and medical comforts have to be provided ; yet I
have no carriage allotted to me for the bringing up of such articles, and I am obliged to
do as I best may, using private horses, ambulance mules, and whatever conveyance I can
lay my hands. In this way 1 always manage to have in store, for issue, a supply of the
most necessary medicines and medical comforts ; but I am not prepared to feed 900 men,
whenever salt meat may be issued, — a food quite vinfit for those under treatment; — yet, in
great measure, the medical department has been called on to feed them, and consequently
the supplies have sometimes failed.

We came here expecting, I presume, to carry Sebastopol by a coup-de-main. We
failed in our intentions, and we have attempted a regular siege at a most inclement season
of the year, and without making any the least preparation. No system of hutting has
been adopted; no sufficiently good roads made by which communication with Balaklava
can be properly maintained ; no reserve supplies of provisions on the ground ; in short,
nothing has been done, — not even arrangements made for supplying the troops with fresh
meat, although horned cattle abound on the shores of the Black Sea.

We have set aside the laws of nature, and we are reaping the consequences. The men
are worked to high pi-essure degree, have been ill fed, badly housed, insufficiently clothed,
and are totally without comforts, even without fuel Abundance exists at Balaklava, but
that abundance cannot be transported to the camp before Sebastopol. We started on the
expedition at too late a period, and since, everything has been too late.

One word more in relation to requisitions. It has been the custom, since I have been
in charge, to send to Balaklava to the purveyor and apothecary there, to inquire what
medical comforts and medicines might be in store, then to make out the requisitions
accordingly, and to take all we could get ; but I again observe, that our demands are
necessarily very large.

I have, &c.
(Signed) C. Pine,

Staff Surgeon, 1st Class, P.M.O. 3d Division.

A. Macdonell, Esq., Staff Surgeon, 1st Class Cavalry Division.

Gentlemen, Camp, Kadikoi, January 13, 1855.

I HAD the honour to receive, at six o'clock last evening, the letter which you
addressed tome on the 7th January, requesting me to state the number of requisitions I,
or any person directly under me, made for marquees, tents, hospital furniture, medicines, &c.
I beg to state for your information, that I make no requisitions for the above named articles
for the cavalry division under my medical superintendence, but that the medical officers of
each corps of cavalry make separate requisitions for their hospital wants, which requisitions
are countersigned either by the Inspector General of Hospitals or myself, when the things
indented for, are issued to them at the general stores at Balaklava.

I have, &:c.

(Signed) A. Macdonell,

Staff Surgeon, 1st Class, Cavalry Division.

T. Alexander, Esq., Staff Surgeon, Light Division.
Gentlemen, Camp, Heights, Sebastopol, January 15, 1855.

In reply to your conununication of the 7th instant, received on the 12th, I have
the honour to inform you that T, generally speaking, made no " requisitions for marquees,
tents, hospital furniture and stores, medicines, and medical comforts, &c.," but that they were
made by the medical officers in charge of corps and detachments. Of course, I occasionally
suggested to the above-named officers, their making demands for what would add to the
comforts of the sick, &c. fee, and I always desired Assistant Surgeon Grier, who was in
charge of medicines, and Mr. Harrington, in charge of purveyors' stores, comforts, &c., to
arrange all their requisitions so as, if possible, to have a fresh supply before those in hand
were exhausted. I, of course, either recommended or approved of all requisitions ; and
those for medicines and comforts, &c. were at first sent direct to the apothecary and purveyor,
until Dr. Hall desired their being sent in direct to him, for his approval, fcc. I have
called upon the above-named officers for copies of their requisitions, and as soon as received
they will be forwarded to you.

I may, however, to prevent the wretchedness and misery tliat tlie sick' and wounded have
experienced during the present campaign in tlie ensuing one, inform you of the following
facts, viz. :

Having been appointed to the charge of the 1st Brigade Liglit Division, as soon
as I arrived at Scutari from Gallipoli, 1 set at once about preparing for the field
Cbaviug had some experience during more than two years in the field during the
late Kaffir wan, and called upon all the surgeons of my brigade to furnish me with
a list of what they conceived necessary for the field, and that we would arrange
together. Such was done, and communicated to the Principal Medical Officer of the
Division, whose answer was, that he would not break bulk; and on repeatedly reasoning
with him, and urging him to have some supplies, save the paltry pannier one, the same
answer as above was given, with " I am responsible.'' I believe, however, some small supplies
of tea and arrowroot were issued, prior to our embarking for Varna.

Having arrived at Varna, the Light Division (f)f which I was then in medical charge) Avas
encamped at a short distance from the town. On being ordered on to Aladyn, it was Avith the
greatest difficulty that the smallest allowance of transport was granted by the military autho-
rities. No medicine chests, reserve supplies of medicines, or comforts were allowed to be
carried, not even a small supply of medicine for the staff, &c. We were encamped at Aladyn
for some time ; and hearing that we were likely to move forward, I endeavoured to obtain a
second supply of medicines and comforts to accompany us, and eventually wrote a letter
to General Airey, then commanding the Division in the field, stating how we were cir-
cumstanced, and what misery and wretchedness would ensue unless a supply of the above
Btores were allowed to accompany the Division. He forwarded my letter to General BroAvn,
who referred the same, with some remarks, to the Principal Medical Officer ; but as I had
also written to him, urging that a supply should be sent out to accompany us, he, the
Principal Medical Officer, took my view of the case, and wrote to General Brown requesting
that a supply should be permitted to join the Division and accompany it, which was
eventually done. A medicine chest Avas also got, after great difficulty, for the staff, &c. ; at
the same time I was ordered, on om- moving forward, to hand the same over to those that
relieved us, and if not relieved, it was to be returned to Varna. Surely, if requisite at
Aladyn, it was equally, if not more so, when further removed to head-quarters.

We moved to Dcvna, and had not been long there before cholera, in its most malignant
form, broke out among the troops, and luckily the small supply of medicines and comforts we
then had, were of some use in alleviating the distress of the sufferers. We proceeded to
Monastir, where cholera continued to rage among us while we rem.aincd there ; and there it
was, although thirty miles or so distant from the head-quarters at Varna, it was with much
difficulty that small supplies of the most necessary medicines and comforts could be obtained;
so much so, that I authorised the medical officers to purchase whatever they could, and was
requisite for their sick, ikc, that could not be obtained from the limited stores of the
Division, and that I myself would be responsible for the payment of the same, should the
Government refuse to pay the amount. The requisitions were so tardily complied with,
that, during the height of cholera, one dated 5th August, sent off early on the morning of
the 6th, and approved by the Principal Medical Officer on the 7th, still the medicines did
not reach Monastir until 4 P M. on the 18th, and the reason given by the Principal Medical
Officer, "the medicines have been ready for days, but as it was not an araba road, we had
no means of sending it out." Again, the medical comfox'ts Avere issued so liberally, that
at one time three pounds of arrowroot was sent for the Avhole Division; at another, I Avas
informed "that the demand lor essence of beef amounts to almost the Avhole of the supply
originally seut from England."

We moved from Monastir to Varna, and Avhon Avithin a day's march or so of
the latter, I heard Ave AVere intended for the Crimea. I rode into Varna next
morning, and as our supplies of medicines and comforts had been doled out to us in such
small qviantitics, I trusted as Ave Avere certainly going into an enemy's country, and
consequently to be engaged in certain Avarfare, and as they had been nearly expended,
I fully expected that ample supplies both of medicines and comforts Avould have been
ready prepared ior each Division. On seeing the Principal Medical Officer, and telling hira
the exhausted state of our medicines and comforts, and that I trusted a good supply was
ready for th.e Division to take Avith them, I Avas coolly told, it Avas my business, not his."
I besra'cd to difl'er from him, and said, I A\ as not even aAvare that I Avas "oino' to the

177

Crimen, i&c. &c. ; he then told me I might order the surgeons to send in their panniers.
I did so, and those of the First Brigade got in some measure replenished ; not so, however,
the Second Brigade, as they being behind had not time.

We embarked on the 30th August, and having gone on board the "Emperor," steamsliip, T
found about 500 men and otiicers of the 7th Fusiliers, with two assistant surgeons, but with-
out one grain of medicine. I desired one of them to go on shore at once and obtain a supply ;
he succeeded in getting a small medicine chest, which he brought on board Avith him. Unfor-
tunately cholera broke out on board on the passage to the Crimen, antl having embarked
on the "SOtli August, and disembarked on the 14th September, with such a disease prevail-
in"-, it may easily be imagined that the pannier supply was all but exjjended. My Division
marched the same day they landed about six miles into the country. Cholera still continued
amono-st us, and several fatal cases occurred in the 88tli Regiment. I went in daily to the
landing-place to see the Principal Medical Officer. I, however, did not succeed in seeing
liim until the l7th ; he was then on tlie beach. On my telling him how we were situated
as regarded medicines, comforts, &c., I was informed that " I was making difficulties." I
replied "Those of the Light Division never make difficulties." He then said, "I^'lake a requisi-
tion." Dr. Pine, who was present, asked him "If one was made could the same be complied
■with?'' when it was elicited that some supplies were on board some ship, but where she was,
was quite another thing. We got nothing of course.

We marched on the 19th, and fought the battle of Alma. On the SUfch, Avhen the Light
Division had about 1,000 killed and wounded, there were no ambulances &c. &c., or iighta
(save the personal property of the officers) — nearly all the operations reqiuring to be per-
formed on the ground. I, myself, operated the whole of the first day orf the poor fellows on
the ground, and had performed many on the second (two of them beign hip joint cases), until
an old door was discovered, of which we made a table, and of coui'se performed all my other
operations (including another hip joint case on a Russian) on the same. Had it not been for
the French and the navy. Heaven onlj- knows how Ave could have had our Avounded moved
to the shipping. On the first day of the battle, several hundreds of the Light Division had the
necessary operations performed, and their wounds dressed, &c. A marquee and some tents
Avere pitched, and waterdecks, waterproof bed-covers, and blankets Avere issued to all, Avitli
tea, chocolate, wine, brandy, &c., were distributed to all the sufferers requiring the same.
The chocolate, Avith some bknkets, sugar, and the marquees, were supplied from the
head-quarters stores. We marched on the 2.3d, and reached Balakdava, and even-
tually came hither. Being so close to Balaklava, only about seven miles distant, Avhence
steamers Avere continually plying between it and Scutari, I Avas in hopes that supplies
of medicines, comforts, beds, bedding, tents, marquees, &c., Avould have been liberally
issued. But, alas ! such was not destined to take place. We have been much Avorse olF
liere for medicines, comforts, &c., than Ave Avcre in Bulgaria; in proof of Avhich, Avith a sick
list of 636, of cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, fevers, &c., on the 1st December four ounces
of pulv. opii, and the same of calomel Avere issued for the Division, Avliich Avas about tliree
doses of one grain of each of these two medicines to each patient : other most important
medicines none could be supplied ; others were much curtailed. Again, on the 1 3th
December, one ounce of puh'. opii and four ounces of blue pill Averc sent to the Division,
consisting of eight and a half battalions, besides marines and artillery, tlie sick list being
619, of cholera, dysentery, diarrhaja, fevers, &c. About the same period, although the
troops Avere on sufficient rations, fcAV or no medical comforts could be had, there being at
the time neither sago or arrOAvroot Avhen applied for, &c. Noav, I must acknoAvledge, Avith
the ample sujiplies sent out Ijy the Director-General for any contingency, and command of
the Constantinople market, I cannot conceive why anything tending to the comfort of the
sick and AVOunded Avere not always at hand when required, both in Bulgiiria as Aveil as here
in the Crimea, more particularly as we had conmiand of the sea, and steamers continually
plying, both Avhen Ave Avere in Bulgaria, between Scutari and Varna, and now betAveen the
former and Balaklava.

The misery and Avrctchednoss the troops have suffered here, but more particularly the
sick, are scarcely credible, and require to l>e seen to be believed, — poor sick wretches lying
on the ground, Avith some miserable blankets, in tents that let in rain as if tliey Avere sieves,
and Avith no fuel save the miserable brushwood and roots that could be gathered for cooking,
&c. Marquees have now, hoAvever, been got for all the regiments, and some bedsteads of
Clarke's, Smith's, &c., have been obtained ; but the latter, unfortunately, are Avithout feet,
and the cross parts for keeping them stretched. Some bufialo robes have also been obtained.
Tressel beds and fuel have been issued latterly, but the s:ime must be brought up from
Balaklava, AY hich is no easy matter with the present transport; still, Avhat with the above,
Avatcrdecks, extra blankets, tarpaidins, as well as a better supply of meriicines and C(j)nforts,
the patients arc somewhat more comfortable, but still treatment is of little use in tents or
marquees, although stoves are placed in them, with more tlian a foot of snovv' on the ground
during a Crimean Avintcr. Great misery has also been caused from the Avant of transport
for the sick, our ambulances having been latterly quite useless, so that we have been nearly
entirely indebted to French ambulance mule corps for the removal of our sick, Avith the excep-
tion once of our sick being sent down on cavalry horses, Avhich thinned the marquees, &c.,
but did not remove those cases that required it most, they being unable to sit on horseback.

From the above statement of facts I think the Board Avill perceive that much blame is
due somewhere for all the Avretchedncss and misery that has taken place during the present
campaign, and Avhich, in my opinion, could have been so easily prevented, and I sincerely
hope they Avill be the means of placing the blame on the proper persons, and preventing
similar scenes of wretchedness and misery in the ensuiuc; campaign

Z 3 ^

178

It is due to the medical officers of the Division, as well as those in charge of medicines
and purveyors' stores, to state, that no men could have worked harder, or performed more
zealously their arduous and onerous duties, both in Bulgaria during the ravages of cholera,
as well as in the Crimea, and tliat none of them have spared either trouble or inconvenience
in doing all they could to obtain whatever would tend to the comforts of their sick, &c., &c.

I may add in conclusion, that several divisions have applied to me for medicines and
comforts, — one for one bottle of wine, half pound of n rrowroot, and one pound of sago,
when at Monastir, and they had to come about two miles for the same. Again, I received
an express from a first-class stalF surgeon in charge of a cavalry brigade, requesting me to
send him some medicines, as " he was completely run out of everything," and his men
were dying fi'om cholera. One of the surgeons of the Light Division called upon me one
afternoon, and told me had come from visiting a General Officer of another Division (a
personal friend of his), who was severely wounded, and as he had nothing, he intended
sending him some essence of l^eef, and hoped that I did not consider that he was wrong in
doing so. Others have also applied to the Light Division for extras, &c.j but the above will
show how some other Divisions were provided, &c., &c., and the above facts speak for
themselves. I have, &c.,

(Signed) T. Alexander,
Staff Surgeon, 1st Class in Medical Charge, Light Division.

P.S. — Enclosed are the copies of requisitions, &c., by Mr. Harrington; Assistant Sur-
geon Grier's will be furnished to-morrow. T. A.

Assistant Surgeon Grier's requisitions are also enclosed. T. A.

Mr. Sydney C. Harrington, Purveyor's Clerk in Charge.
Sir, Light Division, Heights of Sebastopol, January 16, 1855.

In obedience to the order which you conveyed to me on the 12th inst., I have the
honour to inform you, that it not being generally the custom in the service, as far as I have
been able to learn, to keep copies of requisitions, I have not the whole of those made by
me either in Bulgaria or during the early part of the present campaign, but enclosed are
the greater part of the latter, marked 1.

I now proceed to inform you that in the month of May last. Deputy Inspector General
of Hospitals Dumbreck desired me to furnish liim Avith estimates of the medical comforts
which it would be necessary to take into the field with a Division of 5,000 men. Accordingly,
I drew up four from what had been the actual expenditure in the British military
hospital at Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812. On submitting them to him they were approved of,
but at the same time he desired me to reduce the quantities, as he thought that there would
not be sufficient transport allowed for them. I then made out another copy, of which
enclosure marked 2 is a copy. The others being in the baggage wliich I left at Varna, I
am unable to furnish of them. Shortly afterwards I was ordered to Varna in charge of
stores, and at the end of three weeks I was directed to join the Light Division, then at
Aladyn, and to take with me a supply of comforts, &c. (enclosure 3). On joining the
Division I represented to you the insufficiency of the supply, and you then directed the
reo-imental surgeons to replenish their panniers from the depot at Varna, in order
to reserve those in my charge for any emergency, the depot being then within a
short distance.

On the outbreak of cholera on the 23d July at Devna, the supplies under my charge
came into use, and 1 immediately wrote to the purveyor at Varna for further supplies,
representing to him the urgency of the case. Several requisitions were made by me
between that date and the 1st August ; I also wrote to him urging that they should be
sent without delay, as those I had brought forward were nearly exhausted. At last, on
the 1st August, some supplies Avere sent out (enclosure 4) ; from which time until the
return of the Division to Varna at the end of August, the requisitions which I sent in were
pretty regularly complied with as far as the store there would allow. On our arrival out-
side the town of Varna I was informed that we were to embark the next morning. I
immediately went in with a requisition recommended by you, which I showed to the
Inspector General for his approval. The articles asked for were port wine, brandy, and
waterproof covers, of which the brandy alone was allowed, as the Inspector General said
that I should not be allowed transport for any more than I then had, if for that.

During our stay in Bulgaria, I ought to mention that I was compelled to borrow from
a supply of wine which had been entrusted to you for distribution among sick officers, on
account of a delay which occurred in the transport of stores from Varna to Monastir.

When the expedition reached Kalamita Bay no steps were taken to land either the
Assistant Surgeon in charge of medicines or myself; consequently we remained on board
ship for two days, and then our stores were disembarked, and we had to remain two days
more before we could obtain transport, on obtaining which we immediately joined our
division.

At the battle of Alma I obtained some small supplies from Purveyor J enner, as I did
not wish to expend the whole of those I had Avith me Avithout knowing whence I was to
obtain more.

Since our division has been encamped before this place, the supplies have been
very irregular, as wiU be seen by enclosure 1, partly caused, as I have understood,
from the manner in Avhich the cargoes were stowed, and pai'tly from want of sufficient
transport. I have, &c.

(Signed) Sydney C. Harrington,

Purveyor's Clerk in Charge.

179

No. 1.

Medical Comforts required for a moveable Hospital to be attached to an Army of Five

thousand Men in the Field.

50 pounds arrowroot.

30 pounds tea.

300 ditto sugar.*
130 ditto chocolate.

60 ditto coifee.
100 pints port wine.
500 ditto malaga.*
400 ditto brandy.

40 pounds oatmeal.

50 ditto sagco.

250 ditto rice*
250 ditto pearl barley,
300 pints vinegar.*
30 pounds salt.
825 ditto soap.*

50 ditto candles *
100 pints oil*
50 pounds condensed soups.

The above is merely calculated on the supposition that there would be little difficulty in
obtaining fresh supplies.

N.B. — The articles marked with a * ought to be obtained from the Commissariat on the
spot, and Avould, by being so obtained, avoid the necessity of employing a large amount of
transport.

(Signed) Sydney C. Haekington,
Scutari, 14th May 1854. Purveyor's Clerk.

No. 2.

List of Medical Comforts and Purveyor's
Strength , by Or

30 pounds tea.
50 ditto sago.
50 ditto arrowroot.
250 Scotch barley.

3 boxes essence of beef
72 bottles brandy.
72 ditto port wine.
1 bale water decks (10).
1 ditto waterproof bed covers (20.)
10 bags bedding, three sets each.
3 tarpaulins.
1 shovel.

Received at Varna, 18th June 1854.

Stores furnished for Use of Light Division,
■der of Dr. Dumbreck, P.M.O.
1 spade.

1 box tools.

2 lanterns.
60 plates.
10 spitting boxes.
10 chamber pots.

3 close-stools.
6 wash-hand basins.
1 roll towelling.

12 mop heads and handles.
1 set scales and weights.
1 nest of saucepans.

Sydney C. Harrington,

Purveyor's Clerk.

No. 3.

Invoice of Medical Comforts supplied for the Use of the Liglit Division, after repeated
Applications, on tlie 1st August 1854, at Monastir.
48 bottles port wine. 50lbs sago.

36 ditto brandy. 3lbs arrowroot.

The above were supplied at the time the cholera was at its height.

Sydney C. Harrington, Purveyor's Clerk.

No. 4.

Requisitions made on 11th November 1854 for,-

800 cholera belts.

12 tarpau.lins. 11 received.

150 mats. 90 received.
1,000 Guernsey frocks. Not received.
K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor.

No reason assigned, but I understood that the articles not supplied were still on board ship.

11th November 1854.

200 blankets. Not received. — 4 hospital marquees. Not received. — 1000 guernsey frocks.

This requisition was approved by the Inspector General of Hospitals, Dr. Hal!, and
also by General Airey, and forwarded three times to the officer in charge of the Quarter
Master General's Department at Balaklava, vv'ho returned it because he had not noticed the
approval of General Airey.

16th November 1854.

4 boxes essence of beef; 2 I'cceived.
20 lbs. arrowroot. Received.
Purveyor's Clerk, Head Quarters
Reason assigned,

20 lbs. tea. Not received.
12 lbs. candles. Not received.

None in store.

18th November 1854.

20 lbs. arrowroot. Not received.
12 lbs. candles. 61bs. received.

1 chest tea. 13lbs. received.
25 lbs. ground rice. Not received.
25 lbs. sago. Received.
K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor:

Reason assigned, — None in store.

2'2d November 1854.

4boxesessenceof beef Received.--20 tins chocolate. Received.-2 dozen brandy. Not received.

Z 4

180

29tli November 1854.

4 doz. port wine. Received. | 20 tins chocolate. Received.

50lbs. sago. 30 received. 100 cases essence of beef. Received.

K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor.

30th November 1854.
121bs. candles. Received.

2nd December 1854.
4 cases preserved potatoes. Received.
K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor.

■ith December 1854.
2 cases lime juice. Not received. | 12lbs. candles. Not received.
K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor.

Reason assigned, that of the latter there were none in store, and the former, that the mule
sent could not carry them : they were, however, sent in part afterwards in panniers.

6th December 1854.

4 dozen port wine. 3 doz. received. j 10 cases essence of beef. 5 received.
50 lbs sago. 25 lbs. received. j
K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor.

Reason assigned, I believe to have been, that the purveyor had but a small supply in
store, as he afterwards sent out both arrowroot and sago without requisitions being sent
for them.

13th December 1854.

2 dozen port wine. 3 doz. received. | 1'2 lbs. candles. Received.
K. Jenner, Esq., Purveyor.

I4th December 1854.
24 lbs. arrowroot. Not received. [ 10 boxes essence beef. Not received.

30 lbs. sago. Not received. \ 12 lbs. candles. Received.

Reason assigned, that there were none in store, but tb.ey were daily expected ; and the
purveyor at the same time informed me that as soon as they arrived he would supply them,
which he did as soon as they were landed, which was not until the 30th December, since
when the requisitions have been always complied with. At the same time I consider it my
duty to state, that from Purveyor Jenner I have invariably met with every desire to furnish
the supplies required, and that in the cases in which he has not been able to meet fully, he
has done so as far as lay in his power, and has repeatedly advised me of the arrival of fresh
stores at Balaklava, in order that I might obtain them.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Sydney C. Harkington,

Purveyor's Clerk in charge, Light Division.

Alexander Grier, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

Sir, Camp, Sebastopol, January 23, 1855.

I HAVE the honoiu' to forward to you, for the information of the Commissioners
appointed by his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, copies of some of the requisitions for-
warded by me while in Bulgaria and in the Crimea for the use of the Light Division.

Enclosed No. 1 is copy of the invoice of medicines, &c., of which I took charge on their
arrival at Aladyn, in the month of June last, by order of Dr. Dumbrcck, Deputy Inspector
General of Hospitals, at that time Principal jMedical Ofncer of the army. Enclosed No. 2 is
copy of the receipt whicli I forwarded to the dispenser in charge of medicines at Varna on
the 1st August. The requisition itself I have not now in my possession. Enclosed No. 3
is copy of a receipt for medicines which were forwarded to me on the 18th August, the
requisition for which was sent in early in the morning of the 6th, approved by Dr. Plall,
Inspector General of Hospitals on the 7th, and ibrwarded by me to the dispenser on the
18th. Many of the drugs most urgently required were (it being during the prevalence of
cholera in the division) considerably curtailed, and others totally omitted ; tlie reasons for
which are assigned on the same. Enclosures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 arc copies of requisitions,
ehov/ing also how far they were complied with : no reasons having been assigned to me
for the noncompliance of them.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Alexander Grier, M.D.,

Assistant Surgeon 92d Hisrhlanders.

T. Alexander, Esq.

&c. &c.

No. 1.

Copy of Invoice of Medicines, &c., forming the Reserve Supj^ly of the Light Division.
Acacite, cont. 8 oz. Antim. potass, tart. 1 lb.

Acid, acetic, 5 lbs.
nitric, 3 lbs.

„ sulph. 2 lbs.

„ tartaric, 1 lb.
Ammon. sesquicarb, 2 lbs.

Camphor, 1 lb.
Cerat. calamina?, 4 lbs.

,, resina?, 2 lbs.
Confec. aromatic, 1 lb.
„ opii, 2 lbs.

181

Cupri sulph. 2 ozs.
Emplast. cantharid. 4 ibs.
Ext. belladonnaj, 2 ozs.

„ colocynth, 2 lbs.
Chloroform, 10 lbs.
Hydrarg. c. creta, 1 lb.

„ bichlorid. ] oz.
„ clilorid. 2 lbs.

Ipecacuanh. coiit. 1 lb.

„ comp. 4 lbs.

Jalap, cont. 3 lbs.
ijiquor. amnion. 2 lbs.
Plumb, diacetat. 2 lbs.
Magnes. sulph. 50 lbs.
Morph. acet. 4 ozs.

„ hydrochlor, 4 ozs.
01. menth. pip. 2 ozs.

„ ricini, 10 lbs.

„ terebinth. 10 lbs.

„ tiglii, 2 ozs.
Pilul. hydrarg. 2 lbs.
Pulv. antiui. co. 3 ozs.
„ creta; co. 2 lbs.

„ c. opio. 2 lbs.
Quince disulph. 5 lbs.
Rhei. cont. 2 lbs.
Soda; bicarb. 2 lbs.
Sp. ;\;thci"j comp. 2 Ibg.

„ ,, nitric, 2 lb^■.

„ rectified, 4 pints.
Sinapis sem. pulv. 2 lbs.
Tlnct. catechu. 2 lbs.

opii, 5 lbs.
Ung. hydrarg. 3 lbs.
Zinc, sulph. 1 oz.
Sponges, 20.

Received at
(Signed)

Bandages, 250.

flannel, 24.

18 tailed, 12
Oiled cloth, 12 yards.
Bag trusses, 12.
Blood porringers, 4.
Broad tape, 4 pieces.
Narrow „ 4 „
Ligature thread, 4 ozs.
Arm Slings, 4.
Stump caps, 6.

Portable instruments, 3 cases.

Lint, 50 lbs.

Tow, 40 lbs.

Linen sheets, 20.

Skins of leather, 10.

Emp. adhiBsiv. 50 yards.

Papers of pins, 5.

Grain scales and weights, 2 sets.

Ounce ,, „ 1 set.

Graduated glass measures, 3.

Minim ,, „ 3.

Corkscrews, 1.

Pairs scissors, 1.

Bolus tiles, 2.

„ knives, 1.
Mortars and pestles, 2.
Fimnels, 2.
Pill boxes, 1 doz.
Vials, 2 doz.
Bottles, 2 doz,
Coi'ks, 6 doz.
Packthread, 2 lbs.
White wrapping paper, 2 quires.
Brown „ 2 „

ALidyn, June -22, 1854.

ALEXANDEit GllIER, M.D.,

Assistant Surii-eon 92d Hi2;hlanders.

Received from jNIedical Stores, Varnn,

Acid hydrocyanic, 4 oz.

„ sulph. 1 lb.

„ tartaric, 2 lbs.
Amnion, hydrochl. 1 lb.

„ sesquicarb, 4 lbs.
Argent, nitrat. 4 ozs.
Calis Clilorinat, 12 lbs.
Camphor, 1 Ih.
Creosote, 4 oz.
Emp. Cantharid. 41 lis.
Ext. Belladonna;, 4 oz.

Hyoscyam, 4 oz.
Ilyd. c creta;, 8 oz.
Iodine, 4 oz.
Ipecacuanh, cont. 1 Hi.
Liniment sajionis, 6 lbs.
Liquor. Amnion. 1 lb.

„ potass, arsenit, 8 oz.
Magnes. carbon. 1 lb.
01. menth. pip. 4 oz.
„ ricini, 6 lbs.
,, terebinth. 10 lbs.
Opii cont. 4 oz.
Pil. colocynth, co. 4 oz.
Plumb, acet. 1 lb.

Camp Monastir, August 1, 1854.

No. 2.

lie under-mentioned Articles : —

Potass, nit. 8 oz.

,, iodid, 1 11).
Pulv. Jacol)i, 2 oz.
., crctte CO. 2 lb.

,, c. opio. 2 Ib^:. 8 oz.

,, ipecacuanh. co. 2 lbs.
Sp. Amnion, aroniat. 8 oz.
Creta; prcpar. 1 lb.
Quiiuc disulph. 2 lbs.
Sodii3 bicarb. 2 lbs.
Sp. jether comp, 2 lbs.
Tinct. cardanion co. 2 lbs.
,, catechu, CO. 4 lbs.
„ ferri sesquiclil. 1 lb.
„ gentian, co. 2 lbs.
„ hyoscain. 1 lb.
„ iodini co. 1 lb.
„ opii, 6 lbs.
., rlijiji. CO. 4 lbs.
Vini. colch. 2 lbs.

,, ipecacuanh. 1 lb.
Ung. cetac. 4 lbs.

„ hyd. nit. 1 lb.
Zingib. cont. S oz.
Fomentation flannel, 12 yards,
Alexander GiiiEii, M.D.

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

182

No. 3.

Copy of Receipts for Medicines, &c. received from Medical Stores, Varna ; with the
Apothecary's Remarks on the Articles not complied with.

Acacias cont. 1 lb.

Acid, hydrocyan. 2 oz. ; very little in
store.

„ sulph. ; none in store.

„ tartaric, 4 lbs.
Calis chlorinat. 5 lbs.
Camphor, 4 lbs.

Confec. aromat. 8 oz. ; very little in
store.
„ opii, 2 lbs.
Collodion ; none in store.
Ext. opii. ; „
Hyd. chlorid. 4 lbs.

„ c. cretaj. 1 lb. ; very little in store.
Ipecac, cont. 1 lb.
Liquor, amnion. 2 lbs.
01. menth. pip. 6 lbs.
ricini. 4 lb.
„ terebinth. 2 lbs. ; scarcely any.
Opii cont. 2 lbs.
Plumb, acet. 2 lbs.
Potass, bitart. 4 lbs,
Pulv. cretse. comp. 2 lbs. 8. oz. ; very
little in store.
„ „ „ c. opio ; none in
store.

Date of Requisition, August 5, 1854.

Pulv. ipecac, co. 2 lbs.

Naphtha ; none in store.

Quinae disulph. 2 lbs.

Sodae sesquicarb, 2 lbs. ; very little in

store.
Sp. Eether co. 2 lbs.
„ „ nit. 2 lbs.
„ rectif. 8pts.
Tinct. matico, 8oz.

„ cardam. co. 2 lbs.

„ catechu, co. ; none in store.

„ gentian co. 2 lbs.

„ lavand. co. ; none in store.

„ opii, 6 lbs.

„ rhfei co. 2 12s.
Zingebir cont. 2 lbs.
Isinglass plaster, 2 yards.
Old linen sheets, 6.
Ounce scales and weights, 1
Grad. glass measures, 4.
Bolus tiles, 4.

Mortars and pestles, comp. 2

Pill boxes, 4 papers.

Vials, bottles, and corks ; none in store.

Packthread, 8 oz.

Fomentation flannel, 18^ yards.

Alexander Grier, M.D.

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders

Camp Monastir, August 18, 1854.

No. 4.

Oct. 2, 1854.

Oct. 5, 1854.

Oct. 2, 1854.

Oct. 5, 1854.

Required.

Received.

Required.

Received.

Acid, sulphuric

2 lbs.

None.

Pulv. Jacob. -

4 oz.

Alum

8 oz.

8 OZ.

„ cretaj co.

2 lbs.

None.

Cerat. resinai

4 lbs.

„ ^ „ „ c. opio -

4 lbs.

None.

Confec. opii

2 lbs.

„ Ipecac. CO.

4 lbs.

Ext. belladon.

2 oz.

8 oz.

Quinaj disulph.

2 lbs.

8 oz.*

„ hyoscy.
„ opii

8 oz.

Rhei. contrit.

4 lbs.

2 lbs.

None.

Sodai bicarb.

2 lbs.

Hyd. c. cretaj

8 oz.

Tinct. catechu.

4 lbs.

None.

Liq. ammon. -

1 lb.

„ lavand.

2 lbs.

None.

01. menth. pip.

4'oz.

4 oz.

„ opii _ -

6 lbs.

2 lbs.

„ olivje

2'lbs.

2 lbs.

Ung. cetacei -

4 lbs.

18 lbs.

„ ricini

4 lbs.

„ hydrarg.

4 lbs.

None.

„ terebinth. -

4 lbs.

Chloroform

8 lbs.

4 lbs.

Opii contrit.

2 lbs.

1 lb.

Oil cloth

6 yds.

Plumbi acet. -

2 lbs.

Liston's long splints -

6 sets.

No. 6.

Potass, nit.

2 lbs.

• Cinchonge disulph. I lb. 8 oz.

(Signed) Alexander Grier, M.D.

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

183
No. 5.

Acid, sulphuric
Hytl. c. creta

„ nitrico oxyd.
Ipecac, cont. -
Magnes. carb. -
01. ricini
Opii cont.
Pil. hyd.

Oct. 19,1854.
Required.

lb.

oz.
oz.
lb.
lb.
lbs.

lb.

lbs.

Received.

1 lb.

4 oz.
None.
1 lb.

1 lb.

2 lbs.
4 oz.
4 oz.

Plumb, acet.

Pulv. cretae co. -
„ _ „ c. opio
„ ipecac, co. -

Sodaj bicarb.

Tiuct. catechu.

Un£

opu
hyd.

Oct.19,1854.

Kequired.

Received.

1 lb.

JN one.

1 lb.

8 oz.

1 lb.

8 oz.

2 lbs.

12 oz.

2 lbs.

4 lbs.

(Signed)

Alexander Gbier, M.D.,

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

No. 6.

Nov. 8, 1854.

Required.

Received.

Required.

Received.

1 lb.

Pulv. cretae co.

2 lbs.

None.

2 lbs.

„ „ „ c. opio -

2 lbs.

None.

1 lb.

None.

„ ipecac, co.

2 lbs.

None.

4 lbs.

3 lbs.

Quinse disulpb.

4 lbs.

4 lb.

4 oz.

Rhei cont.

2 lbs.

1 lb.

8 oz.

Tinct. cardam co.

2 lbs.

1 lb.

I lb.

„ catechu. -

2 lbs.

None.

10 lbs.

„ ferri. sesquichl. -

1 lb.

1 oz.

3 oz.

None.

„ opii

2 lbs.

rhei co.

2 lbs.

4 lbs.

2 lbs.

Vin. ipecac.

1 lb.

2 lbs.

Ung. hyd.

2 lbs.

8 oz.

4 oz.

Zingiber cont. -

1 lb.

1 .

2 lbs.

1 lb.

Lint, fine

25 lbs.

1 lb.

4 oz.

Surgeons' tow

20 lbs.

4 oz.

White wrapping paper -

1 quire.

None.

Acacias cont.
Acid, acetic

„ sulph.
Emp. cantharid.
Ferri sulph.
Hyd. c. creta
Ipecac, cont.
Magnes. sulph.
01. Menth. pip.

„ olivse

„ ricini.

„ terebinth.
Opii cont.
Pil. Hyd.
Plumb, acet.
Pulv. Jacobi -

(Signed)

Alexander Grier, M.D.,

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

No. 7.
Light Division.

Nov.22,1854.

Dec. 1. 1854.

Nov.22,1854.
Required.

Dec. 1, 1854.

Required.

Received.

Acacise cont.

1 lb.

Pulv. cinnamon co.

2 lbs.

None.

Acid, hydrocy

4 Oz.

None.

cretEe co.

2 lbs.

1 lb.

„ sulph.

1 lb.

None.

„ „ „ c. opio -

2 lbs.

1 lb.

Ammoniae

1 lb.

8 oz.

„ ipecac, co.

2 lbs.
4 lbs.

1 lb.

2 lbs.

Ammon. sesquicarb. -

2 lbs.

„ cretae prep.

Cinchon. tallid. cont. -

1 lb.

None.

Scillae cont.

8 oz.

4 oz.

Confec. aromat.

2 lbs.

None.

Sp. rectifec.

8 pts.

2 lbs.

Ext. gentianse

8 oz.

None.

Tinct. camph. co.

8 lbs.

4 lbs.

Hyd. chlorid.

2 lbs.

4 oz.

„ cantharid.

1 lb.

None.

„ c. creta

2 lbs.

None.

,, catechu, co.

2 lbs.

None.

Ipecac, cont.

1 lb.

None.

„ matico

2 lbs.

4 oz.

Liq. Ammon.

1 lb.

„ opii

4 lbs.

None.*

01. menth. pip.

4 oz.

2 oz.

„ scillae

1 lb.

„ ricini

4 lbs.

Vin. antim. potass, tart.

1 lb.

None.

Opii cont.

1 lb.

4 oz.

Corticis granata

2 lbs.

None.

Picis. Burgund.

4 lbs.

None.

Graduated glass measures

One

Pil. hydrarg.

2 lbs.

Pewter oz. measures -

None.

Plumb acet.

2 lbs.

None.

Gallipots, in sorts

12 doz.

Twelve.

Potass, iodid.

8 oz.

*Liq. morph. mur. 4 lbs.

(Signed) Alexander Grier, M.D.

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

A a 2

184

No. 8.

Dec. 9, 1854.
Urgently
ref^uired.

Received.

Dec. 9, 1854.
Urgently

Eeceived.

Pulv. ipecac, co.

J, creta? co. o. opio.

1 lb.
1 lb.

„ opii.
Calomel

8 oz.
1 lb.

4 OZ.
8 oz.

(Signed) Alexander Grier, M.D.,

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

No. 9.

Dec.13,1854.

Dec. 16, 18.54.'

Dec,13,18,54
Required.

Dec. 16, 1854.

XVCtI 111! cU..

IicCSlV6(i

Acid, acetic

4 lbs.

4 lbs. i

Pil. Hyd.

lbs.

4 oz.

„ sulphur

4 lbs.

Plumb, acet. -

lbs.

None.

Amnion, sesquicarb. -

2 lbs.

Pulv. Jacobi

oz.

4 oz.

Cerat. resina;

4 lbs.

4 lbs. 1

„ creta3 co.

lbs.

None.

Confec. aromat. -

2 lbs.

„ ,, c. opio

lbs.

12 oz.

Enip. cantharid.

8 lbs.

9 lbs.

ipec. CO.

lbs.

4 lbs.

Ext. opii

2 lbs.

None.

Sp. ajther co. -

lbs.

4 lbs.

Hyd. ehlorid

4 lbs.

1 lb.

,, rectif.

pts.

8 pts.

c. creta3

4 lbs.

8 oz.

Tinct. camph. co.

lbs.

2 lbs.

Ipecac, cont.

2 ibs.

None.

5, cardam. co.

lbs.

2 lbs.

Einim. saponis.

4 lbs.

catechu.

lbs.

4 lbs.

Moi-ph. mur.

2 oz.

ferri sesqucl.

lbs.

2 lbs.

01. menth. pip.

8 oz.

2 oz.

^ opii

lbs.

1 lb.

5, oliva3 - - -

4 lbs.

Via. ipecac.

lbs.

None.

„ ricini

8 lbs.

Zino'iber cont.

lbs.

None.

„ terebinth.

4 lbs.

Bandages, calico - -

doz.

12 doz.

Opii. contrit.

2 lbs.

1 oz.

flannel

doz.

2 doz.

(Signed) Alexander Grier, M.D.,

Assistant Surgeon 92d Highlanders.

185

MEMORANDA MADE ON INSPECTION OF THE FIELD HOSPITALS

IN THE CRIMEA.

January 7th.

Light Division.

QSth Regiment. — Four single tents, and one for surgery; no stretchers^ Itoards, or anything
else for the patients to lie upon, except here and there a rush mat, or a water deck ; of each
of these there Avere two.

The surgeon says he applied for stretchers, bat cannot get them up from Balaklava.
His only means of transport is a pony intended for carrying the hospital panniers, but daily
employed carrying charcoal and medical stores from Balaklava.

When the bad weather came, the surgeon applied to have the two marquees of the
regiment, but has been unable from tlie same cause to get them from Balaklava.

From the same cause a wooden hut, for which an order was obtained recently at the
suggestion of Dr. Hall, cannot be procured. Each man has two blankets. Twenty-eight
have been issued to the hospital by the Qii'^rter-Master-General, twenty by the Quarter-
Master. Three bed pans, seven urinals, no close stools. One hundred and twenty men on
sick list to-day, almost all diarrhoea and dysentery ; of these, 24 or 25 in the hospital tents.

\9th Regiment- — One marquee and five bell tents ; 52 in hospital ; 63 convalescent.

Dr. Longmore stated that he had got olbs. of soap on the 26th December, for the first
time since landing in the Crimea. For the first six weeks could not get a bed pan, had
only a single chamber pot.

Means of cooking, — a copper pov/der case, 1 ft. 4 in. square by 1 ft. 7 in. deep, one side
cut away, and a few pieces of old iron hoops stretched across inside as a grate. For ablution,
half a pork cask.

Had one bat horse on the march for carrying th.e panniers. The Quarter-Master General
afterwards took liim away, overworked him, and returned him six days afterwards lame.

Dr. Longmore seemed to have made the most of the means at his disposal.

23;y/ Regiment. — One marquee, in which were 17 men, three bell tents holding nine;
147 sick.

33?y/ Regiment. — One marquee, four bell tents ; 141 sick.

7</i Regiment. — Nearly 200 sick. The surgeon stated that three men died during the
preceding night from dysentery. Had got no medical comforts since 22nd December ; got
then 50 lbs. rice, and 50 lbs. sugar.

Received from the " Times " Fund 4 or 5 lbs. tea, same quantity of sugar, 100 lemons, ten
tins preserved meat, five scai'fs.

There were three dead bodies near the entrance of one of the tents.

Siege Train, Right Attack.

Six hundred and thirty strong ; 46 on sick list; a great many attending. One marquee,
in whicli there were 10 men. Three bell tents, four men in each. Most of the men,
Dr. Essex Bowen stated, had only the one blanket tiiey brouglit out in March last. In
some respects, this was a favourable specimen, comparatively speaking, of a field hospital.

Janiiarjj 'dth.
Light Division.

Rifle Brigade, 2d Battalion, right wing. — A. few stretchers, sti'etched out by pieces of
wood at both ends, raised from the ground by stones. Stoves in the marquees ; one tent
used as a surger}', and with a rude kind of table for operating. No great want of medi-
cines— the surgeon, Dr. Eraser, having taken the precaution to take with him to the
Crimea an extra quantity of morphia.

Repeated requisitions never more than partinlly complied with. Not inspected by any
General. 36 men in hospital, 19 more oft' duty. Strength of the battalion, about 300.
This was the best hospital yet seen.

Sappers. — ()ne marquee, no stretchers ; applied for some about a month ago; six horse-
hair beds ; 1 6 men In hospital ; 54 attending ; 357 sti'ong. Sent a requisition, January 7,
for a hut ; approved of by Dr. Hall ; refused by D. A. Q. M.-G eneral Wethcrall.

Mr. Loughced said, he never had had a proper supply of opium during the month he has
been in charge. James Svilly, the hospital sergeant, said that the same want had existed
throughout. The last time a requisition was sent to Balaklava (Jan. 4) for opium, he wae
told by the apothecary not to send again until notice was given him that some was in stors.

Hospital accommod;ition wholly insufficient. Mr. Lougheed said that he had 14 men
whom lie wanted to get into liospital, but could not for v/ant of room. To admit a case of
frost-bite, he was obliged to turn out of the marquee the least bad case in it, a man labour-
ing from diarrhoea, who had been purged half a dozen times during the night, and who
looked worn and exhausted. IMr. Lougheed said, that a man had died in his tent the day
before, for whom no accommodation could be made in the hospital.

The ! ^ospltal sergeant stated, that the medical officer was constantly being changed,
Mr. Lougheed being the eighth who had been in charge.

97/A Regiment. — Landed on 20th November, arrived in camp the 22d ; 54 in hospital and
90 attending ; no stretchers. Men lay on brushwood ; no bat-horse for the medical officer.

A a .3

186

Second Division.

Ailst Regiment. — One marquee, seven tents; 10 stretchers in marquee ; 49 In hospital ;
26 attending.

49^A Regiment. — One small marquee, holding five patients on stretchers ; six tents ; 28
sick in hospital, all others on duty. 20 stretchers have been issued, but only five are used,
and these in the marquee. They take up too much room to be used in the tents. Ground
covered with white marl dug up at the depth of six feet.

The men of this regiment, we were informed, did not get their summer clothing this
year. The consequence was, that they were obliged to wear their clotli trowsers during the
summer, and these were now in rags. A private of the name of Crouch, was brought to us
in a pair of black ti'owsers hardly hanging together, from the knee downward. Tliis con-
dition, it was said, — but we did not observe it, — was not uncommon with the men of this
regiment. Among the patients in one of the hospital tents was a private, John Lake. He
was dressed in a pair of white duck trowsers, without drawers or any other imder clothing.
He said they were his only trowsers. His black ones had been finally destroyed after two
or three washings. He v/as then three weeks in hospital from diarrhoea, and the only
trowsers he coiild procure were those he had on him, which had been lent by a comrade —
an old pair which had been issued in 1853, at Corfu. Nevertheless, this was one of the
healthiest regiments in the camp.

62rf Regimi'vt. — Arrived in camp on 13th November. One small marquee, five tents ;
20 stretchers issued, but only six in use from want of room ; 66 men in hospital, the rest
on duty. The regiment landed at Chersonese. The French carried up the regimental
chest, which is not yet exhausted.

47)f/j Regiment — ^Six tents, no marquee ; 50 men in hospital, two attending. Attending
not allowed, in general. If more sick come, more tents are got from the companies to
which they belong. Stretchers obtained within the last three weeks.

No blankets except the field blankets. The men in hospital have not had a second
blanket issued to them.

Requisition has been sent for two marquees or huts with stoves. The surgeon sent it
to Dr. Marshall. Not heard since.

ZOth Regiment. — Six tents, no marquee; 46 sick, none attending; if more come, get
tents from the companies which send most sick.

The hospital marquee was damaged on November 5th (Inkerman), and destroyed on
14th (storm).

General BuUer, the General of the Division, visited the hospital, we were told, seven or
eight days ago for the first time.

55th Regiment.- — Eleven tents, no marquee. Marquee destroyed 14th November; 131
in hospital daily ; average for past quarter, 91. Most men have two blankets ; bare ground;
five cases of men frost-bitten in the tents, besides two admissions in two days.

95^/i Regiment. — Small marquee (Portuguese), six tents ; 78 sick; 18 stretchers, but not
used from want of room ; requisitions for marquees and huts sent. Great difficulty of late
in getting firewood ; only two paid orderlies ; three fatigue men act as orderlies ; tents
very crowded ; men huddled close together.

The medical officer of the 30th stated that he had prepared his answers to the questions
addressed to the regimental surgeons, l)ut that he had been prevented from sending them
by an order of General Buller.*

First Division.

Coldstream Guards. — One marquee, six tents; 57 in hospital, 70 attending ; many cases
of scurvy. The surgeon (Mr. Cay) complained of having to send almost every day
requisitions for medicines or medical comforts. These were brought up by means of the
officers' horses. He stated that he had not long before bought a dozen of brandy out of his
own money for the use of the hospital, but had been re-paid by the Colonel. One officer
had let him have 20lbs. of tea at 2s. a pound for the hospital. The chaplain of the division
had brought it some things from the gentleman entrusted with the expenditure of the "Times"
fund. The Duke of Cambridge visited the hospital once or twice, but no other General.

Scots Fusilier Guards. — One marquee, two tents ; 52 in hospital, 84 attending. Men
lying on ground ; all got two blankets ; 50 hospital blankets got from quarter-master.

Grenadier Guards. — Got a marquee three days ago; 71 sick, 31 attending. The
marquee was up and filled.

January Qth.
Light Division.

77th Regiment. — One marquee, five tents ; 43 in hospital, 42 attending. No stretchers;
all the men on the ground.

Lt-Col. Egerton stated that the want of transport was the chief evil. Of the 10
bat horses assigned to the regiment, only four remained fit for service. He complained
also of the insufficient medical attendance for his regiment ; the surgeon was ill, the first
assistant-surgeon had been sent to the artillery of tlie Black Battery, the second assistant-
surgeon had been sent in charge of sick to Scutari ; the third alone was on duty. He
mentioned the loss of a man, on the march after the Alma, from want of conveyance. The
man was attacked by cholera. Many cases of frost-bite.

* Vide Sup., p. 16.

187

Fourth Division.

\lth Regiment. — Arrived In the Crimen on Dec. ]7tli. Four tents; 45 sick. 41 attending;
20 stretchers, but not used.

2(}t]i Regiment. — Two marquees, 16 men in cnch ; four tents; 556 strong, 61 sick,
19 attending. In one marquee there were five men on Clai-ke's stretchers, four wounded;
wounded do well ; 3.3 frost-bites to-day, or severe chilblains with broken skin.

2\st Regiment. — Two marquees, three tents; 647 strong; 150 sick altogether. In the
first marquee, 39 men huddled together on the ground; the second marquee had 20 Clarke's
stretchers. One tent had 16 men.

bltli Regiment. — One large, one small marquee ; latter contained eight men, four on
stretchers: one tent with 5 men; strength, 714 ; in hospital, 37: attending, 11 ; frost-bites, 13.

Third Division.

Ath Regiment. — One marquee ; three tents ; 54 in hospital ; 53 attending ; two or three
frost-bites ; 28 men in marquee ; rugs, and two blankets each.

%dth Regiment. — Arrived 19th December. Strength^ 640 ; sick, 223; in hospital, 23 ;
frost-bites, 48. Two marquees, one completed witli boards and trestles, besides tents told
off in the companies according to number of sick. 51 casualties since arrival, all cholera,
except one wounded. Well supplied with medical comforts, but scantily with charcoal
and cooking materials ; 12 boards and trestles, and 12 Dr. Smith's stretchers without feet.

9th Regiment. — Came 27th November. One marquee : two tents ; four in companies ;
came 544 strong, now 408 ; sick in hospital, 36 ; attending, 43. Commissariat carried up
the marquee. Seven boards and trestles ; 9 Smith's stretchers.

\st Royals. — Strength, 692; sick, 109 ; two marquees, one supplied completely with
boar.ls and trestles, the other only half One bell tent ; the men on the ground ; 1',) frost-
bites; no stoves. The colonel and surgeon complain of the old tents.

38th Regiment. — Strength, 604; in hospital, 26; attending, 78; 12 stretchers, three
are used in a bell tent, none in the marquee ; 14 frost bites ; no stove.

50th Regiment. — Strength, 672 ; in hospital, 41 ; attending, 40 ; one marquee supplied
with stretchers; 6 bell tents, no stretchers; 10 frost-bites; seven boards and trestles;
12 stretchers, three unserviceable from having no irons.

44:th Regiment. — Strength, 580; sick, 80; all in hospital; one marquee and four bell
tents; 12 stretchers ; 12 boards and trestles. Surgeon objects to Clark's stretchers ; cannot
use stoves as he has no fuel ; has a fatigue party to dig up roots for cooking, gets charcoal
from Balaklava by sending his own pony for it. Only one surgeon on the spot ; one died ;
one left at Varna ; one gone ill on board slii[).

28^/i Regiment. — 40 in hospital; 82 attending; one marquee; the other sick, in companies'
tents ; no wine for last five days until to-day, five or six men said to be sinking in consequence.

%Zd Regiment. — Strength, 417 ; sick, 108 ; no man fit for duty yesterday. All young
recruits, the reghnent having volunteered twice. Eight bell tents, and two marquees ; five
stretchers in use ; have plenty of fuel ; one stove in the surgery tent ; several frost-bites.

January lOth,

79th Regiment. — Occupies a house with three rooms in it, two are floored ; has six sets
of boards and trestles, two air beds and pillows, three close-stools, two lu'inals, six
chamber-pots; the majority of these things were obtained lately. 22 sick, badly supplied
with medical comforts ; had to purchase some lately.

93c? Regiment. — Occupies three rooms and a shed ; 33 sick, 30 attending hospital ; all
on the floor. Some in the coldest rooms are on mats ; difficulty in obtaining medical
comforts; want of tincture of opium and Dover's powder; two bed-pans.

42d Regiment. — Four rooms; 59 patients, all on mats on the floor ; supplied nearly as
the last regiment. Heard the same complaints.

Huts for Artillerg Depot. — 13 sick; no close-stools; tw^o bed-pans; no urinals ; no
paillasses ; no blankets, otlier than the men's blankets.

Horse Artillery huts contained 28 men, all but one had stretchers ; a hospital blanket
for 26 men; one close-stool; one bed-pan; one urinal.

Qth X)m^/oo?«s. — Strength, 260 ; sick, 16, all in the hospital hut, which has been occupied
by sick for three days. Men have their own blankets, and lie upon buffulo robes ; have
cloaks, pea-coats, and sheep skins ; stove in the hut ; two bed-pans, one close-stool. The
surgeon applied through the commanding officer and staff-surgeon for a marquee about a
month ago, and was told there was none ; afterwards, that there was one which he might
take away. Had about 20 cases of scurvy within the last six weeks, owing to continuance
of salt provisions and the want of fresh.

2f/ Dragoons.— Two bell tents; have got part of a hut up ; 31 sick, 21 in hospital tents;
18 hair mattresses; 10 buftido robes. Every ninn had his two blankets. Two bed-pans;
two urinals ; strength, 200.

\st Royal Dragoons.- — Strength, 208 ; three bell tents ; 17 sick; are getting w]} a hut;
lost their marquee. Men lie on tarpaulins and bulfiilo robes; 10 hospital lilankets ; two
bed-pans, one urinal, one close-stool.

oth Dragoon Guards. — Strength, 159; 22 sick; one nuxrquee, and one bell tent. The
men have hay imder them. 36 hospital blankets, 12 rugs, 10 buffalo robes, one close-
stool, one bed-pan, one urinal. Found in this hospital an infantry soldier who had been
placed upon a cavalry horse for the purpose of taking him to Balaklava ; the horse strayed
away with him, and he was found by an officer nearly insensible.

A a 4

188

BALAKLAVA.

List of Requisitions for Apotliecary's Stores imperfectly complied -with from the 1st to
the 9th January, by the Apothecary at Balaklava.

93rd Highlanders.-

-January 1, 1855.

ib. 07,.

- 0

- 1

-. 0

- 1

- 0

P. Ipecac. CO.
P. opii
F. opii
Ext. opii
T. Camph.
Vin. ipecac,
^ther rect
Nitric acid
01. oliva;

Royal Marines, Balaklava. — Jan. 1, 1855.
Calomel - - • 0 14

Tr. catechu - - 2 0

General Hospital, Balaldava. — Jan. 1, 1855.
Pulv. opii - - - 0 2

01. menth. pip. - - - 0 2

Tr. catechu - - - 1 0

Vin. ipecac. - - - 1 0

2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade. — Jan. 1, 1855.

Tr. opii - - - - 1 0

Pulv. opii - - - 0 4

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 4

Greta c. opio - - - 0 4

Pulv. Zingiberis - - - 0 4

Conf aromat - - - 1 0

Spt. amnion co. - - - 0 8

Pulv. ipecac, co. - - 0 8

33d Regiment. — January 1, 1855.
Pulv. ipecac, co.

creta co. c. opio
„ opii
Tr. opii
Ext. opii
Hyd. c. creta
Pulv. Zinxib.

01
4
1
4

42d Highlanders. — January 1, 1855.

Pulv. ipecac, co. - - 0 8
Tr.opii - - .-08

Pulv. opii - - - 0 4

01. rlcini - - » - 4 0

Hyd. c. creta - - - 0 4
Grain scales and weights, 1 set.

Pestle and inortar - - 1

Bolus tile - - 1

Vin. ipecac. - - - 0 8

C Troop, Royal Horse Artillery.
January 1, 1855.

Pulv. opii - - - 0 1

01. ricini - - - - 4 0

-January 1, 1855.

- 0

79th Highlanders
Pulv. ipecac, co. -
Hydrarg. c. creta

Hospital Ship, " St Hilda."— Jan. 1, 1855,
Mustard - - - 4 0

1st Battalion Rifle Brigade. Jan. 1, 1855.
Spt. amnion, co.
01. menth. pip.
Pulv. creta co. opio
Pulv. opii
Ext. opii

Sappers and Miners.
Tr. catechu.
Plumbi acet.
Pulv. cnpsici

-January 1, 1855.

- 0 4

3d Division. — January 1, 1855. lb. oz.

01. rIcIni - - -60

Creta co. c. opio - - - 2 0

Pulv. opii - - - 1 0

„ ipecac, co. - - - 2 0

PIl. scillai CO. - - - 1 0

Tr. opii - - - - 2 0

Plumbi acet. - - 10

21st Fusiliers. — January 2, 1855.

Pulv. opii - - - 0 4

Hydrarg. c. creta - - - 0 4

Royal Artillery, E Battery. — Jan. 2, 1855.

Pulv. opii - - - 0 4

Tr. opii - - - - 1 0

Pulv. Ipecac, co. - - - 0 8

Creta co. opio - - 0 8

Hydrarg. c. creta - -04

Tr. catechu - - - 1 0

Marines on board the " Pride of the Ocean."

January 2, 1855.

Creta ppt. - - - 1 0

77th Regim.ent.— January 2, 1855.

Tr. opii - - - - 0

Tr. catechu. - - - 0

01. menth. pip. - - - 0

Creta co. c. opio - - 0

Pulv. Ipecac, co. - _ - o

Plumbi acet. - - - 0

Hydrarg. c. creta - - - 0

Pulv. opii - - - - 0

33d Regiment. — Januarj^ 2, 1855.

-Janu;

ary

2, 1!

Acid acetic
Alum
Ext. opii
P. ipecac, ver.
Gum opii
Plumbi acet.
Creta co. c. opio
Pulv. Ipecac, co.
Tr. opii
Vin. ipecac, co.

8 th Hussars.-
Hydrarg. c. creta

4 th Lio-ht DraG:oons.
Tr. catechu.
PIl. rha^I CO. - - _
Tr. camph. co.
Putr. cinnam. co.
Ij". lavand. co.
Pulv. zino'ib.
Tr. gent. co.

34tli Regiment. — January 3
Plumbi acet.

- 1

- 0

- ]

- 0

?55.

- 0

8
8
1
8
8
4
4
4

0
0
0
2
2
4
8
8
0
12

January 2, 1 855.

- 0

- (»

- 0

1855.

- 0

5th Dragoon Guards. — January 3, 1855.

Acid acetic
Pulv. ipecac.
01. menth. pip
Tr. catechu.
Tr. gent,
Vin,' _
Creta ppt.
Mustard
Cayenne pepper
Syrup ferri lodldl
Spt. amnion, co.
Tr. Tolu

CO.

Ipecac.

189

20th Regiment. — January 3, 1855.

lb. oz.

Tr. catechu. - - - 2 0

Pulv. zingib. - - 0 1

01. menth. pip. - - - 0 1

Creta ppta. - - - I 0

Plumbiacet. - - - 0 8

lioyal Artillery. — January 3, 1855.

Plumbi acet. - - - 1 0

Pulv. zingib. - - - 0 8

Potass, bicarb.

0 8

6th Dragoon Guards. — January 3, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - - - 0 4

2d Dragoons. — January 3, 1 855.
Creta ppta. - - - 0 6

1st Battalion Rifle Brigade. — Jan. 3, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - - - 0 8

Hydrarg. c. creta - - 0 4

4?th Dragoon Guards. — January 3, 1855.

Mustard - - - 4 0

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 4

Tr. catechu. - _ _ o 8

Cerat. saponis - - - 0 8

General Hospital. — January 3, 1855.
Mustard - - '-40

88th Regiment. — January 3, 1855.
Hyd. c. creta - - - 0 12

Tr. matico - - - 0 8

Tr. catechu. - - - 0 8

21st Fusiliers. — January 3, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - - - . o 8

2d Division. — January 3, 1855.

Acid acetic. - - - 2 0

Cerat. resinje - - - - 2 0

01. menth. pip. - - .04

Pluml)i acet. - - - 4 0

Vin. ipecac. - _ . 4 0

Mustard - - - 20 0

2d Battalion Rifles. — January 5, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - - - 0 2

Ext. gentiana; - - _ 0 g

Hospital Ship, Pride of the Ocean.

January 5, 1855.
Tr. catechu. - - .04

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 4

42d Regiment. — January 5, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - _ 0 8

1st Division.— January 5, 1855.
Plumbi acet.
Spt. ammon. co.
Tr. rhattania
Acid priissic
Pulv. zingiberis
Pulv. aromaticus
Spt. camphoraj
Pulv. kino. comp.
Oxyd. bismuth
Tr. cinchona; co.
Liq. opii (Battley's)
Pulv. myristica)

90th Regiment.— January 5, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - . . _ 0

Hospital Ship, Pride of the Ocean.

January 6, 1855.
i^ulv. creta co. c. opio - -0

- 2

- 0

- 4

- 2

- 4

- 8

- - 4

- 0

23d Welsh Fusiliers.—January 6, 1855.

lb. oz.

Pulv. ipecac. - - - 0 8

Tr. catechu - - - - 2 0

Tr. kino - - - 1 0

Plumbi acet. - - .04

Acid acetic - - - 1 0

Creta ppta. - - - 1 0

01. menth. pip. - - - 0 1

19th Regiment— January 6, 1855.

Oh menth. pip. - - - 0 1

Vin. ipecac. - - - 0 4

Hydrarg. c. creta - - - 0 4

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 8

Marines. —January 6, 1855.
Creta co. c. opio - - - 0 8

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 4

2d Battalion Rifles. — January 6, 1855.

Plumbi acet. - - - 1 0

Ipecac, ver. - - - 0 8

Pulv. acacia - - - 1 0

Magnes. carbon. - - 0 8

Spt. ammon. aromat. - - 1 0

Tr. catechu. - _ - 1 0

Puiv. zingib. - - - 1 0

01. menth. pip. - - - 0 2

Scots Fusiliers. — January 7, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - - _ 0 1

77th Regiment.— January 7, 1855.

Hyd, c. creta - - .04

Plumbi acet. - - - - 0 8

01. menth. pip. - _ - 0 1

71st Highlanders.— January 7, 1855.
Pulv. cretas. co. - - _ 0 8

33d Regiment. — January 7, 1855.

Tr. catechu. - - - - 1 0

Vin. ipecac. - - - - 1 0

Vin. opii. - - _ 0 2

79th Highlanders.— January 7, 1855.
Hydrarg. c creta. - -'-04

3d Division. — January 7, 1855.

Pulv. ipecac. - - - 1 0

Hyd. c. creta - . - 0 4

Plumbi. acet. - - - 1 0

Lin. saponis - . - 2 0

Tr. caniph, co. - - - 2 0

Spt. ammon, co - - - 2 0

Pulv. zingiberis - - - 0 8

93d Highlanders. — January 7, 1855.
Vin. ipecac. - . - 1 0

General Hospital.— January 8, 1855.

0. menth. pip. - . _ q j

68th Regiment. — January 8, 1855.
Pulv. catechu. - . -03

Kino. - . - 0 8

„ Ipecac. - _ - 1 0

Hydrarg. c. creta. - .

11th Hussars. — January 8, 1855.
Pil scillfe CO. - - - 0 4

Hyd. c. creta. - . - 0 4

Royal Horse Artillery.— January 8, 1855.
Pulv. acacire - - - 0 4

79th Highlanders.—January 8, 1855.
1 il. rhre. CO. - _ _ 0 3

01. mentli. pip. _ _ _ q j
Crota CO. opio - _ .93
Hyd. c. creta - . - 0 4.

B b

190

7.th Fusiliers. — January 8, 1855. ib, oz.

Pulv. creta co. - - - 1 0

Tr. camph. co. - - - 2 0

21st Fusiliers. — January 8, 1855.

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 8

Hospital Ship, Pride'of the Ocean.
January 8, 1855.

Vin. opii. - - - - 0 2

20th Regiment. — January 8, 1855.

Liniment, saponis - - - 2 0

Plumbi acet. - - - 1 0

Spt. camphorse - - - 0 8

Creta. ppta. - - - 1 0

6th Dragoon Guards. — January 8, 1855.

lb. oz.

01. menth. pip. - - - 0 1

88th Regiment. — January 9, 1855.
Hydrarg. c. creta - - - 0 8

Tr. matico. - - - 0 10

Pulv. creta co. - - - 0 8

Plumbi acet. - - - 0 8

57th Regiment. — January 9, 1855.
Plumbi acet. - - - 0 8

Tr. catechu. - - - 2 0

Hyd. chloridi - - - 0 8

Pulv. capsici - - -04

Copy of Second Requisition for Medicines, &c,, made 15th October 1854.

Required, Invoiced 29th October.

Chloride calcis - - 2 cwt. - 56 lbs.

Ditto zinci - - 20 gallons.

Chloroform - - - 40 lbs- - 15 lbs.

Hydrarg. c. creta - - 30 lbs. - 3 lbs.

Quinse disulph. - - 20 lbs. - 14 lbs.

Tinct. ferri sesquichlor. - 10 lbs. - 2 lbs.

Tinct. matico - - 10 lbs. - 1 lb.

Vials, sorts - - 2 gross - 10 doz.

Bottles, sorts - - 2 gross - 10 doz.
Two-ounce graduated glass

measures - - 24. - 8 do.

Minim, do. - - - 2. - 4 do.

Bolus tiles - - - 12. - 4 do.

Mortars, composition - 12. - 4 do.

Funnels do. - - 12. - 2 do.

Gallipots, sorts - - 3 gross.

(Signed) J. E. Kerset,

Dispenser of Medicine in Charge.

Copy of Third Requisition for Medicines, &c., made November 1854.

Required.

Received
7 th Dec.
1854.

Received
3rd Jan.
1855.

1 Invoiced
3rd Jau.
1855 ;
not all
received.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

Acid, sulph. - - - _ - -

Alum, sulph. - - - -

Confect. aromat. - - - -

opii - - - - -

Cretge ppt. _ - - - -

Hydrarg. c. cretae - - - -

01. menth. pip. -

„ ricini - - - - -

100

„ terebinth. - - _ '

Gum opii - - - - -

Pulv. opii - - - - -

Ext. opii - - - - - -

Plumbi acet. - - - -

Pulv. cretse comp. - - - - -

„ ,, c. opio

„ ipecac, comp. - - - -

Sp. .^ther comp. -

„ nitric - - -

Tinct. catechu. _ . - -

„ opii - - - - -

Zingib. pulv. - - - - -

Liq. ammoniae - - -

Rhei _ . . - -

Lint - - - - - -

100

(Signed) J. E. Kersey,

Disp, Med. in Charge.

191

Required most urgently for the use of Lord Raglan's Army in the Crimea, the under-
mentioned articles :

December 16th, 1854.

lbs.

Alum pulv. - - - ----30

Conf. aromat, - - - - - 20

„ opii - - - - - 20

Hydrarg. cliloridi - - - - - - --20

„ cretas - - - - - - -30

Olr menth. pip. - - - - - -10

Pulv. opii - - - - - - - 30

Creta ppt. - - ■- - - - 50

Pulv. ipecac, ver. - - - - - 20

Do, zingiber - - - - - - 20

Tr. opii - - - - - 50

P. creta comp. - 40

„ „ opii - - - - - - - 40

Tr. catechu. - - - - - -30

01. ricini - - - - - - 50

01. olivae - - - . . - 50

Spt. ^ther nit. - - - - - - 30

P. rh^i - - - . ... 30

Magnes. carb. - - - - - -10

Acid sulph. - - _ _ - - 20

Plumbi acet. - - - - , - 30

P. ipecac, co. - - - - - - 25

Morph. acet, - - - -

„ mur. - - - - - - 1

P. acaciae - - - - - - 10

Tr. camph, co. - - - - - - 24

Liq. sodss chlor, - - __„___ 20

Pil. hydrarg. - - - - - -15

Liquor, zingi chlor, 3 jars - - _ _ _ each 56

Spt. ammon. co. - - - - - -30

Liq. ammonia - - - - _ _ 20

Cupri sulph. - - - ... 2

01. terebinth. - - - - - 100

Screw tourniquets - - - - No. 6

Field do. - - . . . _ 30

Corks in sorts - - - - gross 6

Vials do - ... - -do 6

Bottles, 8oz. - _ _ _ _ _ _ j^Q^ 4g

Do. 12oz. - - - - . - _ 48

Do. 16oz. - - - . _ . 48

Mustard - - - - - - -100

Ligature silk - - - .- ..2

Lin. saponis - - - - -100

Zingi sulph. - - - . . -10

Vin. ipecac. - - - - - _ -20

„^ther rect. - -40

Ext. hyoscyami _ ..5

Vin. colchici - - - - _ -10

Tr. gratian co. - - - - . -10

01. ricini - - - - _ _ _ JOO

Tr. cardam. co. - - - - - - 20

Ferri sulph. - - - . _ .

Ung. sulph. CO. - _ _ . - - 20

„ resinae - - . - - - 50

Quinas sulph, - - _ „ - 15

(Signed) F. Feenandez,

Disp. Med,

B b 2

192

Numerical Return showing the Number of Men daily admitted into and discharged from
the General Hospital at Balaklava, from 27th September to 30th November 1854.

Balaklava, 1854.

Date of Admission.

No. Admitted.

No. Discliarged.

No. Died.

Remarks.

27th September 1854.

295

28th

29th

30th

1st October 1854.

4th

J J

5th

6th

, .

7th

8th

9th

10th

nth

12th

3»

13th

14th

»J

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

20th

21st

22d

23d

24th

25th

26th

27th
28th
29th
30th
31st

33
55
35

5
2
1
1
11

39
4

6
—
.

24 Admissions marked in
hospital books as " date un-
known," but who were

111 T 1 it

probably adnntted when the

hospital was opened.

1st November 1854.

—

4th

—

5th

—

6th

. —

7th

8th

9th

10th

»S

nth

—

12th

—

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

168

18th

19th

20th

21st

. —

2 2d

23d

24th

25th

26th

27th

28th

29th

30th

(Signed)

S. S. and P. M. D.

193

III.

TRANSPORT OF SICK AND WOUNDED FROM THE CRIMEA

TO SCUTARI.

Letter addressed to the Surgeons in charge of Sick and Wounded on their Transport

from the Crimea to Scutari.

Sir, Scutari, December 3.

Having been instructed by the Minister of War to make certain inquiries into the
condition of tlie sick and wounded men of the British army in the East, we have to request
that you will favour us with answers to the questions which we forward herewith, adhering
as nearly as may be to the accompanying form.

We request that you will aLo inform us — First, whether the vessel was in your opinion
suited for the transport of the number actually taken on board ; secondly, whether you
needed the assistance of any sui'geons, orderlies, or attendants other than those sent on
board under you, and whether you obtained such assistance, stating the number of surgeons,
orderlies, and attendants who so assisted ; and thirdly, whether there was any deficiency
of proper provisions, medicine, medical comforts, or surgical instruments, materials, and
appliances while on board.

We shall feel obliged by any further information which you can give us bearing in any
way upon the subject of the transport of the sick and wounded.

We have, &c.
(Signed) A. Gumming, I.G.H,
P. Benson Maxwell.
To the Medical Officer in charge of the P. Sinclair Laing.

Return of Particulars connected with the Transport of Sick and Wounded Officers and
Soldiers of the British Army in the East from the Crimea to Scutari.

Question 1. Names of vessels of which you were in charge.

2. Registered tonnage.

3. Height between decks.

4. Number of voyages you made.

5. Number of cots.
Number of hammocks.
Number of standing bed places.
Number of bedding.

6. Number of water-closets.
Number of night-stools.
Number of bed-pans.
Number of urinals.

Number of other such conveniences.

7. Supply of medicines.

8. Supply of surgical instruments.

Supply of surgical materials and appliances.
vSupply of medical comforts.
Supply of provisions.
Supply of water.

9. Means of ablution.

10. Means and stale of ventilation.

11. Number of sick and wounded officers and soldiers on board, with the names of any

of the officers which you mav recollect.

12. Number of surgeons sent on board under you, stating their names and rank to the

best of your recollection.

13. Number of them fit for duty on board.

14. Number of orderlies and other hospital attendants sent on board for the purpose of

attending the sick and wounded.

15. Number of them fit for duty on board.

16. When the sick and wounded embarked.

17. When the vessel sailed.

18. When it arrived off Scutari.

19. When the sick and wounded disembarked.

20. Causes of delay in embarkation, sailing, and disembarkation.

21. General character of wounds and diseases.

22. Number of deaths on board.

23. To what causes attributable.

24. Means and deficiencies of cooking.

25. Regularity of meals and facilities for rating them.

B b 3

194

ANSWERS OF SURGEONS TO THE ABOVE LETTER.
James A. Wishart, Esq., Staff Surgeon, Second Class.

Dated at Scutari Barracks, 14th December 18-54.
Answer 1. I arrived with the army at Kalamita Bay in the Crimea, but on account of
oedema of the legs after fever and general debility I was unable to land, and was ordered
to proceed sick to Scutari. I embarked in the Kangaroo screw steamer along with the
sick of the army. The Inspector-General and Deputy-Inspector Dumbreck visited
the ship, and, at the request of the latter, I undertook to render such medical assistance as
I found myself able for. Staff-surgeon P. Mackey was in charge. I treated nearly half of
the sick, and made up all the medicine. I did no night duty. The oedema of the legs
increased again, and I was affected with most profuse night sweats.

2. I am not aware of the tonnage of the vessel.

3. The between-decks were lofty.

4. I made only one voyage.

5. There were three cots on board; no hammocks. There were a 100 or more
standing bed places. Except in the cots, I do not remember having seen any bedding.

6. I think there were two water-closets for the men, and there were two reais on the
deck, but, I think, no night stools, bed pans, or urinals.

7 and 8. A regimental medicine chest on board afforded a sufficient supply of medicines
and of surgical materials and appliances. The staff-surgeon was in possession of a case of
surgical instruments. Salt provisions were the rations of officers and men, but medical
comforts (of which there was a good supply) were ordered for the more serious cases. The
water was fresh and in good quantity.

9. The means of ablution I did not take notice of

10. There was the ordinai'y good ventilation of the ship, but on account of the number
and nature of the cases on board, the decks were close, and some of the standing bed places
were very oflFensive, though occupied by few patients.

11. The officers might have numbered 20 or 24, the men 400 or more, and all sick —
none wounded. Captain Barnard and Ensign Lockart, 41st Regiment, were on board,
also Lieut. Sprot, 93d, Lieut. Harrisson, 79th, &c.

12 and 13. Dr. Peter Mackey (since dead), staff surgeon 2d class, was in medical charge,
and I (assistant surgeon on the staff) did duty under him.

14 and 15. Three men of the Ambulance Corps were sent on board as orderKes, and
performed their duties satisfactorily.

16. The sick embarked in the Kangaroo at noon on Saturday the 15th of September.

17. The vessel sailed in the forenoon of the 18th.

18. Arrived at Scutari about 9 a.m. of Thursday, the 21st.

19. On account of the wind and swell on the water, disembarkation did not take place
till next day.

20. The cause of delay in sailing was owing to the commander of the Kangaroo
declining to proceed with his ship so overcrowded. Captain Christie, commanding the
transports, had issued an order foi* all sick soldiers and sick women of the army to
embark at noon on the 16th in the Kangaroo, to proceed to Scutari. The ship, it was
thought, had that night considerably over 800 on board, and it was with great difficulty
one could walk along the deck or down below. On the 17th, 350 (more or less) were
removed to the Dunbar, sailing transport, and Staff Assistant-Surgeon Sylvester went
with them in charge. This vessel was towed down by the Kangaroo.

21 and 22. The prevailing diseases were bowel complaints and fever, and were the chief
causes of death.

23. I am not at all aware how many men died during the voyage, but more than one
were sent to the vessel in a dying state.

24 and 25. The means of cooking, the regularity of the meals, and facilities for eating
them were well attended to.

James A. Wishart, M.D.,

Staff' Surgeon 2d Class.

Vulcan. James Peters, Esq., Surgeon.

H. M. S. V. Vulcan,

Gentlemen, At aea, January 30, 1855.

On my arrival at Constantinople on the 28th inst. from Marseilles, I found your
letter of 6th ultimo, which had been written on the day on which I left the former place ;
and I hasten to return answer to the queries which you have sent ; and as I feel that, in
answering your questions categorically and simply, much is left unsaid, I avail myself of
your invitation to give expression to my opinion on the want of management for the
proper conveyance of the sick and wounded from the Crimea to Scutari, and as the best
commentary, it will be as well for me to describe what took place after the battle of Alma.
On the day of the battle, this vessel, with many others, was at anchor a short distance from

195

the field of battle, but no notice was given to me that sick or wounded would be sent here;
consequently no preparation was made for their reception. But early the next morning a small
steamer came alongside, with 86 soldiers, in charge of an assistant-surgeon of H.M.S.
Agamemnon ; six of these had been wounded in the cavalry skirmish the night before
the battle, and had suffered amputation. jNo document nor order about them was sent,
and I considered that no others were coming, and proceeded to arrange them on the main
deck. The wounded were put in cots in an airy part of the main deck, and a platform
was made out of stools and mess tables, on which beds and blankets were put for the sick,
who were all suffering from cholera and dysentery. While I was thus engaged, Dr. Dees,
Deputy Inspector of Naval Hospitals, came on board to see how many more could be
received, and according to his opinion, not more than 300 altogether ought to be sent. I
pointed out to this gentleman the necessity for medicines and dressings, &c., being sent,
and he went ashore with Commander von Donop to see Dr. Hall on the subject. I was
for some time without any assistant, but about noon boat after boat came alongside with
the sick and wounded, and I was obliged to ask for a signal to be made for surgical
assistance, which was answered by Dr. Ryan, senior assistant surgeon of the
Agamemnon. This gentleman remained with me all day and the following night,
and was most indefatigable. About 6 p.m., finding that there were nearly 500 already on
board, and that others were alongside, I requested the first lieutenant, in the absence of
the commander, to prevent any others coming on board. This he did, and then sent to
other ships for more assistance, and several surgeons came on board, so that by half-past
ten 1 believe nearly every wounded man had been attended to, but it was nearly nine
o'clock before I could procure medicines or dressings for the wounded, and but for my
having had a large private supply of plaister and calico, it v/ould have been impossible to
dress the wounded, for I may here mention that adhesive plaister is not allowed in the
navy, but the sick bay attendant spreads it as it is required and as well as he can. There
was happily a good supply of arrowroot, sago, &c., on board, in charge of the paymaster,
whicli I demanded, and issued as was requisite, so the patients experienced no distress on this
score ; but there were no orderlies nor attendants sent to look after the sick, and but for
the presence of a sergeant and two orderlies of the 31st regiment left on board, I could
not have managed to issue food and medicine. These three men were invaluable to me,
and their conduct was above all praise. Of course with so large a number of men pushed
on board so quickly, any arrangement was out of the question, and with the exception of
those first brought on board, the sick and wounded were placed indiscriminately on the
decks, to the great risk of the wounded, for with such diseases as cholera and dysentery
extensively prevailing, the atmosphere becomes quickly tainted. But the marines and
seamen of the vessel, albeit rather rough nurses, behaved in the kindest manner to the
poor creatures. But great distress was experienced from the want of urinals and bed
pans, one only of each being on board ; and from the want of these, many blankets were
thrown overboard by my order when they became foul. The three asfeistant-surgeons
named in my answers came on board on the morning of the 22d, and from them 1 ('.piived
all the assistance which they could possibly render. Night and day they were employed
in attending to the wounded, whose wounds were dressed daily while on board, and as by
God's mercy we had beautiful weather during the passage to Scutari, this number of
surgeons sufficed ; but it would have been diffierent had the passage been prolonged, or if
a gale of wind had come on, for, from the crowded state of the decks, much misery, if not
fatal consequences, must have resulted.

It may be permitted to me to state that the operations on the wounded reflect the
highest credit on the regimental surgeons who performed them, not a single case of
secondary hoemorrhage occurred, and all gave promise of doing well.

I am not aware whether your inquiries extend to the transport of wounded Russians,
and Will not, therefore, allude to the treatment of them unless called on so to do.

In conclusion, I vvould say that, although I do not teel called on to blame any one for
the want of arrangement which caused such distress, yet I feel that there was no doubt a
neglect of all pre-arrangement for conveyance of the wounded, and sailing vessels and
badly-ventilated transports were employed on this important service, when there were
three other troop vessels, of similar construction to this, which were or might have been
available ; and there can be no doubt that, as from the time the army landed in the Crimea
a battle was impending and sickness was very rife, some arrangements should have been
made, and certain vessels fitted for the purpose. And here I may mention that, on our
arrival at Constantinople, Admiral Boxer ordered me to be furnished with bed pans,
urinals, drinking cups, oil cloth cradles for fractures, &c., &c., and these things have been
of the greatest service while conveying sick and wounded from the Crimea to Sebastopol.

1 have, 8ic.

Messrs. Gumming, Maxwell, and Laing. James Pete us.

Surgeon.

Answer 1. H.M.S. Vulcan,

2. 1,775 tons.

3. Six feet six inches.

4. Once with English soldiers, once with sailors after the bombardment of Sebastopol,
and once with wounded Russian prisoners after the battle of Inkermann.

Bb 4

196

5 Of cots there were seven, of hammocks about 800 ; there were no standing bed
places, except in cabins, where were seven, besides swinging bed places, affording
accommodation for about 24 officers. Tliere were also 10 iron bedsteads available
for soldiers; of blankets there were more than 1,000.

6. There are seven water-closets on the main deck, besides a large place fitted for the
use of troops. Of night-stools two, one bed pan, and one urinal, and in this part of the
arrangement for sick and wounded the greatest inconvenience was experienced.

7. No medicines, none were sent; but on making a demand, I received such as were
needed. No instruments were furnished, but I demanded and received calico, lint, tow,
and adhesive plaister. Of medical comforts none were sent, but happily there was a
quantity of sago, arrowroot, and rice, with preserved meats, in charge of the paymaster ;
tliese I demanded, and issued as 1 thought proper ; brandy and port wine were supplied
I'rom the gun-room mess ; there was abundance of water.

9. There were plenty of buckets on board.

10. The ventilation of this vessel is very good ; there are large ports on the main deck,
scuttles on the lower, with large pipes comrauaicating with the upper deck, by which free
circulation of air is kept up.

11. After the battle of Alma there were received on board 10 officers and 423 men,
besides 20 sick men left on board sick when the 30th regiment disembarked in the
Crimea. The names of the officers are Captain Fitzgerald, 7tn regiment ; Hon. A.
Crofton, Lieutenant, 7th ; H. M. Jones, Lieutenant, 7th ; A. Cardew, Lieutenant, 19th ;
R. Wardlaw, 19th ; F. Sayer, 23d ; George Bissett, 5.5th ; E. Bazalgette, 95th ; and
W. L. Braybrook, Ceylon Rifles, who died on board^ and Assistant Surgeon Williams, 88th
(sick).

12. On the first day, while being brought on board. Dr. Ryan, of H.M.S.
Agamemnon, and other naval medical men assisted ; and on the day we sailed iMessrs.
Drew, assistant surgeon of H.M.S.V. Inflexible ; King, assistant surgeon of H.M.S.V.
Vesuvius ; and Shore, assistant surgeon of H.M.S.V. Furious, came on board, and
accompanied me to Scutari.

13. All were fit.

14. No orderly nor attendant was sent, but tliere were on board a sergeant and two
orderlies of 30th in attendance on the sick of that regiment, and these men rendered the
greatest assistance.

15. The three above mentioned were fit.

16. September 21st.

17. September 22d.

18. September 25th.

19. September 25th.

21. Most of the wounds were from musket balls, and the diseases principally cholera
and dysentery.

22. Eighteen died on board, two from wounds, the remainder from cholera and
dysentery.

24 and 25. There was plenty of room for cooking ; the great deficiency was in vessels
in which to put the food. The meals were not always regular, from the necessity of
preparing many different articles of food.

J. C. G. TicE, Esq., Staff-Surgeon 1st Class.

1. Names of vessels of which you were in

charge ?

2. Registered tonnage?

8. Height between decks ?

4. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks?
Number of standing bed places?
Number of bedding ?

5. Number of water closets ?
Number of night stools?
Number of bed pans ?
Number of urinals?

Number of other such conveniences?

6. Supply of medicines?

7. Supply of surgical instruments ?
Supply of materials and appliances?
Supply of medical comiorts ?
Suppl}' of provisions .■'

Supply of water ?

8. Means of ablution ?

9. M'r-aus and state of ventilation ?

Steam ship Andes.

About 1,800.
Between 7 & 8 feet.
Cannot remember.
A few were used.
About 100.

Blankets in abundance ; uncertain as to beds.
Four or six.

To the best of my recollection none.
Do not remember the number.
Uncertain.

Several wooden bowls.
Ample.

Sufficient for every purpose.

Abundant.

Ditto.

.Ditto, and of good qualitv.
Ditto ditto
Tubs and small buckets.
Scuttles, windsails, Ikc.

197

10. Number of sick and wounded officers and

soldiers on board, with tlie names of
any officers which you may recollect ?

11. Number of surgeons sent on board under

you, stating the names and rank? to
the best of your recollection ?

Twenty officers, from 420 to 430 soldiers.
Forget the names, they were furnished to
1st class Staif-surgeon Menzies, P.M.O.
Scutari.

One 1st class staff, one assistantstaff-sin-geon,
tlu'ee naval assistants. Staff-surgeon 1st
class, Dr. Tice, Assistant Stair-surgeon
Tydd, Assistant Surgeon Edwards, the
otlier two I forget.
Evei'y one.

I believe four marines and three sailors.

12. Number of them fit ibr duty on board ?

13. Number of orderlies sent on board for

the purpose of attending the sick and
wounded ?

14. Number of them iit ibr duty on board?

15. When the sick and wounded embarked ?

16. When the vessel sailed ?

17. When it arrived off Scutari ?

18. When the sick ;tnd wounded disem-

barked ?

19. Causes of delay in embarkation, sailing,

or disembarkation ?

20. Genera] character of wounds and dis-

eases ?

21. Number of deaths on board ?

22. To what causes attributable?

23. Means and deficiencies of cooking?

24. Regularity of meals, and facility lor

eating them ?

1st. — The vessel was certainly not ailapted totiie number, the majority being severe gun-
shot wounds, who had undergone amputation of tlie inferior extremity, and yet, few ships
could have answered the emergency of the occasion better.

2nd. — The sailors on board, v^ithout solicitations, afforded every aid in their power, and
some of the men (amongst the slighter wounded) assisted.

3rd. — I found everything requisite in the shape of medicine, comforts, instruments,
appliances, while the food issued was exceedingly good. I may here observe, having
embarked nearly 4,000 men, that proper and regularly fitted hospitals ships are indis-
pensable, and 1 would suggest that these be supplied with a stall' as permanent in its
character as possible.

J. C. G. TicE, M.D.,

Staff surgeon, 1st Class.

All.

21st September 18.54.
Morning of the 22nd September.
Night of the 24th September.
2.5th September.

None.

Gun-shot vvounds only.
Officers four, men 11.

Wounds received at the battle of the Alma.
Insufficient, owing to the peculiar nature of

the cases.
No resularitv could l)e observed.

A. Anderson, Esq., Staff-Surgeon 1st Class, P. M. O. Balaklava. Arthur the Great.

Gentlemen, Balaklava, January 2,5th, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter and queries, and in
reply have to state —

1. l"he name of the vessel was the Artluir the Great.

2. Registered tonnage I cannot say.

3. Height between decks I cannot say.

4. Mumber of cots, hammocks, standing bed places, I cannot say.

5. Quantity and kind of bedding. No beds, so 1 had to use pads that had been employed
for horses; blankets sufficient.

0. Number of water closets, Ikc. None on board. Bed pans, a small supply. Urinals
none. ^

7. Supply of medicii'.es sufficient.

8. Supply of medical comforts ample ; provisions and water ample ; surgical instruments,
materials, and appliances ample.

9. Means of ablution very scanty, two or three basins among 380.

10. Ventilation fjood by scuttles.

11. Number of sick and vvouiKicd officers and men, with the names of any of the officers
you may recollect. Lieut, and C;iptain Viscount Chewton, wounded; Lieut. Acton,
77th, hit by a spent l)all ; Honourable — Keith, 4th Light Dragoons, recovering from
cholera: Captain Dowkcr, 1st Royals, dysentery. Number of men I believe, 380,
including Russians (18). No returns given to me.'

12. Only one, A. S. Swinhoe. 95(h Regiment.

13. I and D]-. Swinhoe.

14. No orderlies or ho-pital attendants sent on board, so I had to depend on two Eusiian
prisoners and thi'ee women of the 1st Hoyal regiment.

15. No men fit for dutv on board.

198

16. 22nd September 1854.

17. 23rd September 1854.

18. 26th September 1854.

19. 26th, 27tli, and 28th September 1854.

20. Towing steamer moored in the mouth of the Bosphorus. so we were 12 hours longer on
our voyage. The greater number of the men so badly wounded, that they had to be slung
into the boats in their cots.

21. Musket wounds of a very dangerous nature, and Asiatic cliolera attacked a number of
the wounded.

22. I believe "22 from cholera and two from wounds.

23. I do not know. The ship was crowded, but the ventilation was good.

24. The cooking was done at the gailey, and would have been sufficient, had there been
men to attend on the wounded.

25. But little regularity or facility for eating meals.

In conclusion, I bfg to state that I consider the vessel was too crowded, that I stood
greatly in need of more medical officers, and of orderlies or attendants, but that she was
well found in medical comforts.

I have, &c.

A. Anderson, MD.,

S. Surgeon 1st Class, P. M. O. Balaklava.

Orient. George B. Poppelwell, Esq., Staff Assistant Surgeon.

General Hospital, Scutari,
Gentlemen, December 6th, 1854.

With reference to your conimunication respecting the transport of the sick and
wounded from the Crimea to Scutari, I have the honour to enclose answers to the questions
forwarded to me, and to inform you that, in my opinion, the vessel in which I had charge,
under Staff Assistant Surgeon Taylor, was much too small for the number placed on
board of her, and that, instead of 270 or thereabouts, who were placed on board, no more
than 150 should have been taken in. The greater part of the sick slept on deck, while
between decks the men were huddled together, and the heat and effluvia were intolerable.

There were two assistant surgeons on board, and had there been any orderlies or atten-
dants, I think these would have been sufficient to have discharged their duties efficiently. A
few of the sick men acted for a time as orderlies, but they were so weak, that after the
first 36 hours they could not do any work, and the rest of the sick men lay down
when requested to assist, and absolutely refused to do any work. The medical officers served
out a gi'eat part of the meals, and on two mornings we assisted the ship's crew to empty
the pails which had been used as night-stools by the men From the want of such con-
veniences the between decks, in spite of sprinkling vvith chloride of zinc, became extremely
offensive.

With regard to the medicines, medical comforts, and surgical instruments and appliances,
they were sufficient for so short a voyage, and the provisions were as good as is generally
found on board ship.

I have, &c.

A. Cumming Esq., I.G.H. Geo. B. Poppelwell

P, B. Maxwell, Esq. Staff Assistant Surgeon.

P. S. Laing, Esq., S.S.

Answer 1. Orient.

2. About ],000 tons.

3. About six feet.

4. One.

6. No cots; no hannnocks; six hospital bed places ; beddings — believe there were ISO.
o. Tliere were v.'ater-closets in the cabin for the use of the officers. There were none

for ii)e men. Night-stools, none ; bed-paus, none; urinals, none. There were four or
five small pails belonging to the ship, which were used as night-stools by the men.

7. Sufficient medicines were obtamed from the medical store ship.

8. A detachment instrument case. Lint, bandages, and tow in sufficiency; a case
of port wine, supplied from medical store ship, and brandy from ship's stores; provisions
sufficient and good, from ship's stores; water, good and sufficient, but there was great
difficulty in drawing it, and supplying it to the patients.

9. No means of ablution.

10. The between-decks in which the men lay, was ventilated by the port holes and
main hatches, but the port holes were required to be closed for 24 hours during the
voyage on account of rough weather.

11. Captain Belfield, paymaster, 88th, sick; a captain 23d Fusiliers wounded: two
Russian officers wounded, and about 270 men, of wdiom 60 or 70 were sick ; about 40
Russian prisoners, and the rest wounded.

12. Staff Assistant Surgeon Taylor, and Staff As.sistant Surgeon Poppelwell.

13. Both fit for duty.

199

14. No orderlies or other attendants were sent on board, aud the only assistance the
medical officers received was from five or six of the sick, who for the first day or two gave
what assistance they were able, and at times from the ship's crew.

15, 16. September •22d, 18r)4.

17. September 23d, at 5 p.m.

18. September 26th at 10 a.m.

19. September 2<5th and 27th.

20. None.

21. Gun-shot wounds; ciiolera and diarrhoea.

22. Fi'om the time of ilie medical officers taking charge to tlie time oi' disembarkation,
27 died, and five or six had died before they took charge of the vessel.

23. Cholera and gun-shot wounds.

24. A large ship's copper very much out of repair, and with only one man to attend to it.

25. The meals were very irregularly served out ; breakfast never being served out till
11 a.m., and tea long after dark. I'he only means tlie men had of eating was one mess-
can to six men, and the medical officers had often to serve out the meals themselves, there
being no one to do it.

Wm. Menzies Caldek, Esq., Assistant StufF-Surgeon. Caduceus.
Gentlemen, Ban-ack Hospital, Scutari, December 13, 1854.

In replv to yom* communication, 1 have the honour to enclose answers to the ques-
tions forwarded, and to suhjoin some other particulars connected with the transport of sick
men in the Caduceus, transport No. 19, from the Crimea to this place in September
last; these are taken from my notes made at the time.

Early on the moi-ning of the 23d of September, having arrived otf the Alma, in the
Mauritius steamer, I was suddenly despatched, along wiih five other assistant-staff
surgeons, on board the Orient transport, in obedience to an order received by the sur-
geon of the 57th, emanating I do not know from whom, but we were led to understand,
from the admiral.

Whilst ensaged attending the wounded there, another order arrived tor two of our num-
her to proceed on l)oard the Caduceus, where Assistant-surgeon A. Reid and myself
arrived about 3 p.m.. We found, on getting on board, that upwards of 400 men had been
received, all labouring under cholera or choleraic symtoms. No medical appliances of any
kind were on board; the crew were busily engaged I'eceiving more sick men, or tying up
and throwing overboard men who had been lifted on deck dead, or had died shortly after
leaving the boats, while the captain had received an order to set out for Katcha River to
take more sick on board, so that we had the iitmost difficulty in procuring from store
ship No. 9, some of the medicines !kc., for which we applied. ^Ve were soon afterwards
towed to Katchka, and while there, on the '24th, boats arrived alongside with more patients,
but in consequence of a representation we had made to the admiral of the crowded state of
the ship, we at length received permission to set out for Scuturi, but from the exigencies of
the time, could not be allowed a steamer to tow us. It would be out of place to mention
particulars of our passage to Constantinople, further than those given in the answers to your
questions.

Before sailing, we applied for and I'eceived some more medicines and a case of surgical
instruments from the store ship. It was with much difficulty we succeeded in getting these
on board, from want of men, shortness of time, state of the sea, &c. I may add, that I can
furnish notes of our passage, with the daily mortality, &c., if required.*

I have, &c.

William Menzies Calder,

Assistant-Staff Surgeon.

1. Names of vessels of which Caduceus, No. 19, John Goss, Captain.

you were in charge ?

2. Registered tonnage ? 1,106 N.M. As far as I can recollect this was her

first voyage.

3. Height between decks ? Seven feet.

4. Number of voyages you One, from Alma river to Scutari, lying one night off

made ? Katcha river.

5a. Number of cots ? None.

/j. Hammocks? There were about 120 hammocks on board, but the

state of the sick entirely precluded the use of them.

f. Standing bed-places? Four in the sick bay; and two originally intended for

women's beds. The men were at first deposited in
such a way, as to prevent their being even seen by the
medical officers, and to cripple the working of the
ship ; they were afterwards arranged by us, as far as
circumstances would allow, on the quarter-deck, upper
deck, and between deck.s. The task of removing them
from one side of the ship to the other for the purpose
of cleansing the latter situation was a most formidable
one.

* These notes were requested, bnt were not furnished.
C c 2

200

d. Bedding?

6(7. Number of water-closets ?

h. Night-stools?

I3ed-pans ?

d. Urinals?

e. Other such conveniences ?

7. Medicines ?

8a. Surgical instruments?

Medical comforts ?

c. Proviyions ?

d. Water?

9. Means of ablution ?

10. Means and slate of ventila-
tion ?

11. Number of sick and wounded

officers and soldiers on board,
vvilh the names of any of the
officers you may recollect .''

12. Number of surgeons sent on
board under you, stating the
names and ranks, to the best
of your recollection?

13. Number of them fit for duty ?

14. Number of oi'derlies and
other attendants sent on
board for the purpose of
attending the sick and
wounded ?

aided us in the discharge of

15. Number of them fit for duty ?

16. When the sick and wounded
were embarked ?

There were twelve matlrasses and pillow's on board ;
the number of blankets brought on board by the men
exceeded the number of patients, each man bringing
at least one. From the nature of the disease preva-

' lent, proper sets of bedding for each man, had they
been on board, would have been totally useless in
one night. We made use of 150 horse-pads which
happened to be on board, the transport being an
ai tillery ship, and having just landed horses.

Two privies on deck ; of little use comparatively, from
the number of men, their position, tiie time, neces-
sarily silent in the privy by each man who got into
one, &c.

Two large chair-like stools, which were placed between
decks they were not fixtures, and were frequently
overturned. On more than one occasion I lifted
dead men from these machines, the filth collected
round which, in a couple of hours, was frightful.

None; the men for the most pait vere unable to crawl
to the night-stools, and accordingly were obliged to
void their excrements wliere they lay.

None.

A few ship's buckets, supplied by tne captain, who, on
every possible occasion
our duty.

No government medicines when we arrived ; the cap-
tain had a small medicine chest. We succeeded,
after much difficulty, in conveying on board some
of the medicines applied for from the store-ship, the
pi-esence of which in the fleet we fortunately heard
of

A field case, procured from No. 9; there being no
wounded on board, these were not required, with the
exception of the catheters.

A sufficient supply, when aided by some brandy, &c.,
procured from the captain's stores. Fifty lbs. of rice
were procured by requisition from the store-ship.

Sufficient in every respect.

Ample supply, but often of bad quality when the tanks

were nearly empty.
There were two wooden tubs or baths, in which men

who could avail themselves of these might wash.

Ample means of procuring sea-water, hot and cold.

Perfect under ordinary circumstances, there being side-
scuttles, wind suils, deck and patent hatchway venti-
lators. Notwithstanding all these arrangements, the
stench on going below was insufl'erable, frequently
causing sickness and even vomiting among those
whose duty called them down.

No wounded. One officer (Assistant-Surgeon Irwin,
•28th Foot), who was placed on board nearly in a
dying state. As accurately as we could number them,
there were 430 soldiers.

The only medical officers (besides Dr. Irwin, sent as a
patient,) were Assistant Staff-Surgeon A. Reid and
myself.

Both, until nearly the end of the voyage, when I was
uiifortunately prevented from doing duty for one
night and part of a day, by illness.

None. We found one or two non-commissioned officers
not very ill, and, with their assistance, succeeded in
organizing two watches of orderlies, &c., composed
of men originally not seriously ill, or whose premo-
nitary symptoms were cliecked ; together v/ith, I
think, three healthy men sent on board by mistake.
Of the latter, one died after a few hours' illness,
caught in the discharge of his duty.

None fit for such duty as the circumstances required.

From about 9 a.m. till dusk on the *23d of September.

201

17. Wlien the vessel sailed?

18. When the vessel arrived off

Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded

were disembarked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarka-

tion, sailing, and disem-
kation ?

21. General chai'acter of wounds

and diseases ?

22. Number of deaths on board ;'

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Means and deficiencies of

cookin"' ?

25, Regularity of meals, and

facilities for eating them ?

On the evening (I have not an exact note of the hour)
of the 23d from Alma ; at 10 p.m. on the 24th from
Katcha.

About 11 a.m. on the 28th September.

Two hundred and fifty the same day ; the remainder
next morning.

Anent the two first particulars, I have no information
to warrant an opinion ; there was no delay in disem-
barkation.

The great majority of the men laboured niuler Asiatic
cholera; the type was more malignant than anything
I have seen in a considerable experience, for a young
man, of the disease in Great Britain; nearly all the
others laboured under diarrhoea more or less choleraic.

One hundred and fourteen. This is exclusive of men
buried from the boats without being hoisted on deck,
or remaining a short time there. I am not aware of
the result in the case of some of the crew, who were
seized with cholera, and choleraic symptoms, and
whose treatment passed from our hands on coming
on duty here ; 1 left one sailor who had survived
the collapse stage, and was convalescing from the
secondary fever. Of thre;' women, who happened to
be on board, two were afterwards seized with cholera,
and one, I believe, died alter we left the ship.

As far as my opinion goes, to the extreme virulence of
the disease; previous exposure, and the necessary
neglect of attention to tlie stage when remedies may
be successfully employed ; to the hopeless condition
of the mass of these when put on board ; an atmos-
phere which it was impossible to purify, and the want
of sufiicient medical and other attendance. The
medical men on board had arrived from all the dis-
comfoi'ts of a sea voyage from England ; were sent
to the ship without being allowed to take even a
change of clothing, or their morning meal, from the
necessarily hurried nature of the summons, or the
order given them.

A sufficiently large cook-house for transport purposes,
but, in my opinion, quite insufficient for so many
cases where a variety of food was demanded.

The lower or main deck was originally fitted with mess-
tables, which were made use of as far as might be;
many of these were occupied by patients removed
from the deck and rec[uiring constant attendance.
The meals vvere as regular as circumstances would
allow. A good majoritv of the men had one mess-
can, but by no means all.

Malcolm C. Ancell, Esq., Staff Assistant Surgeon. ^

Courier.

Gentlemen, Scutari Barrack Hospital, December 10, 1854.

In reference to a communication from you respecting the transport of the sick and
wounded from the Crimea, 1 beg to enclose the accompanying answers to your queries.

Further I beg to inform you that, first, I consider the Courier was not suited fur the
transport of more than 200 sick, and expi'essed that opinion officially to the agent in
charge of transports on September 25tli ; secondly, at the same time, being alone in charge,
1 stated that 1 could not properly attend to so many : accordingly Dr. Woods, assistant
surgeon, 23d regiment, who liad been sent down to the beach with a convoy of sick, under
orders to see them embarked and then remain on some ship in the fleet for a few days to
recruit his health ere rejoining his rejiiment, was desired by the admiral to go in the
Courier to Scutari and give what assistance he was able ; but during the whole voyage
he was unfit for active duty. No orderlies or attendants having been sent on board,
though much in want of some such assistance, the distance from the camp prevented any
application, and the crew being unwilling to volunteer any aid, 1 was obliged to select a
few of the stronger men, who did as much as was in their power. Thirdly, there was no
deficiency in medicines, provisions, or medical comforts, and the absence of wounded
rendered surgical appliances unnecessary.

1 have, &;c.

Messrs. Cumming, Maxwell, and Laing. IMALCt)LM C. Ancell,

Staff Assistant Surgeon.

C c o

202

1. The Courier, No. 50.

2. 1,090 tons.

3. Eight feet.

4. One.

5. No cots on board.

Four hundred hammocks on board, 90 in use.

Thirty standing bed places, all except eight occupied by the knapsacks and band
instruments of the 19th regiment. An ample stock of blankets on board, but no other
bedding.

6. Seven water-closets on deck, two in the cudd}'.

Two nightstools ; no bed pans ; no urinals ; no other such conveniences. In consequence
of their being so few conveniences below for those men totally unable to get on deck, the
hold was often quite flooded with the overflow from the nightstools.

7. A good supply of medicines obtained by requisition from the John Masterman,
hospital store ship.

8. The only surgical instruments on board were those in my own private pocket-case.
A few bandages were obtained with the medicines: there were no other appliances.
Supply of medical comforts, provisions, and water, ample.

9. The only means of ablution were four or five buckets on deck with salt water.

10. The ventilation was good for healthy troops. The hold has three hatchways with
windsaiis, and eight patent ventilators opening on deck. But for so many sick men these
were quite inadequate to keep the air between decks wholesome, and in consequence the
deck was nightly strewed with men unable to remain below.

11. Five sick officers. Lieutenani Plielips, Royal Artillery ; Lieutenant Newdigate,
2nd battalion Rifle Brigade; Ensign Harcourt, 30th regiment; Dr. Woods, Assistant
surgeon, 23rd regiment; Lieutenant King, 13th Light Dragoons. 286 soldiers embarked;
all sick with one exception, viz., a Russian prisoner with his foot amputated. With all
these not a single return was sent, thus rendering the difficulties to be encountered
in making a report for the P. M. O. at Scutari almost insurmountable, and in several
instances of a death occurring, no clue whatever could be obtained to the man's name or
corps.

12. One. Dr. Woods^ assistant surgeon, 23rd regiment.

13. None. Dr. Woods was sick at the time and imfit for active duty.

14. None.

15. Three sergeants did duty, four men acted as orderlies, two as cooks. Every one of
these was however at the time under medical treatment and unfit for hard work.

16. One hundred and fifty embarked un the afternoon of September 24; the remainder
on that of the 25th.

17. On the evening of the 25ih.

18. The vessel struck tiie shore off Therapia on the morning of September 29th, and ■
did not arrive off" Scutari for more than a fortnight.

19. Two hundred and twenty-four of the sick able to walk with assistance were transferred
under Dr. Wood's cai-e, between 9 and 10 a.m., on September 30th, to a small steamer
and disembarked at Scutari that morning, the remainder, 46 in number, lollowed in
the same manner with myself between 3 and 4 p.m.

20. The chief cause of delay in embarkation was the absence of healthy men to assist
the sick from the arabahs in which they had been conveyed to the beach, a want partially
supplied by the sailors, notwithstanding which some hours passed ere all were on board.
Six men had died in the journey between the camp and the beach, a distance of about
4i- miles, which, i'rom the want of proper means of conveyance, occupied five hours.
The endeavouring to obtain tools and nit- n to bury the bodies was another cause of delay,
and the lateness of the afternoon at last obliged me to leave them in charge of a naval
officer.

The causes of delay in disembarkation are stated in No. 19.

21. Chiefly dysentery and diarrhoea of the worst character.

22. Si.^teen. ^

23. Choleraic diarrhoea aggravated by the unwholesome air.

24. The means of cooking were ample for oi dinary rations, but not sufficient for extras
required in a hospital ship. The crew reiidered no assistance in this or any other work,
all of which was done by men themselves unfit for duty.

25. The meals were in consequence very irregular. The only facilities ibi- eating them
were what the men had with them.

Cornwall, William Maclise, Esq., 2d Staff' Surgeon.

Cambria,

Gertrude. Gentlemen, Scutari, Turkey, December 17, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge your letter requesting me to give answers to
question > connected with the ti'ansport of sick and wounded officer and soldiers from the
Crimea to Scutari.

In answer to the first question, I am of opinion that the Cornwall and Cambria
transports were suited for the conveyance of the men put on board. The Gertrude,

203

also, was capable of accommodating the number, but being a sailing vessel, making a longer
voyage than the others, and having a greater number ot" serious caaes on board, the
casualties were more numerous in her than in the Cornwall.

With reference to second question, I beg to state that it would be more conducive to
the benefit of the sick, if two assistant-surgeons, to aid the surgeons, and proper orderlies
and attendants, other than convalescents, weie sent on board evei'y transport conveying
sick, &c. ; as in the instance of the Gertrude, of tlie orderlies employed by me who were
convalescent soldiers, one died, and six became seriously ill from dysentery, occasioned,
in my oinnion, by the foetid air and obnoxious exhalations, emanating from the sick and
wounded on board, in connexion with the fatiguing duties in which they were em[)loyed,
and their delicate state of health.

In reply to the third question, 1 have to state that, with the exception of fresh meat, for
which 1 made application to the authorities at Balaklava, and received an answer that
none could be provided, I am of opinion that the sick and wounded were well supplied.

William Maclise,

'2nd Staff- Surgeon.

1. Names of vessels of which i was in charge were the sailing transport Cornwall, towed
by the steamer Himalaya, paddle steamer Cambria, sailing transport Gertrude.
On board.

Officers

.Men.

Sailed.

Ani ved.

Died.

Medical Officers on board.

Cornwall

'276

11th Oct.

14th Oct.

6 men

2 C. S. S. Maclise and

A. 8. Greene, 1st Royals.

Cambria

219

26th Oct.

29th Oct.

none

2 C. S. S. Maclise.

Gertrude

249

6 th Dec.

13th Dec.

39 men

2 C. S. S. Maclise and

A. S. Mulock.

Not having any documents in my possession regarding the ships Cornwall and
Cambria, I can only speak positively on these questions in respect t,o the sailing
transport Gertrude; these answers have a general application to the vessels above-
named.

2. Registered tonnage of Gertrude, 1,316.

3. Height between decks, 6 feet 9 inches.

4. Number of voyages, three.

3. Number of cots, none; number of hammocks, 30; standing bed places, eight. The
bedding consisted of two blankets.

6. Number of water-closets, four, two on each side by forecastle; night stools, two;
bedpans, four; urinals, n(me.

7. The supply of medicines, good.

8. Surgical instruments, two complete sets; materials and appliances, sufficient; medical
comforts, good ; provisions, good ; water, good.

9. No means of ablution.

10. Means and state of ventilation ; 14 port-holes, seven on each side of six inches
diameter; three hatches, and three Avindsails.

11 to 13, answered.

14. Number of orderlies, 20.

15. The greater number of these men were invalids just recovered, and sent from
hospital. Few of them v/ere fit to perform (satisfactorily) the severe duties which devolved
upon them. During the voyage x>ne died, and six were taken seriously ill.

16. Embarkation commenced as the sick arrived from camp.

17. The vessel sailed on the 6th December.

18. Arrived off Scutari on the 13th.

19. Sick, &c. disembarked on the 14th.

20. The sick embarked as they arrived from camp ; and when the orders were i^iven ibr
sailing, no delay occurred on doing so, or in disembai kalion of the troops on arrival.

21. General charactt-r of diseases, — dysentery, diarrhoea, scurvy, gangrene of iVet, gun-
shot wounds.

22. 23. '1 he number of deaths that occurred on board is already stated, attributable to
the severity of the above diseases, and lengthened voya;:e in the Gertrude.

The means of cooking, as respects ordmary rations were sufficient; but not so for
pff paring extra articles of diet in the shape of mt- dical comfoi ts.

The meals were served at the regular hours, but tine means for eating (luch as plates,
spoons. &c. ) were wanting.

. Names of some of the Officers on board.

Cornwall. — Cajilain Maxwell, 93d Highlanders; Lieutenant Edvv'ards, Scots Grevs;
Lieutenant Flower, Uifle Brigade; Assistant-Surgeon Greene, 1st Royals, &:c.

Cumbria. — Major Macpherson, 42nd Highlanders; Captain Inglis, ilth Hussars; Lieu-
tenant Bulwer, 23d Fusiliers, &c.

Gertrude. — Captain Robertson, 4th Dragoon Guards.

C c 4

204

Negociator, R. B. Smyth, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 1st Royals.

Palmerston.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, December '21, 1854.

In answer to your communication requiring information as to tlie transport of sick
and wounded from the Crimea, I beg to say that 1 have made two voyages from
BalakL)va to Scutari in charge of the above. However, from the time that has elapsed,
and from not having preserved any written documents with respect to these voyages, in all
questions of date and number I must be understood to speak approximately.

Both vessels were in my opinion rather over-filled, particularly the Palmerston, in
which a portion of the sick (Turks) were obliged to be placed in the lower liold.

No surgeons were in attendance in either vessel but myself, nor did I need any.
Regular orderlies were present in the Palmerston and in the Negotiator; the stronger
portion of sick attended the others, whicli was found to answer.

The supply of provisions, medicines, and medical comforts was generally good and
sufficient.

I have, &c.

R. B. Smyth, MB.,

Assistant Surgeon let Royals.

Answer 1. Negotiator and Palmerston.

2. Negotiator 800. Palmerston 1,400.

3. Fi'om six to seven feet.

4. One in each vessel.

3. About eight in ea-jh vessel (of cots); hammocks a large supply, but it was not found
convenient to use many, as they prevented ventilation and the free passage of officers and
attendants; standing bed places, none; bedding, a good supply.

6. Two or tliree ; number of other articles under this bead not knov;n, but supply
generally deficient.

7 and 8. Supply of medicines sufficient ; surgical instruments, materials and appliances,
medical comforts and provisions, abundant and good ; water bad, and not abundantly
supplied by ships' officers.

9. Very inadequate.

10. Ventilation good.

11. Aboard the Negotiator 200 sick men, and about four officers, name of one,
Lieutenant Thistlethwayte, Scots Fusilier Guards; aboard the Palmerston SCO, (200 sick
British, and the remainder sick and wounded Turks and Russians), six officers;
A. S. Green, 1st Royals, among others.

12. None.

13. None.

14. Eight orderlies aboard the Palmerston.

15. AU.

16 to 19. Do not remember the exact dates.

20. In the Palmerston, the disembarcation of about 30 of the worst cases was delayed
48 hours through the unaccommodating disposition of the admiralty agent, who would not
delay the short time required to get them on board the tug.

21. Diseases cliolera and diarrhoea.

22. Aboard the Negotiator about six; in the Pal nie'i'ston eleven among the British;
three died shortly after coming aboard.

20. The disease to which th'ey were subject; some were perhaps too weak for the
voyage.

24. Such as are occasionally found in vessels, which was found to answer.

Meals were at regular hours; no other facilities for eating them than such as the
soldier ordinarily possesses

Lady M'Nau"-h ten. Rowland Wiwbur.\ Cauteh, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 20th Regiment.

Si a, Scutari, December 1854.

In answer to the questions I have received from you in rtspect to the sick officers
and men I had in charge froai Balaklava to Scutari, 1 beg to slate, that the vessel was, in
my opinion, suited for the transport of the number taken on board.

I have, &c.

Rowland Wn'BURN Carter.

Assistant Surgeon 20th Regiment.

Answer 1. The name of the vessel was Lady MacNaugbten.
2. Regiitt red tonnage was
8. Height between decks was
4, I made one voyage

205

5. There were seven standin!^ bed-places ibr officers; no bedding was provided; most
of the men brouglit their own blankets on board.

6. There were three water-closets tor the officers, one for the men ; no night stools ; no
bed pans ; no urinals but one large pan, that one man occupied, himself, nearly the whole
time.

7. The supply of medicines were good.

8. Surgical instruments good; surgical materials and appliances good ; medical comfort
good ; provisions good ; water good.

9. The means of ablution imperfect.

10. Means and state of ventdation good.

11. The number of officers were eight, their names are — Captain de Horsey, Grenadier
Guards; Captain Steward and Ca[)tain Creagh of tiie 41st: Cornet Gore Booth, 4th Light
Dragoons; Lieut. Gunter and Lieut. Morgan of the 4th Dragoon Guards; Lieut. Ba}dey
of the 19th; Lieut. KnoUys, Scots Fusilier Guards; the number of soldiers 91 (1 am
not quite certain as to this number); I had no wounded under my charge.

12. I was the onlj- medical man on board.

13. 14, 13. I had eight orderlies sent on board, but one of them was taken ill very soon
afterwards, and was unfit for duty.

16. The sick embarked on the of October.

17. The vessel sailed on the of October.

18. Arrived off" Scutari of October.

19. The sick disembarked on of October.

20. Cause of delay in embarkation ; cause of delay in sailing, headwinds: cause of delay
in disembarkation.

21. The general character of tiie sickness was great prostration from bowel complaints.

22. There were three deaths on board; these men were put on board in an extremely
debilitated state; one man I thought would have died when he was brought up the steps of
the vessel.

23. I attributed their deaths to the prevailing epidemic ; the amount of inconvenience
and distress occasioned by putting tliem on board in that state might have accelerated
their deaths.

24. Means of cooking, fair.

25. The meals were regular; the facilities fur eating them were nothing more than what
the soldiers had up in the camp.

This is all the information I am able to place before you. We had a very good passage,
and by inspecting the condition of the between decks every morning, by removing all
uncleanlincss and throwing open the ports, and compelling all the men tiiat were able to
move up on deck to remain there, even if they had to lie down, I managed to keep the
ship in a very healthy condition.

SruAKT ]\To()i!E, Esq., Assistant-SurKeon, Carabiniers. .

Australian.

Barrack Hospital, Scutari.
Gentlemen, December Kith, 1854.

Herewith 1 have the honour to enclose answers to the Cjuestions contained in
your communicatioii, dated December, and also in accordance with your request to
state :

1st. That the steam-ship Australian in which I embarked at 4 o'clock on the evening
of the 26th of October at Balaklava, was suited for the transpoi't of the number of wounded
actually taken on hoard.

2d. 1 was in need of the assistance of surgeons, and orderlies. 1 did not obtain such
assistance, the departure of the vessel at daylight on the morning of the 27th prevented
my making api>lication for it. The men sent on board as orderlies, were for the most
part invalids and unable to perforni iheir duty. Many were under treatment during the
passage.

3d. There was no deficiency of proper provisions, medical comforts, or surgical instru-
ments. The supply of medicines was insufficient. Materials and appliances were scarce.

1 have, &c.
(Signed) Stu.vrt Moore,
A. Gumming, Esq., I. G. H. Assistant-Surgeon, Carabiniers.

P. B. Maxwell, Esq., and
P. Sinclair Laing, Esq.

1. Australian.

2. 1,400 tons.

3. Six feet seven inches.

4. One.

5. No cols for wounded ; Xo hammocks ; No standing bed-places ; Fifty sets of
bedding ditto.

D d

206

6. One in the passage to the saloon, accessible to the officers only ; two night-stools;

two bed-pans ; two urinals ; no other convenience.

7. Two pint bottles of castor-oil; 1 pint tr.-opii. ; 4oz.tr. mur.-ferri. ; 1 oz. quinine;
2 oz. acid sulphuric; ^ oz. morphia; 1 bottle of chloroform; 8 oz. ether.

8 One portable capital case ; 2 sets of splints ; 4 dozen bandages; lOlbs of lint ; 6 air-
cushions; 1 doz. pillows in sizes.

9. No means of ablution.

10. Ventilation, which was established bypassing a wind-sail into the forehatch ; the
air passing through the ports, was intercepted for 24 hours in consequence of the ports
having to be closed on account of rough weather prevailing.

11. Seven English Officers and three Russian. 193 privates and non-commissioned
officers, including about 20 prisoners. The wounded officers under my charjre, were
Captains William Morris, White, Webb, and Lieutenant Sir William Gordon, ] 7th Lancers,
Captain Hutlon, 4th Light Dragoons.

12. Assistant-Surgeon Patrickson, 21st Regiment, was on board previous to my ^embark-
ation, and two days after we arrived at Scutari Staff Assistant-Surgeon Fitzgerald was
sent.

13. One; Assistant- Surgeon Patrickson was ill during the passage.

14. Fourteen; including two that were sent on board after our arrival at Scutari.

15. Six.

16. 26th October 1854.

17. 27th October 1854.

18. 29 th October 1854.

19. 5th November 1854.

20. Boats were not sent to take the wounded off.

21. Shell wounds and sabre cuts generally went on favourably.

22. Eight deaths.

23. Six of wounds; two of cholera.

24. Two coppers; a third was necessary.

25. The meats could not be served out regularly by the number of orderlies doing duty.
No facilities of eating them.

Echunga. R. j. O'Flaherty, Esq., Staff Surgeon.

Gentlemen, Scutari, 6 Dec. 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter requiring information
regarding the sick and wounded under my charge on board the ti'ansport sailing ship
Echunga, together with a list of queries.

I herewith enclose my answers to the letter, and beg to state — 1st, That I considered
the Echunga well suited for the number actually embarked ; 2nd, I received all the
assistance, medical and otherwise, that I required for the number embarked; 3rd, There
was no deficiency of proper provisions, medicines, medical comforts, surgical instruments,
surgical materials, SiC, while on board.

Having made but one voyage with sick and wounded, I am unable to afford any further
information than is contained in this and the answers to the queries.

If it were always possible, the transport of wounded should be confined to steam vessels ;
and some efficient and rapid mode of disembarkation here could be, 1 imagine, easily
arranged.

To the Commissioners of Inquiry,
&c. &c. &c.

1. Name of vessel ?

2. Registered tonnage ?

3. Height between decks ?

4. Number of voyages you made ?

5. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks?
Number of standing bed places ?
Bedding ?

6. Number of water- closets ?

Number of night-stools ?
Number of bed-pans ?
Number of urinals ?
Other such conveniences ?

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Supply of surgical instruments ?

I have, &c.

R. J. 0'Ft.AHERTy, Staff Surgeon.

Echunga.

1 believe about 1,800 tons.

Eight feet.

One.

None.

One hundred mattresses, 250 blankets, 50
rugs, put on board by purveyor; 50 ship's
paillasses.

Two in after cabin, two on deck for officers,

two on deck for men.
None.
Two.
Two.
None.

One detachment medicine chest.

One public case relanded, having my own

instruments, equal to any emergency; the

public required elsewhere.

207

Supply of surgical materials ?

Supply of medical comforts ?

Supply of provisions ?
Supply of water ?
9. Means of ablution ?
lU. Means and state of ventilation ?

11. Number of sick and wounded officers

and men actually embarked.

12. J*Jumber of surgeons sent on board under

you ?

13. Number fit for duty on board ?

] 4. Number of orderlies and other attendants
sent on board ?

15. Number fit for duty ?

16. When the wounded were embarked ?

17. When sailed ?

18. When arrived off Scutari ?

19. When disembarked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarkation, sailing,

and disembarkation ?

21. General character of wounds and dis-

eases.

22. Number of deaths on board ?

23. To what causes were the deaths attri-

butable :'

Lint, tow, tourniquets, splints, bandages,
siline, gutta percha tissue, old linen, quite
sufficient until our arrival at Scutari.

Port wine, preserved meats, essence of beef,
preserved milk, ike, ; the supply not ex-
pended on arrival.

Fresh meat daily.

Good and plentiful.

Soap and water; ship's buckets.

Air-pipes, port-holes, hatchways, wind-sails ;
excellent.

No sick embarked ; nine wounded officers ;

132 wounded soldiers.
One staff assistant-surgeon. Dr. Titterton.

One — the above.

One sergeant and 12 men, from the invalid
depot at Balaklava.

All at first; some were occasionally ill, but
recovered and returned to duty.

They were received on board daily from the
i7th to the 25th of October, as they
arrived ; with the exception of the officers,
they were chiefly from the trenches.

26th October.

29th October.

Some on 4tiii November and the remainder
on 6th November.

The ship being selected to take a certain
number of wounded on board, it was
necessary to wait till that number was
completed. The trenches supplied the
casualties, and there were not very many
daily from that source. The action at
Balaklava supplied the officers' cabins with
wounded. The Inspector General of Hos-
pitals considered the number of wounded
soldiers on board on the 25th was suf-
ficient for the accommodation afforded,
and ordered the ship to receive no more;
we therefore sailed. On the 26th, a gale
of wind prevented disembarkation.

No diseases, but wounds of every descrip-
tion that shot, shell, and musket-ball could
produce.

Six wounded men and my private servant,
an Englishman, who dieci of ciiolera.

One man died soon after amputation of both
iiis thighs ; one, musket-ball througii the
chest ; one from dreadful injuries to bodv
and head by the bursting of a 32-pound
gun ; three from compound injuries of
skull from shells ; my own servant, cholera.

Andrew K. Dhysdale, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 79th Regiment. Tynemouth.

Answers to First Series of Questions.

Answer. 1. The Tynemouth, Transport Steam Ship, No. 102.

2. About 1,500 tons.

3. About six and a half feet.

4. One.

5. I had neither cots nor hammocks; there were eight standing bed places, about 150
mattresses, and 250 blankets at my disposal.

6. I am not aware of the number of water-closets ; there were two night stools and six
or eight urinals, as well as three bed pans.

7. A good supply cf the ordinary medicines in use; part I found when 1 went on board
ship, and part I got from tlie hospital at Balaclava.

8. A capital case of instruments and my own pocket case; abundance of lint, splints,
bandages, adhesive-plaister, and water-pillows. The medical comforts used by me were sao-o,

D d 2

208

wine, and sugar, of these I had a sufficient supply. I got eight live sheep at Balaklava
which were expended as required; these with biscuit, coffee, and rum, were perfectly
sufficient. The water was excellent, and a plentiful supply was issued.

9. I am unable to answer this question.

10. Windsails and iron ventilators, in addition to the ordinary scuttles.

11. I had charge of about 70 wounded and 100 sick English soldiers. There were also
about 80 Russian prisoners, many wounded. Twelve English and one Russian officer
went to Scutari in the Tynemouth ; of the English three were wounded the remainder
sick, the Russian oflBcer was wounded.

The names of the wounded officers are Capt. Atcherley, 30th regiment; Lieut. Harriott,
41st regiment; Ensign Cahill, 49th reuiment.

The names of the sick officers are, Major Stavely, 44th regiment; Major Taylor, 79th
regiment ; Captain Hunt, 79th regiment ; Captain Norton, 88th regiment ; Captain King,
55th regiment; Captain Sykes, 1st Royal Dragoons; Lieut. Thynne, Rifle Brigade;
Lieut. Dowbiggen, 4th King's Own regiment ; Assistant Surgeon GUborne, R.A.

12. There were none sent on board to assist me. Dr. Gilborne was sent as an invalid,
and, however willing, was unable from sickness to render me assistance.

13. 14. Ten convalescents.

15. Four were unable to assist more than two days, they being obliged to go on the sick
list.

16. Between the 27th of October and the 30th of October.

17. On the 31st of October.

18. On the 2d of November.

19. On the 3d, 4lh, and 5th of November.

20. High winds prevented our getting out of Balaklava harbour until the 3Ist of October.
The strong current off Scutari prevented the disembarkation sooner.

21. Gun-shot and sabre wounds ; dysentery and fever.

22. Five English soldiers ; one Russian officer and nine Russian soldiers.

23. One English soldier died from the effects of his wounds, one from fever, and two from
dysentery. The Russian officer died from cholera, produced, 1 believe, by over eating and
drinking, contrary to my advice.

24. A galley was the only convenience.

25. On the whole the meals were regular; the facilities those generally belonging to each
soldier's kit.

Answers to the Second Sei'ies of Questions.

Anstoer 1. Being inexperienced in the amount of acc-ommodation usually av^arded to
patients on board ship, I am unable to answer this question.

2. I had no medical officer to assist me, and did not apply tor one; T think if the
orderlies had been efficient, their number was sufficient, as there were 12 men going
down to Scutari, on board the Tynemouth, as a guard over tlie prisoners, and they had
nothing to do, I applied to Major Stavely, the senior officer on board, for eight of them, to
be attached to me as orderlies, this request was instantly complied with.

.3. Tlie pi'ovisions, medicines, medical comforts, and surgical instruments were quite
sufficient.

In answer to your request that I will furnish you with any further information that I
can, I beg to state that 1 think sailing vessels, towed, more adapted for the conveyance of
sick and wounded when practicable.

1st. Because there is more dirt in a steamer.

2d. More imperfect ventilation between decks in a steamer, as also greater heat.

3d. The constant noise of the machinery of a steamer must be truly annoying to the
sick, as the oscillation is painful to the wounded. No vessel with wounded on board, how-
ever small the number, should be allowed to proceed on its voyage with less than two
medical officers, as in cases of secondary amputation two at least should be present. I
would strongly advise the use of cots or hammocks, as patients lying on the deck when the
vessel pitches are constantly, of necessity, changing their position. During the passage
of the Tynemouth very rough weather was experienced, and then I frequently saw-
patients with stumps, and others with fractured limbs, slide along the deck with the rolling
of the vesseL I cannot speak too highly of the kindness of the captain and officers of the
Tynemouth, as vi^itnessed in the care with which they superintended the embarkation
and disembarkation of the sick and wounded.

Andrew K. Drysdale, Assist.-Surgeon 7Gth Regt.

Camp, 4th K. O. Regt., before Sebastopol,
29th December 1854.

Shooting Star.

E. Y. Kellett, Esq., Staff' Assistant Surgeon.

Gentlemen, Balaklava, December 29th, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant. I
regret not being able to answer it sooner, but defen ed doing so until I had obtained infor-
mation from the officers of the ship, and by personal inspection, which would enable me

209

fully to answer your questions, which i have done to the best of my belief in the accom-
panying paper.

You do me the honour to inquire, first, was the vessel I I]ad charge of, in my opinion,
suitable for the transport of the numbers actually taken on boar(i ?

There were seven officers and about 260 men taken on board for transport to Scutari.
The men occupied the between-decks and lower hold; the former measures 11.5 feet 7 inches
long by 35 feet broad, the latter (the available space) 52 feet long by 16 broad, wliich shows
each man to have had 26 inches in breadth for his bed. This I consiiler sufficient room.
The s\Ap was clean, new, lofty, and well ventilated.

The means of cooking were insufficient, partly owing to v/ant of pans ; and many of the
men lost the facilities of eating before coming on board.

You also inquire whether I needed the assistance of surgeons, orderlies, (''<;c. ?

I was the only surgeon on board on duty, and I must say the duties were very arduous.

Twelve orderlies were sent on board, some of them convalescents, and not ai)le to
undergo the constant work required; but among the patients m^/re tiian twenty were soon
so sufficiently recovered as to be able to do oi'derly duty. I had altogether thirty-two
orderlies, not including a sergeant of the Kifle Brigade, whose name I have tovgi^tten. to
whom I entrusted tiie accounts and diet rolls, and Private Matthews, H.B, who under-
stands medicine very well, and is an excellent compounder. These two men gave me the
greatest possible assistance, and 1 cannot speak too highly of their conduct.

I divided the patients into nine messes of about 30 men in each, and to every mess I
allotted three orderlies; one was on duty from 9 a.m. until the same hour next morning,
when, after my going round, he was relieved ; of the other two, one attended to the
cooking of his mess, and the other was employed generally. 'J he orderly on duty
remained constantly with his patients to give their medicine at the proper hours, their
drink, &c., &c., and was responsible to me for doing so properly. I appointed a corporal
in charge of the orderlies, whose duty it was to i-ee that the orderlies were always at their
posts, and to superintend the cleaning and regularity of tiie place.

When I went round iu the morning the sergeant of the Rifle Brigade and Matthews, the
compounder, came with me. The former wrote down the diet and extras, the latter,
the medicines. I brought in my hand the diet and medicine rolls of the previous day for
my own information, aiid as a check on the orderlies. Two orderlies were to!d off for
cooking.

The patients in each room were placed heads and feet alternately. The lower hold was
much the cooler part, and the air was perfectly pure ; in it were put no cases of d'ai rlicea.

Two rows of plank were nailed along the entire length of the between-decks, at the
patients' feet, to prevent tliem slipping, and proved invaluable when the storm arose.

In answer to the last query, I consider there was a sufficient supply of provisions,
medical comforts, sijrgical instruments, Sec.

The medicines were scarcely sufficient, owing to the delay in disembarkation at Scutari.

I have, &c.

E. Y. Ki'>LLE'rT, Staff Assistant Surgeon,

In charge of sick officers, Balaklava.

1. Name of ship ?

2. Tonnage ?

3. Height between decks ?

4. Number of voyages I made ?

5. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks ?
Numi)er of bed places ?
Number of beddings ?

6. Number of waterclosets ?
Number of niglit-stools ?
Number of bed-pans ?
Number of urinals ?

Number of other such conve-
niences ?

7. Sup[>ly of medicine?

8. Sopply of surgical instrrunents ?
Supply of materials and appliances?
Supply of medical comforts ?

Supply of provisions ?
Supply of water ?
9. Means of ablution?
10. Means of ventilation ?

Shooting Star.

1,063.

Eight feet.

One.

None.

Twenty-four in cabin.

Fifty beds, 150 blankets, 150 rugs.

Two for the men, three in the cabin.

None, buckets used instead.

Two.

None.

Buckets, two necessaries over the ship's head.

Scarcely sufficient, owing to the delay in disem-
barkation.
One field case.
None.

Wine, 12 dozen, 2 cases preserved potatoes, rice,
10 lbs., tea, 28 lbs., sugar, 84 lbs., 20-L quarts
preserved milk, 25 lbs. preserved mutton,
85 lbs. fresh meat, and 12 sheep.

For 100 men for 274 days.

Fifty-five tons.

A lew buckets.

Three hatchways, 10 side scuttles, and 12 outside
lights.
Dd3

210

Number of tick on board ?

12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.

22.
23.

Number of surgeons sent on board

under liie ?
Number fit for duty on board ?
Number of orderlies sent on board?
Number fit for duty on board ?
When the sick embarked ?
When the vessel sailed ?
When it arrived off Scutari ?
When the sick disembarked?
Causes of delay in embarkation ?
Causes of delay in sailing ;
Causes of delay in disembarkation?
General character of wounds and

diseases ?
Number of deaths on board ?
To what cause attributable ?

24. Means and deficiency in cooking?

25. Regularity of meals ?

Seven officers and about 260 men; names of
officers, Major Coats, 35th regiment, Captain
Maitland, 49tli regiment, Assistant-surgeon
Miller, 79th regiment, Lieut. Breedon, 1st
Royals, Vet. Surg. Byrne, 4th Dragoon Guards,
Cor. Wilkinson, 4th Dr. Guards, Lieut. Vande-
leur, RH.A.

None.

Twelve.

During the voyage three went sick.

From October 19th to 25th.

October 26th.

October 29th.

November 5th.

None.

Bad weather.

Diseases bad.
Twenty.

To the bad form of fever and dysentery, (also
some having been put on board moribund.)
Having encountered a storm which sprung
the (?) carried away the main topsail,
jib, and spanker, washed the boats from
the boat skeads on to the main deck, and
completely saturated the lower deck and all
the patients thereon, which state was con-
tinued more or less until the time of disem-
barkation, as it rained almost the entire time.

A deficiency in pans.

Owing to a deficiency in pans the meals were
irregular ; facilities for eating very deficient.

Lucas G. Hooper, Esq., Assistant Staff Surgeon,
Colombo. .

Gentlemen, Scutari, December 14th, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 6th

inst. with reference to the condition of the sick and wounded on board the vessel in which

I was one of the officiating medical officers. I beg to state — first, that the vessel, although

well suited for the transport of sick and wounded, was not adapted for the reception of

the number actually embarked. Secondly, that no medical assistance was needed

other than that with which the vessel was provided, but that the number of orderlies

was quite insufficient for the proper attendance of the number on board. Thirdly,

that there was no deficiency of proper provisions, medicines, medical comforts, or surgical

appliances.

I beg also to forward answei's to the questions enclosed in your letter, as far as I can
furnish them from memory.

I have, &c.

Lucas G. Hooper,

Assistant Staff Surgeon.

Answer I. Screw steam ship Colombo.

2. From 1,800 to 2,000 tons.

3. Eight or nine feet.

4. One.

5. No cots; no hammocks; standing bed-places for the greater number of the worst
cases ; a sufficient supply of mattresses and blankets.

6. Several water closets, no night stools, two bed pans, six urinals. No other such
conveniences, to the best of my recollection.

7. Ample supply of medicines.

8. One portable set of capital instruments; materials and appliances sufiicient. Medical
comforts, provisions and water, ample.

9. No means of ablution, as far as I can remember.

10. Ventilation good.

11. Fifteen officers, including one Russian officer; 278 men. Among the officers were —
Lieut,-Col. Crofton, 20th: Captains Napier Sturt, and Tipping, of the Grenadier

211

Guards; Lieut. Rotherani, 20th; Captain Clifton, 7th Dragoon Guards, Aide-dc-CaTiui?
Major McMahon, Assistant Quarter-master General.

12. Assistant-surgeon Llewelyn, of the 7th Dragoon Guards, in charge, assisted by
Assistant-Surgeon Grylls, 19th, and myself.

13. All fit for duty".

14. Six orderlies.

15. All fit for duty, but inexperienced.

16. On the 8th of November.

17. At 2 a.m. on the 9th November.

18. On the morning of the lOtli.

19. The greater number disembarked on the lOth ; the remainder on the 12th.

20. No delay in embarkation or sailing. Several of the sick and wounded remained on
board on the 11th, in consequence of the stormy state of the weather.

21. The wounds generally severe.

22. Four.

23. To the severity of the injuries received.

24. Everything that was requisite for the purposes of cooking.

25. The meals were as regular as the limited supply of orderlies would admit. I heard
no complaints in this respect from any of the patients.

Usher W. Evans, Esq., Assistant Surgeon, 16th Lancers. Sidney.

Sirs, Camp before Sebastapol, December 24, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, requiring information
as to the condition of the sick and wounded sent under my charge from the Crimea to
Scutari, and to enclose answers to the questions forwarded to the best of my recollection.
1 do not consider that the vessel was suited for the transport of 220 wounded soldiers ; she
was surveyed to carry 150, for which number there was good accommodation. I had two
assistant surgeons. No orderlies were sent on board. I did not need additional medical
officers, but orderlies were much wanting ; the slightly wounded, but more particularly the
sailors, attended the badly wounded. There was no deficiency of px'ovisions, medicines,
medical comforts, or surgical appliances, as, though the supply of medicines embarked was
not sufficient, I had access to the ship's medicine chest. Having made but one voyage in
charge of wounded, I am unable to give any information on the subject of the transport of
sick and wounded, but I have reason to believe the treatment and comfort of the sick in
my charge was unusually well provided for.

I have, &c.

A. Gumming, Esq., LG.H., Usher W. Evans,

P. B. Maxwell, Esq. Assistant Surgeon, 16th Lancers.

P. S. Laing, Esq.

1. Steam ship Sidney.

2. 1,300 tons.

3. Seven to eight feet. 1 do not recollect the exact height.

4. One voyage.

5. Cots none ; hammocks none ; standing bed places about 100, do not remember exactly ;
bedding, 70 beds, 300 blankets.

6. One watercloset on deck, one night stool, two bed pans, two urinals, no other
conveniences.

7. Tine, opii ^xvi., pulv. cret. comp. ^^viii. ol. ricini lb.; no other medicines put on
board.

8. One detaclmient case of capital instruments: six tourniquets, field three, screw three ;
splints, one set whalebone, several sets wood; hair cushions, hair pillows, bandages, lint, tow,
in sufficient quantity. Medical comforts, port wine, Scotch barley, sugar, tea, sago, i-ice,
preserved mutton, preserved potatoes, milk. Provisions : three days' fresli meat was shipped
in addition to the salt rations ; water sufficient.

9. No special means of ablution.

10. Hatchways, windsails, scuttles ; ventilation good.

11. Ten wounded officers viz., General xidams. Major Sir H. Troubridge, 7th Fusiliers,
Majors Champion and Hume, 95th : Captains Gipps and Shuckburgh, Scots Fusiliers
Guards ; Captain Adams, A.D.C., 49th ; Lieuts. Barnston and Hume, 55th, and one
other whose name I do not remember, one sick, Captain Lovell, ll.E. — 220 wounded
soldiers.

12. Two; Dr. Meadows, 9t.h foot; Dr. Sheehy, Assistant Staff Surgeon.

13. Both fit.

!4. No orderlies or other attendants sent on board ; the badly wounded were attended by
the sailors and those slightly wounded.

15. None embarked.

16. November 6th.

17. November 7th.

Dd 4

212

18. November 9 th.

19. November 10th, the slightly wounded; 11th, the badly wounded.

20. No delays.

21. Wounds, gunshot ; Captain Lovell, chronic diarrhcea.

22. Two deaths.

23. Hoemorrhage.

24. Provisions cooked in ship's galley ; comforts cooked at officer's galley. No special
means of cooking for the sick.

25. Meals were served pretty regularly, but not without great inconvenience to the
ship's company. There was sufficient facility for eating their meals.

Thomas Sheehy, E:

Name of vessel ?

Number of voyages ?

Number of cots?

Number of bcadinij ?

Number of l)ed-pans'*

Number of urinals ?

Supply of medicines ^

Supply of surgical instruments ?

Supply of appliances and materials ?

Supply of medical comforts ?
Number of sirk and wounded, &c. ?

Provisions ?
Water ?
Ventilation ?
Surgeons ?

Orderlies ?

Embarkation, sailing, arrival, &c. ?

Nature of injiiries ?
Deaths ?

I., Staff Assistant-Surgeon.

Sidney, steam sbip.
One.

About 100.
About 120
About six.

Very few ; used wide-necked bottles.
Large medicine chest.
Field case, &c.

Abundance of splints, bandages, lint, plaster,
&c.

Procured from purser.

Returned for 140. 10 officers; Brigadier-
Gen. Adams and Capt. Adams, of number.
Men complained of biscuit being musty.
Sufficient.

Good. Many stayed on deck.

Three — Assist-Surg. Evans, 16th Lancers, in

charge; Assist.-Surg. Meadows, 9th Regt.
None, Several patients slightly injured able

to attend others.
Embarked on Gth; sailed on 7th; arrived on

10th (November.) All could not disembark

for three days aftei', owing to state of

weather.

Many slight gun-shot wounds of extremities.

Several arm and thigh stumps.
Tw(j.

Thomas Sukkhy, M.D., Staff Surgeon.

I-IuGH Mackey, Esq., Staff' Surgeon 2d Class.

Gentlemen, Troop ship Bombay, Golden BCorn, loth Dec, 18.54.

I HAVE the honour to transmit to you the answers to the enclosed queries to the
best of my recollection ; but the vessel having sailed for England previous to the receipt
of your letter prevented me from being more minute with regard to the second clause of
your letter. 1 have the honour to state, 1st, that the vessel was fit, in regard to size, for the
conveyance of sick and wounded, but that there was a great want of water-closet and
other such convenience?. 2d. That considering the amount of professional duty, as
v.'ell as the ;ittendance imperatively required for the wounded which devolved upon
the two medical officers, there was great want of assistance. Eight orderlies were
sent on board at Balaidava, who were then convalescent from different diseases, and who,
with the exception of (two ?J proved afterwards perfectly useless ; the consequence
of which was, that although all the assistance that could possibly be given under the
circumstances was most rigorously attended to, still the want of sufficient help was
greatly to be deploi-ed, more especially as I was myself suffering from severe diarrhcea,
which rendered me less cnpable of performing my duty, and was much aggravated
by such.

I have, &c.

Hugh Mackey, Staff Surgeon 2d Class.
A. Cummir.g, Esq., Inspector-Gen. of Hospitals. Late in charge of the Talavera.

P. Benson Maxwell, Esq

P. Sinclair Laing, Esq., General Hospital, Scutari.

213

1. Names of vessels of which you Iiad Tahvvera, of London, Captain Scott.

charge ?
'2. Rejiistered tonna'i.e ?

3. Height between decks?

4. Number of voyages you made ?

5. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks ?
Numbe"- of standing bed phices ?
Number of bedding ?

6. Number of water-closets ?
Number of night-stools ?
Number of bed pans?
Number of urinals ?
Other conveniences ?

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Surgical instruments ?
Materials and appliances ?
Provisions ?

Water ?

9. Means of ablution ?
10. Means of ventilation ?

11. Number of sick and wounded officers
and soldiers, with the names of any
officers you may recollect ?

12. Number of surgeons sent on board,

stating the rank and names to the best
of your recollection ?

13. Number fit for duty?

14. Number of orderlies and other attend-

ants sent on board for the i)urpose of
attending the sick and wounded ?

15. Number fit for duty?

16. When the sick and wounded were cm-

barked ?

17. When the vessel sailed ?

18. When it arrived off Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded were dis-

embarked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarking, sailing,

or disembarking ?

21. General character of the wounds and

diseases ?

22. Number of deaths ?

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Means and deficiencies of cooking?

25. Regularity of meals and facilities of

eating them ?

J)00 tons.

Very lofty — 7 feet.

Only one, with wounded from Crimea.
None.
None.
None.

To the best of my recollection every bad
case had a befl and blankets, and every
other case had one, if not more, blankets.
None.
None.
Two.
Two.
None.

Good, and sufficient for the voyage.

Good (private property).

Good.

None.

Thorough ventilation of the deck, on which
the wounded were placed, by stern window,
side scuttles, and large hatchways.

Six wounded officers, as follows: — Lt.-Cols.
Haly, 47th regt., and Warren, 55th;
Lieuts. Bush and Fitzroy, 4ist; Captain
Vialls and Lieut. Macdonnald, 95th; and
1 72 wounded men.

One assistant-surgeon. Dr. Jephson, 49th
regt.

One, Dr. Jephson, 49th regt.
Eight sent on board.

With the exception of two, the rest were
useless.

On the afternoon of the 6th of November.

The Talavera was towed out of the har-
bour on the following morning.

Arrived off Scutari in tow of the Sidney
steamer, to the best of my recollection, on

, the evening of the 9th.

The wounded were disembarked on the fol-
lowing day,

1st. There was no delay in the embarkation
of the wounded. 2d. I am not aware why
she was detained. .3(1. The reason why the
wounded were not disembarked was, I
believe, owing to the lateness of our arrival
at Scutari.

The general character of the wounds were
from grape and canister shot, and of a very
severe nature.

The number of deaths, as well as I can recol-
lect, were 10.

From complete exhaustion, owing to the
shock to the constitution, and from the
severity of the wounds, aggravated by
removal.

Indifferent.

IndiHerent.

E e

■214

TalavefSi -Tohn H. Jephson, Esq., Assistant-Surgeon 49tli Regiment.

Sir, Steam Ship Jason, December 17, 1854.

I have the honour of receiving your letter of the 7th instant, requesting to be
informed of particulars relative to the transport of sick and wounded men and ofhcers on
l)oard the ship Talavera, which sailed from Balaklav.i to Scutari.

1 have to state, in the first place, that the vessel was fit, as regards size, for the con-
veyance of sick anrl wounded, but there was a great want of water-closets and otlier such
conveniences.

Secondly, Considering the amount of professional duty, as well as the attendance
imperatively required for the sick, which devolved upon both myself and Di-. Mackey,
there was a great want of assistance. Orderlies were sent on board at Balaklava who
were tiien convalescent from different diseases, wlio with the exception of two, or at most
three, were perfectly useless ; the consequence of which was, that both Dr. Mackey and
myself had not alone to attend to our professional duties, but also to act as orderlies in
superintending the meals and cleansing the decks.

Hoping. that you will consider what I have mentioned sufficient answers to your
Inquiries.

I have, &c

John H. Jephson, MD.,
Dr. Cummiug, Assistant-Surgeon, 49th Regiment.

Inspector-General.

I. Names of vessels of which you liad

charge ?
2 Registered tonnage ?

3. Heights between decks ?

4. Nimiber of voyages you have made ?

5. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks ?
Number of standing bed places ?
Bedding ?

6. Number of water-closets ?
Number of nioht-stools ?
Number of bed-pans ?
Number of urinals ?
Other such conveniences ?

.7. Supply of medicines ?

Supply of surgical instruments?
i , Supply of surgical materials and ap-
pliances ?
Supply of medical comforts ?
Supply of provisions ?
Supply of water ^
9. Means of ablution ?
1 0. Means and state of ventilation ?

II. Number of sick and wounded oflScers
and soldiers on board, with the
names of any you recollect ?

12. Number of surgeons sent on board under

you, stating the names and rank to
the best of your recollection ?

13. Number of them fit for duty on board ?

14. Number of orderlies and other at-

tendants sent on board for the pur-
pose of attending the sick and
wounded?

15. Number of them fit for duty on board ?

16. When the sick and wounded embarked?

17. When the vessel sailed?

i 8. Wlien it arrived off Scutari ?

Talavera, of London, Captain Scotl, com-
mander.
About 850 tons.
About seven feet.

Only one, with wounded from the Crimea.

None.

To the best of my recollection, every bad
case had a bed, and every case had one
or more blankets.

None.

None.
Two.

Two.

None.

Good, and quite sufficient for the voyage.
Good (I believe private property).
Good.

Good and sufficient.

Good.

None.

Very good where the wounded were, by side
windows and port-holes, with large hatch-
ways.

Six wounded officers; namely, Lieutenant-
Colonel Haly, 47th regiment ; Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Warren, 55ih regiment;
Captain Vialls, 95th regiment; Lieu-
tenant Macdonnald, 95th regiment; Cap-
tain Bush, 41st regiment; Captain Fitz-
roy, 41st regiment; i7'2 wounded men.

One surgeon . namely, Staff-Surgeon Mackey.

One; Assistant-Surgeon Jephson, MD., 49th
regiment.

Eight convalescent men seiu on board.

With the exception of three, they were per-
fectly useless.
On the. evening of the Gth of November.
On the same evening
I believe on the evening of the 9tb.

215

19. When the sick and wounded disem-

barked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarkation, sailing,

or disembarkation ?

21. General character of wounds and dis-

eases ?

22. Number of deaths on board ?

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Means and deficiencies of cooking i

25. Regularity of meals and I'acilities for

eating them ?

On the day following.

There was no delay in the embarkation at

Balaklava. The delay of disembarkation

was owina; to the Talavera arriving off

... . ^

Scutari late in the evening.

Were those produced by grape-shot and
cannon-ball, the majority of them of a
sevei'e nature.

Ten deaths occurred.

Tiie deaths occmred from exhaustion, from
the shock to the system, and from the
severity of wound, increased by the removal
to and from tlie ship.

Indifferent.

J. GoRRiNGE, Esq. Assistant Surgeon, 1st Royal Dragoons. ^ ^.^

Gentlemen, December 8, 1 854.

In conformity with your request, contained in a letter of yesterday's date, 1 have
the honour to submit the following, being systematic answers to the questions proposed.

As to the other queries to which you ask for my opinion, I beg to state that having
held very responsible situations in public institutions, previous to entering Fler Majesty's
service, and tiiereby accustomed to t'ne charge of muiierous and dangerous cases,
I did not consider myself over-matched in iiaving nearly 300 sick and wounded
soldiers to attend. Of course I was hard worked, but considering that the exigencies of
the service required it, 1 was prepared to sacrifice every other consideration. Two
medical officers were on board sick for a passage to Scutari, one recovered so much as to
be able to render me great assistance; the wounds of all were dressed daily. Medicine
administered at regular and appointed intervals. A sheep was boiled and made into broth
for all hands each day, and port wine with arrowroot most liberally given to all who stood
in need of it. I do not think more would liave been done with a greater staff' of medical
oiBcers. One leg was amputated during the voyage.

Only those who have been actually present can luive any real idea of the misery and
pain endured by the poor sick and wounded soldier, whilst on iiis transport from the scene
of action to the general hospital, added to, not a little, by the state of prostration induced
by crossing the Black Sea, particularly at this season of tlie year. But as far as it is possible
to alleviate their sufferings (speaking (if my own ship) I believe it is done. The ship was
capable of carrying ;300 with comfort; the sick were placed in hammocks and the wounded
on hair matresses, and '200 blankets and rugs were distributed in addition to the blanket
brought on board by each man ; the ventilation was excellent. On one day only was there
any complaint, and this was of the biscuit and water. On examination I found that the
biscuit had accidently been wetted and become in consequence mouldy, and that the water
being issued from the bottom of a tank was discoloured. This did not occur again. A list
of the medicines and medical comforts wliich I have given will show that nothing in that
line was wanting.

1st. To I'ecapitulate, I would suggest first, that vvlien the medical officer in charge is under
five years' service, he should have another to assist him, but a man of experience ought to
be enough for 300 men for so short a voyage (three days) provided he is ready and able
to give the whole of his time to his work.

2d. That as wounded men are often brought direct to the ship, and frequently without
their kits, tin plates should be in every ship for their use. I saw great discomfort
from the want of them, as I did from the scanty niunber of buckets usually kept in a ship,

3d. That ihe number of orderlies should be made dependant upon the requisition of the
medical officer in charge, for sometimes the presence of convalescents renders a fewer
number necessary. In my case I found six were ample.

4th, and lastly. '1 hat an executive military officer should always be placed in each ship
to take cognizance of any misconduct or refusal on the part of convalescent men to assist
their wounded comrades, and which is out of the line of the duties of a medic;il officer.

I have, &c.

J. GoRIlINGE,

The Commissioners for Inquiry, Assistant Surgeon, 1st Royal Dragoons,

&c. &c. In medical charge of Arabia.

1. Names of the vessels of which you Arabia.

were in charge ?

2. Registered tonnage? 1,022.

3. Height between decks ? Seven feet.

4. Number of voyages you made ? One.

E e 2

2\6

5. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks ?
Number of standing bed-places ?
Number of bedding ?

6. Number of water-closets ?
Number of night stools?
Number of bed pans?
Number of urinals.''

Number of other such con
veniences 1

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Supply of surgical instruments?
Supply of materials and appliances
(surgical) ?

Supply of medical comforts ?

Supply of provisions ?

Supply of water ?
9. Means and state of ventilation ?

10. Means of ablution ?

11. Number of sick and wounded

officers and soldiers on board,
with the names of any of the
officers you may recollect ?

12. Number of surgeons sent on board

under you, stating their names
and rank to the best of your
recollection ?

13. Number of them fit for duty on

board ?

14. Number of orderlies and otlier

attendants sent on board for
the purpose of attending the
sick and wounded ?

15. Number of them fit for duty on

board ?

16. When the sick and wounded

embarked ?

17. When the vessel sailed?

18. When it arrived off' Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded

disembarked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarkation,

sailing, or disembarkation ?

21. General character of wounds and

diseases ?

22. Number of deaths on boai'd ?

23. To what cause attributable ?

24. Means and deficiences of cooking ?

25. Regularity of meals and facilities

for eating them.

Two.

Seventy,

Kiorht.

Eighty hair mattrasses, 100 blankets, 100 rugs.

Seven patent closets, and six stools at " the head."

None.

Two.

None.

Chloroform ^viij. niorph. acet. ^j., pulv. cret.
CO. ^ viij., oi. ricini gij., tinct. catechu. Jvi., tinct.
opii 9]. in addition to one medicine chest
marked "store waggon No. 2/' and which was
complete with every article according to the
printed inventory.

Two sets capital instruments.

Three screw tourniquets, 3 field ditto, 100
bandages, 15 lbs. lint, 12 lbs. tow, 1 set whale-
bone splints, 3 sets lined splints, 3 ii. ligature
silk, ^ i. thread, 12 sponges, 10 yards empk
adhesive, 10 stump pillows, 2 sheets.

Twelve sheep, 10 lbs. ground rice, 10 lbs. arrow-
root, 8 doz. port wine, 84 lbs. sugar, 28 lbs.
tea, 20 tins essence of milk, 60 tins essence of
beef

Ten days' provisions on leaving the Crimea
according to the regulated government scale,
for 300 men.

120 tons.

Fourteen side ports, four hatches, four windsails,

12 deck ventilators in the ship's side (good).
Buckets (few).

Officers 9; men 264; Lieut.-Col. Yorke, 1st
Koyal Dragoons; Major the Hon. J. P. Maxwell,
M. 1\, 50lh regiment; Lieut, and Adjutant
Maule, 88th regiment; Lieut. Conolly, 49lh
regt. ; Lieut. Swinfen,.5th Dragoon Guards, Ikc.

Assistant Surgeon Langham, 7tli Fusileers; As-
sistant Surgeon Maclean, 42d Highlanders;
Both sent on board sick, and to Scutari for
further treatment. Assistant Surgeon Langham,
however, rendered me material assistance, but
the illness of Assistant Surcceon Maclean
prevented him from offering his services.

One sergeant and six privates.

All.

Between the 1st and 6th of November 1854.

7th of November 1854.

10th of November 18ij4.

11th and 13th of November 1854.

None in the embarkation or sailing, but
November 12th was very stonny, the breakers
rising over the landing place; and the men
could not be landed on that day. Half were
removed the first day and the remainder on
the third day.

Gun-shot and bayonet wounds, and dysentery.

Four.

Two of their wounds (abdominal) and two of
dysenter}'.

Two galleys containing eight excellent coppers.

Meals served with regularity at 8, 12, and 5
o'clock. The tables which previously existed,
were ordered down for the better ventilation
of the ship.

J. Sheldon Furlong, Esq., Assistant Siirgeon, 39tli Regiment. Mauritius.
Gentlemen, Scutari, December 7tb, 1854.

In reply to your letter of the 3d of December I have the honour to state, 1st, that the
steam ship "^Mauritius was not "suited for the transport of the actual number tal<en on
board, and that such was my expressed opinion at the time, will be seeii by em;losure
No. 1. 2dlv, as there were •io-2 wounds f; be attended to every day, I made a requisition
on the surgeon of the ship, Mr. Paton, for his services, and he was of great assistance. I
did not apply for further surgical aid at Balaklava, for obvious reasons.

On arrival at Scutari 1 applied to the Deputy Inspector of Hospitals for such aid ; he
ordered the staff" surgeon at the barracks to send two medical officers to the ship. One
came that evening.

There were not any orderlies or attendants sent on board the Mauritius the first day,
nor until afternoon on the second day of the embarkation and then only on application,
as will be seen by enclosure No. 1. Eight men, convalescents from hospital, were then sent;
one was so ill a'^ to be obliged to become a patient himself, the remaining seven were all
but useless. On arrival at Scutari I applied for 20 orderlies, who were sent off" tlie same
evening. Srdly, the provisions, medical comforts, blankets, and even cooks were supplied
by. the' ships, and were abundant and excellent of their kind. The voyage was quick and
fortunate, so that medicines and materials were just enough with the addition of those
articles obtained on requisition t!ie day we sailed. Vide enclosures Nos. 1 and 2.

When the army disembarked at Kalamita Bay, numbers of men unable to march were
left on board by the medical ofKcers in charge of the ships. Being in charge of transport
42, I left Lord F. L. Gower and 11 men of the K battery R.A., and 2nd battalion rifle
brigade. Lord F. L. (jowcr and three of these men were so ill as to require being sent
to Scutari ; eight were convalescent from fever and dysentery, able to eat and walk about
a ship, but unable to march. On visiting the ship two days afterwards to bring away any
men sufficiently strong, and attend to the remainder, I was surprised to find that, the officer
excepted, all without distinction had been sent on board the Erin en route to Scutari !
If an hospital ship with proper attentlanls, medicines, &c., had been widi the fleet, these
eight men, artillery and rifles, would have joined the army after Alma, or at all events at
Balaklava on the 26th.

On the 25th of September at Balbek being nine days ill with intermittent fever, I was
ordered on board ship by Sir George Brown. Having reported myself to the Inspector
General and received his permission to remain on board until convalescence, I proceeded
in company with some 30 other sick, souie walking, the remainder in arabas along the road
which we were told led to the beach. Having advanced some distance, we met three artilleiy-
men returning, who stated that the road was unsafe, as they had been attacked and fired upon
by four Russians. The day was advancing, the army had marched, our only hope lay in the
ships, so we were obliged to go forward: all tlic men were armed and loaded. I sent the
strongest out in front to examine the road, houses, &e. Shortly afterwards we were joined
by a sergeant and six light dragoons; thev rode in i'ront and made some 10 prisoners of
suspicious looking natives, who were hiding behind hedges near the road. We now began
to see the Russian picquets about a quarter of a mite off to the left on the hill, and the road
winding close towards them it became pretty evident that we had been directed on the
wrong road; now we had nothing for it but to push on. I rode forward to the beach to
reconnoitre, and as I left the trees and advanced on the open ground three Russians
commenced lo descend the hill, hoping to cut me off". To my dismay, on arriving at the
beach not a boat was to be seen ; three war steamers were about two miles out at sea and
the rest of the fleet was about four miles back near Katcha. The road branched at the
beach, one part running up to Fort Sivernia, which I could see unpleasantly near on the
hill top, the other along die cliff" to the righttovvards the fleet. This one was our only cliance,
so I hurried back to join the party before they passed the town and directed them up the
hill. The three Russians halted and then retreated when they saw me joined by such an
apparently strong body. We proceeded along the cliff" some four miles and reached Katcha
at 2 p.m., having started at 7 a.m. If the Russians had had only a little courage they could
have killed us or made us prisoners, as we could not have escaped. I hope you will excuse
my giving you this long account of the sick at Kalamita, and the journey to the beach at
Balbek, but a recent general order renders it necessary that these things, not the fault of
the medical department, should come to light.

I am, &c.

To A. Gumming, Esq., I.G.H. J, Sheldon Fuklong.

P. Benson Maxwell, Esq., and Assistant Surgeon, 39th Reginuiit.

P. Sinclair Laing, Esq., 2d Class Staff Surgeon.

Ansioer 1. Steam transport Mauritius.

2. About 1,800 tons.

3. About 7i feet.

4. One voyage.

5. Number of cots; none.
Number of hammocks; none.
Number of standing bed-places; 14.
Number of bedding ; 100.

E e 3

218

6. Water-closets on deck; not reachable.
Night-stools; none.

Bed-pans; two for officers and men.
Urinals ; one.

Other such eonvenieiices ; two tubs.

7. The supply of medicine was enough for the short voyage. I did not receive an invoice

and I do not recollect the quantities., &c.

8. Surgical instruments ; one portable case.

Surgical materials, ike, half a dozen tourniquets, 15 lbs. of lint, some tow, three sets of
Poto's splinis, a few stump pillows, half a dozen air pillows, ligatures, sponges, and a
little gutta percha, chloroform, "200 bandages.

Medical comforts, provisions, water; all supplied by the ships; good and abundant.

9. Means of ablution. None.

10. Ventilation: circular ports, hatchways, and windsails. It was good. Abundance of

chloride of zinc, liberally supplied by the ship, was used through the decks at all
hours.

11. Number of wounded men - - 170

„ „ officers - 8

„ „ sick men - 64

orderly - 1

Total onbarked - 243

Names of officers : —

Col. Walker, Scots Fusilier Guards
Lieut.-Col. Halkett, Coldstream.
Capt. Paynter, R.A.
Capt. ingilby, R.A.
Major Sharpe, -JOth Regt.
Capt. Shipley, 7th Fusiliers.
Lieut. Butler, 7th Fusiliers.
Ensign Owens, 33(1 Regt.

12. Number of suigeo]is ; one assistant surgeon, Humlrey, 77th Kegt.

13. Ini i'or duty; one, and the suigeon of shi[).

14. Orderlies ; eight on second day.

15. Orderlies fit for duty; seven.

16. Embarked 184 on the 7th November ; 50 on the 8th November.

17. Sailed 4 p.m. on the 8th November.

18. Arrived November iOth, 12 noon.

19. Disembarked about 190 on the 11th, the rest 13th November.

20. Cause of delay ; roughness of sea on 12th November delayed the disembarkation;,
there was not any delay in the sailing.

21. General character of wounds ; sloughing.

24 men were wounded in two places.

2 lost both arms.
33 stumps in all on board.

5 broken limbs.
42 cases of dysentery.

About 10 men could assist themselves; all the others required the use of the bed-pan
constantly.

22. Twelve deaths occurred on board.
25. Names, Sic, of fatal cases -

Private G. Cook, R. A., amputation right thigh, sank quietly.

Private Daly, 77th, debility after cholera.

Corporal Thomas Conway, 88th, amputation left thigh.

Private Thomas Holland, 88th, gun-shot wound lumbar region.

Private C. Smith. 1, B. Rifles, amputation left thigh.

Private R. Hennen, l ight arm amputated — hajmonliage. '

Corporal Wadsworth, G.G., left leg amputated — traumatic deleiiiis.

Private M. ConoUy, oOih, right shoulder amputated — haemorrhage.

Private J. Ashley, 2 B. Rifles, fever.

Private Henry Parker, 1 B. Rifles, fracture k-i't thigh; in very low state. •
Private Moses Eady, G.G., fracture left diigh, very high up ; \ ery v. eakly.
Private W. Moore, 33d Highlanders, shot through both hips; bladder wounded.

(Enclosure No. 1.)

Sir, Mauritius, November 8, 1854, 4 a.m.

I HAVE the honour to report to you that this ship is quite full of wounded men and that
there is not one orderly to attend them or assist them in any way. I beg leave to request that
you will kindly order oft' the proper number of attendants. 1 beg leave also to enclose a

requisition for actual necessaries for the wounded, and hope you will be good enough to
cause them to be sent on board. I have not received any return of ihe men's names, &c.

I have, &c.

J. Sheldon Fuklong,
1st Class Staff Surgeon Tice, AssiJlant Surgeon, 39th Regiment.

P. M. O. Balaklava.

Copy of answer to No. 1 .

]\Iem. — Medicine, &o. has been supplied and is on board. Orderhes will come off' after
dinner. Number of wounded to be carried, about 250.

8th November. J. T.

(Truecop3'.) J, Shfxdon Furlong,

Assistant Surgeon.

Enclosure No. 2.

Required for the use of the sick and wounded on board transport Mauritius : —
Bandages 100.
Ip. Sulp. 3vlij.

Oiled silk 6 yards (some gutta percha sent instead).
Oiled cloth 6 yards.
Bed pans 2 "j

Urinals 2 > not received.
Basins 2 J

Spongio piline one square yard.
Staff Surgeon Tice, J. Sheldon Fuklong,

P. M. O., Balaklava. Assistant-Surgeon, .39th Regiment.

.7. SuMMEiis, Esq., 2d Class Staff Surgeon. Andes.

Sir, Greneral Hospital, Scutari, 4th December 1854.

I H.w: the honour to reply to the queries inserted in your circular letter, and beg
to state as follows, that with reference to the accommodation provided onboard the steamer
Andes for the number of wounded put on board under my medical charge, viz., 240,
I am of opinion that this ship is well suited for the transport of wounded soldiers
within this limit.

The number of medical officers on board, viz., three, were in my opinion sufficient to
perform the duties required of them for the above number of sick and wounded. The
twelve orderlies would have been advantageously increased to sixteen, to attend on the
men in watches during the night, without causing too much fatigue, and, in my opinion,
men who have acted as hospital orderlies for some length of time and are acquainted
with cooking should be selected for this duty, as inexperienced attendants are ot com-
paratively little use.

I have, &c.

A. Cumming, Esq., J. Summers,

Inspector General. Second Class Staff Surgeon.

Answer I. Screw steamer Andes.

2. Supposed to be about 1,800 tons register.

3. Heisrht bet ween decks ei<>hl feet.

4. One voyage made under my charge.

5. Cots were only supplied for the purpose of i emo\ ing the wounded to anfl from the
ship. No hammocks were wanted, lliere were standing bed places for the accommodation
of the more severely wounded around the sides of the ship, and also in the centre of the
lower deck (abaft) these were two abreast.

6. One watercloset was appropriated for the use of the men.

7. The supply of medicines consisted of a small portable case, containing the more
important medicines.

8. The surgical instruments were my own property, according to regulations, the
materials and appliances were ample, and may be judged of from the list hereto appended.
The medical comforts consisted of two cases of port wine, containing from four to six
dozen in each ; 10 lbs. of arrowroot; ditto of sago; also a few canisters of essence of
beef for soup; 4 bales of blankets, and 4 ditto of rugs; 16 live sheep were supplied
(on requisition), and the ordinary salt rations of excellent quality, together with a daily
supply of flour and biscuit ; the water was of good (juality and abundant.

9. The means of ablution were defective, there being no metal basins on board ship.
Twelve buckets were furnished by the ship for this purpose.

10. Ventilation was ample from the hatches and side ports being constantly open,
together with windsails when required.

E e 4 '

220

11. There were 2*20 wounded men and nineteen officers embarked. The names of the
officei-s were, viz. : —

'JOth Kegiment Captain Butler. 41st Regiment Captain Rowlands.

Lieutenant Bennett. Captain Bligh.

Ensii^n Kekewich. 57th Regiment Lieutenant Buller.

21st Regiment Lieut.-Col. Ainslie. Lieutenant Hayne.

Captain Boldero. 63d Regiment Captain Harries.

Lieutenant King. Lieutenant Newenham.

Stephens. Lieut. -Adjutant Bennett.

23d Regiment Capt-sin Hughes. Ensign Morgan.

41st Regiment Captain Mei'edith. 95tli Regiment Surgeon Brown.

12, 13. The names of the assistant surgeons fit for duty were, Assistant Surgeon William-
son and Acting Assistant Surgeon Macartney.

14, 1,5. Twelve orderlies (convalescents) and very inexperienced in the duties of attending
on the sick.

16. The wounded soldiers were embarked on the 9th and lOtli November 18.54.

17. The ship sailed on the 11th November and arrived on the 13th November.

18. 13th November.

19. The sick and wounded were diseml)arked on the 13th and loth November.

20. Delay was attributable to the state of the weather.

21. The general character of the wounds were gunshot wounds and amputations.
Diai'rhoea was also prevalent prior to embarkation.

22. Eight casualties occurred during the voyage.

23. Attributable to severe wounds.

24. Properly trained orderlies for attendance on the sick and cooking in the galley
appointed for the soldiers, are strongly recommended to be obtained for tran-sports
employed in the removal of sick and wounded men.

S. Summers, M.D.,

3d December 1854. 2nd Staff' Surgeon.

Medicines, &c., shipped on board the Llospital Steam Ship, Andes, proceeding with

wounded to Scutari.

1 case marked Hospital conveyance store Screw tourniquets, 3.

cart, No. 18. Field do 3.

Lint 15 lb. and box. Pins, 1 paper, 1.

Tow 121b. .Sheets, 2.

Bandages, 250. Stump pillows, 10.

Sponges, 12. Whalebone splints, 1 set complete,

Emplast. adhtesiv. yds. x. Lined do 1 set.

Ligature thread, 3 ij. Bed pans, 3.
Do. silk, 3 ij.

Edendde. E. W'. Young, Esq., Assistant Surgeon, 11th Regiment.

^^^^^^ Gentlemfn, Scutari, December 23d, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to enclose herewith answers to ihe questions submitted to me
with reference to the transport of sick and wounded on board the Edendale, sailing
vessel, and Cleopatra steam slii[), under my medic;:! charge.

With regard to the former ship, (the Edendale,) I have been utjable to furnish all
the required particulars, not having been made aware that they were required, and having
taken no notes of the same, but I have replied to the questions as far as my memory serves.

In both vessels the accommodation appeared to me sufficient for the number actually
taken on board, and no additional surgical aid was required. With regard to the orderlies,
I have to regret that they were for the most part inefficient, being composed of men lately
recovered from sickness, niany of whom themselves required medical treatment while on
board, and who were generally unacquainled with the duties they had to perform, and in
several cases displayed great unwillingne&s to perform the necessary offices for the sick.
On beard the Edendale, there were eight orderlies, of whom two were very active and
diligent, the rimaining six being almost always on the sick-list; fortimately, I succeeded
in obtaining the services of many of the patients whose wounds were slight, by whom the
requisite attendance was provided for the more feeble. On board the Cleopatra,
there were four non-commissioned officers, and 29 orderlies under the command of
Captain Browne, 2)st Fusiliers, of which number 15 were quite inefficient from sickness
or incompetence, but in this case also 1 obtained assistance^ fi'om the convalescent
patients.

A sufficient sup2)ly of n^ediclncs, surgical instruments and appliances for the voyage
according to its usual length, was put on board both ships, and renewed as required in
consequence of the delay in sailing and disembarkation. No deficiency of provisions or
medical comforts was in either case experienced.

In conclusion, I would humbly suggest that it would be hijdily conducive not only to
the comfort of the sick, but aiso to their welfare, were it possible to obtain orderlies in good

221

health and more acquainted with their duties, at the same time that 1 am aware of the
difficulty of obtaining such at the present time. It would also, I feel no hesitation in stating,
be the means of prolonging and probably of saving lives, were means taken to prevent all
unnecessary delay in the transfer of men from the Crimea to the hospital in Scutari, and
to limit the period during which the sick remain on ship-board, to the time actually required
for the voyage.

I have, &c.

E. W. YoxJNG, M.D., Asssistant Surgeon,
1 1 th Regiment.

2,
3.
4.

Name of vessel ?
Registered tonnage ?
Height between decks r
Number of voyages I made ?
Number of cots ?

hammocks ?

standing bed
places ?

bedding ?

6. Number of water-closets ?

night-stools ?
bed pans ?
urinals?
other such con-
veniences ?

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Sureical instruments ?

materials and ap-
pliances ?
Supply of medical comforts ?

provisions ?

water ?
9. Means of ablution ?

10. Ventilation?

11. Number of sick and wounded
officers and soldiers, &c.?

12. Number of surgeons under

13.
14.
15.

Number of them fit for duty?
Number of orderlies ?
Number of ihem fit for duty?

15. Wiien sick and wounded em-
barked ?

17. When the vessel sailed ?

18. When it arrived off" Scutari ?

19. When sick and wounded dis-

embarked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarka-

tion, sailing or disem-
barkation ?

Edendale, sailing transport.

About eight feet.

One.

None.

About eight or ten.

56 beds, 148 blankets (besides the blanket brought on
board by each man) and 50 rugs.

None.

Two.

None.

About three dozen wooden porringers (intended as
mess-bowls,) and eiglit buckets.

One of the deal boxes usually contained in the
ambulance waggojis, fitted wiih additional medicines
issued on my requisition, the same being required
in consequence of delay in sailing and disem-
barkation.

One portable case of surgical instruments complete.

A large and sufficient supply of lint, tow, bandages,
sponges, splints, adhesive plaister, old sheeting, &c.

A suflScient supply of port wine, essence of beef, pre-
served meat, sugar, tea, arrowroot and sago, (The
two latter were renewed by requisition at Balaklava
and Scutari, in consequence of delays in sailing and
disembarkation.)

Soup, fresh meat, and vegetables in sufficient quantity,
with biscuits, &c.

A plentiful supply.

About two dozen wooden bowls, serving to hold water
for ablution or for dressing wounds,

A wind-sail fore and aft, open hatchways ; a free cur-
rent of air constantly maintained.

Six officers, (viz, Captain Crosseand Lieutenant Bavnes,
88lh regiment, wounded, and Captains Yates, R,A.,
and Aldv\orth, 7tli Fusiliers, and .Assistant Surgeons
Fyffe, 30th regiment, and Noott, 30th regiment, sick,)
and 203 sick and wounded soldiers.

Two, viz. Staff Assistant Surgeon Steuart, and Acting
Assistant Surgeon Seddall.

Both.

Eight.

'1 wo all the time, the remaining six being frequently

on the sick-list.
November 8th.

November 20th.
November 22d.

On November 23d, 25th, 26th, and 27th.

I am not aware of any delay in embarkation. Re-
mained in harbour at Balaklava until the Medway
steamer could tow us. On arrival off" Scutari, boats
were not sent until the next day, and then only
sufficient to land a few of the men. The following
day was too rough. On the 25th, no boats were
sent, but the ship's boats landed as many as possible
On the 26th a small steamer took off' all the remainder
except eight, but it was by that lime dark, and these
last were landed on the 27th,
F f

222

21. General character of wounds With the exception of about 17, all the cases were those
and diseases ? of wounds, principally musket wounds, and ampu-

tations. Many of tliose were of great severity,
penetratin-i the cavities of the chest and abdomen.
The cases of disease were nearly all affections of the
bowels.

,'22. Number of deaths on board ? 38, of which six died during the voyage, the remainder

in harbour, (one was brought on board dead.)

23. To what causes attributable? Principally to the severity of the injury received, (16

were wounds of chest or back) and exhaustion follow-
ing amputation. Perhaps the discomfort inseparable
from a lengthened stay on ship-board may have pre-
vented recovery in some cases.

24. Means and deficiencies in A galley constructed for the use of 300 soldiers; the

cooking? cook being one of the crew. The latter being a

volunteer and not paid for his trouble, on one occa-
sion refused to cook some arrowroot when required ;
and the captain informed me that he could not compel
him. On other occasions things were satisfactorily
performed by him.

25. Regularities of meals, and The meals were generally served with regularity. The

facilities for eating them ? soldiers' mess-tins and additional tin cups were in

requisition,

26. Space allotted to the sick ?

1 Name of Vessel ?

2. Registered tonnage ?

3. Height between decks?

4. Number of voyages T made?

5. Number of cots ?

hammocks ?
standing bed

places ?
bedding ?

6. Number of water closets ?

night stools ?
bed pans ?
urinals ?

other such conve^
niences ?

7, Supply of medicines ?

8. Supply of surgical instru-

ments ?
surgical materials

and appliances ?
medical comforts ?

provisions ?

water ?

9. Means of ablution ?

10. Means and state of ventila-

tion ?

11. Number of sick and wounded

officers and soldiers, a!;d
names of officers?

12. Nunibei' of surgeons 'sent on

board under me, with
their names and rank ?

13. Numbc-r of them fit for duty?

14. Number of orderlies ?

Cleopatra steam ship.

1,500 tons.

8 feet 6 inches,

One.

None.

Six were used.
Eight.

Fifty beds, and 1,200 blankets. The former, and such
of the latter as asked for by me according to the
necessity of the cases, issued to the men.

Three, (Nine persons can be accommodated at one
time.)

None.

Seven.

None.

Twelve buckets.

One detachment medicine-chest incomplete, but con-
taining sufficient medicine for the voyage alone.
On arrival at Scutari a fresh siipply of necessary
medicines was obtained, the sick not being landed
for several days.

One portable case of surgical instruments complete.

A small supply of lint, tow, and bandages, splints, &c.

A plentiful supply of these. As much port wine,
arrowroot, sago, tea, sugar, &c., as was needed.

Plentiful. Soup made with fresh meat daily, rice and
vegetables.

Sufficient.

The occasional use of the ship's buckets.

A free ventilation maintained by keeping the port^holes
on each side of the ship and hatchways constantly
open. Open gratings on each side of the deck allow-
in';; of a free current of air throug h them.

No sick officers. 358 sick and wounded soldiers.

One (Staff Assistant Surgeon, Walter Acton).
One.

Thirty-three.

22.5

15. Number of them fit for dutv ?

16. When the sick and wounded

embarked ?

17. When the vessel sailed ?

18. When it arrived off Scutari ?

19. When tlie sick and wounded

disembarked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarka-

tion, sailing, or disembark-
ation?

21. General character of wounds
and diseases ?

22. Number of deaths on board ?

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Meaus and deficiencies of

cooking?

25. Regularity of meals and facili-
ties for eatin"- them 1

26. Space appropriated to the
sick ?

Four non-commissioned officers and fourteen men ; the

i-emainder frequently sick and incompetent.
11th December.

12th December.
16th December.

About 120 disembarked on the 17th December, about
160 on the 19th December, and 13 on the 21st.
The remainder on the 22nd December.

No delay in embarkation. The ship was ordered to
stay by the Victoria steamer during the passage,
and tow her if necessary, the latter s rudder being
out of order. This caused a delay in the passage of
about two days, as vvell as the loss of three of our
boats, a collision taking place while endeavouring to
pass the hawsers from one to the othei". The loss of
those boats, and no other boats being sent, except on
the days specified in preceding paragraph, caused
delay in disembarkation.

Nearly all the patients suffered from dysentery or
diarrhoea of a very severe character. Many were
scorbutic. There were seven cases of gun-shot wounds,
doing well, and twelve cases of frost-bite.

Thirty-one (of which seventeen occurred after arrival
off Scutari).

To exhaustion, consequent upon long-continued dy-
sentery.

Four boilers containing thirty' six gallons each, entirely
for the use of the troops, and the use of the ship's
tin pans for cooking arrowroot or sago. I have no
deficiencies to complain of

The meals have been generally served with regularity.
Some confusion occurred on tlie first day in the dis-
tribution, in consequence of the orderlies not being
accustomed to the duty. Most of the patients were
provided with mess-tins, besides which 100 tin drink-
ing cups were issued.

Upper deck, length about 132 feet, breadth 32 feet.
Lower deck, one cabin 32 feet by 32 feet, and another
22 feet by 30 feet.

E. A. Young, M. D.,

Assistant Surgeon 11th Regiment.

J. C. G. TrcE, Esq. Staff Surgeon, 1st class.

Medway.

Gentlemen,

Scutari, December 8, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to forward my answers to the several questions connected with
the transport of sick and wounded from Balaklava to this station.

I have, &c.

Dr. Gumming, Inspector-General of Hospitals. J. C. G. Tice, M.D.,

P. B. Maxwell, Esq.
Dr. Laing.

1. Name of vessels of which you were in

charge ?

2. Tonnage ?

3. Height between decks ?

4. Number of voyages you made ?

5. Number of cots ?

hammocks ?
standing bed places ?
bedding ?

6. Number of water closets ?

night stools ?
bed pans ?
urinals ?

other such conveniences ?

Staff' Surgeon 1st class.

Steamship Med way.

1,800.

7i feet.
One.

None. .
Several.

About eighteen.

I believe between 230 and 240.

Two large ones on deck and two on the

main deck.
One.
Three,
l^one.
B uckets.

F f 2

224

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Supply of surgical instruments ?

niateiials and appli-

ances

medical corntbrts ?
provisions ?
water ?
Means of ablution i
. Means of state of ventilation ?
, Number of sick and wounded officers
and soldiers on board, with the names
of any officer you may recollect ?

1-2.

13.

14.

15.
16.

17.
18.
19.

20,

Number of men ?

Number of surgeons sent on board under
you, stating their names and rank to
the best of your recollection 1

Number of them fit for duty on board ?

Number of orderlies and other atten-
dants sent on board for the purpose of
attending the sick and wounded ?

Number of them fit for duty on board ?

When the sick and wounded were em-
barked ?

When the vessel sailed ?

When it arrived off" Scutari ?

When the sick and wounded disem-
barked ?

Cause of delay ?

Cause of delay in embarkation ?

m sailing ? and

31.

22.
23.

and

Sufficient.

Field case belonging to the surgeon, and two

small cases.
Everything of this nature sufficient.

Abundant.
Abundant and good.
Plentiful.

Tubs and buckets.
Hatchways, ports and windsails.
Captain Auchmuty, died at Balaklava,

„ Charlton, 95th regt., on board.

,, Taswell, R.A.
Ass.-Surgeon Clark, 33d.
Captain Pretyman, 33d,
Major Wakefield, 28th. '
Captain Nevvdigate, Rifle Brigade.
Lieutenant Lempriere R. E.

Holford, 28th.
Bt. Lt. Col. Smyth, 68, died on 23d, not

while on board.
Lieutenant Streatfield, 44th.

Neville, E. E.

„ Twysden, 55th.
Colonel Bradford, G. Gds.
Lieutenant Thistlewaite, S. F. Gds.

,, Aldridge, 21st.

„ Gostling, 49tli.
Captain Rocke, 49lh.
Lt. Colonel Duubeney 55tli.
1st Interpreter Westroppe.
Two iiundred and thirty-five.
Dr. Tice, 1st class.
Dr. Newton, 2nd class.
Assistant Surgeon Hooper.
All.

Twelve.

Four became sickly during the voyage.
7th November.

20th November.
22nd November.
24th November.

Boisterous weathei-.

Inclement weather in the Crimea.

No delay under steam in the morning of the

20th.
Bad weather.

Gun shot wounds, dysentery and diarrhoea.

Twenty-three.

Wounds and intestinal disease.

disembarkation ?
General condition of wounds

diseases ?
Number of deaths on board ?
To what causes attributable ?

1. The Medvvay steamer was as well adapted for the transport of the number placed on
board, as any ship not originally and expressly fitted for the conveyance of sick and
wounded.

2. The assistance of the surgeon of the ship was not required, but the aid of soldiers in
a convalescent state being desirable, several in that condition were employed.

.3. There was no deficiency of medical comforts, provisions, surgical instruments, or
appliances required in the management of surgical cases.

1 must here observe, that to insure success in treatment, and comfort, every ship intended
for the conveyance of sick, and particularly of wounded, should, in the strictest sense,
embrace those essentials supplied to every hospital.

I have, &c.

J. C. G. Tice, M.D.

Staff Surgeon 1st class.

225

J. A. FjAmes, Esq., Staff Assistant Surgeon. Trent.

Gkntlemen, Scutari, December 14th, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 6th
inst., and enclose answers to the questions connected therewith. In reply, 1 beg to inform
you, that —

First. The steam-ship I'rent was, in my opinion, unsuited for the transport of sick and
wounded, having been employed for conveying horses and mules.

Secondly. That I did not require the assistance of any other surgeons in addition to the
one who was associated with me. That the number of the orderlies would have been
sufficient, had they been capable men and in good health. Tliat I obtained the assistance
of three sergeants "to act as quartermaster sergeant, sergeant-major, and hospital sergeant,"
one of wiiom was sick, the other two, passengers going to Scutari on duty. Also of one
or two of the sick, who were able to assist, in place of those orderlies who were unable to
perform their duties. And,

Thirdly. ThatWhe supply of animal food and biscuit was unsuited for sick ; that there
was an insufficient supply of medical comforts and medicines ; tliat there was enough of
some and a deficiency of other materials.

There was no deficiency of surgical instruments or appliances, the patients who required
the latter having brought them on board witli them.

As you have requested me to furnish you with any further information, relative to the
transport of the sick and v.ounded, that I may be able to give you, I respectfully beg to
state, that, "in my opinion," it will be nearly impossible, satisfactorily, to provide means
for their conveyance irom the seat of war, except by the employment of vessels selected
and furnished for that express object, and provided with a sufficient number of orderlies
experienced in their management, and under the authority of one or more commissioned or
non-commissioned officers.

I have, &c,

A. Cumming, Esq., LG.H. J. A. Eames,

P. Benson Maxwell, Esq. Staff Assistant Surgeon.

P. Sinclair Laing, Esq.

Answer 1. Steam-ship Trent,

2. 1,800 tons.

3. Seven feet.

4. One voyage, from Balaklava to Scutari.

3. No cots; no hammocks ; no standing bed-places ; no beds, but quite enough blankets.

6. Two v.'aterclosets, only for t!ie use of officers and passengers. No night stoole ; three
bed-pans ; no portable urinals; no other such conveniences.

7. An insufficient supply of medicines.

8. Quite a sufficient supply of surgical instruments; enough plaister and lint, but not
enough bandages. No appliances, nor were any required; there was an insufficient
supply of medical comforts; there was a sufficient supply of provisions, but the animal
food was ill suited to the nourishment of the sick ; a limited supply of water.

9. No means of ablution.

10. Scuttles and hatchways.

11. As nearly as I can recollect, there were 17 ofRcers on board, most of whom were
sick; a list of as many names as I recollect I forward. There were 175 men, about 25
of whom were wounded, and the rest sick.

12. One, viz., Acting Assistant Surgeon Harvey Ludlow.

13. Both surgeons remained fit for duty throughout the voyage.

14. Twelve orderlies ; no other attendants.

lb. None of the orderlies discharged their duties without complaining of iii-health
during the voyage, and seven of them wexe completely incapacitated from performing them.

16. 'On the 2.3d and 24th of November 1854.

17. On the morning of the 25th.

18. On the mornissg of the 27th.

19. On the 28th November, but the worst cases were unable to do so till the 2d of
December.

20. No delay occurred, to the best of my knowledge, either in the embarkation of the
sick or the sailing of the vessel; v.ith reference to the delay in the disembarkation, the
first cause was, the non-arrival of any boats or steamer to convey the sick to the shore
till the morning after we arrived, viz., the 28th ; the second was attributable to the rouo-h
state of the weather, which prevented all communication.

21. Two amputations; the remainder gun-shot wounds, and about half of them severe.
Dysentery, diarrhoea, rheumatism, and ague, constituted the diseases.

22. Two.

2.3. Exhaustion, in both instances, from gun-shot wounds.

24. There were enough means for cooking on board, as far as regards suitable coppers,
fire, &c., but there was a deficient supply of water.

25. The meals were most irregular, and there was an almost complete absence of the
necessary facilities for eating them.

F f 3

226

Nominal Return of Officers on board Steam Ship Trent, on her passage from Balaklava

to Scutari, 25th November 1854 :

Passengers

The Duke of Cambridge and suite.
Lord William Paulet, and aide-de-camp.
Dr. Cruickshank, staff' surgeon 1st class.

Sick and Wounded.

Capt. Thompson, 10th Hussars.
Capt. Wilson.
Capt. Bam ford, 63d regt.
Capt. Johns, 63d regt.
Capt. Dickson, 30th regt.
Capt. Marshall.

Capt. England. +

Col. Creasi'h.

Lieut. Smith, 95th regt.

Lieut. Hobbs.

As well as my memory can serve me, I have given the names of some of the officers,
with their respective regiments ; there were a few more on board wliom I cannot
recollect.

J. EwiNG, Esq., Staff" Surgeon Second Class.

Gentlemen, Barrack Hospital, Scutari, March 23, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter relative to the
Avon transport employed in carrying sick from the Crimea to this place last December.
I beg to state, at the same time, that before quitting that ship I answered a similar com-
munication, and forwarded my letter* to your office.

1. The vessel's name was the Avon,

2. Height between the decks, 6 feet 6 inches.

3. Registered tonnage, 2,070.

4. I made but one voyage.

5. No cots; no hammocks; standing bed-places, 86; 100 paillasses, and a blanket

each man.

6. Number of the waterclosets, 2; night-stools, none; bed-pans, 9; urinals, none; other

such conveniences, a large supply of wooden buckets.

7. Supply of medicine, sufficient.

8. Surgical instruments, sufficient ; materials and appliances, sufficient ; medical com-

forts, sufficient ; provisions, sufficient ; water, sufficient.

9. Means of ablution, none.

10. Ventilation, insufficient.

11. Number of sick officers and soldiers on board : Officers, 18 ; soldiers, 278. Officers'

names : Col. Lake, R. A. ; Capt. Campbell, 42d ; Lieut. Buller, Rifle Brigade ; Major
Stuart, 21st.

12. Number of surgeons, with their names and rank, 4 — Assistant Surgeon Wilson,

7th Dragoons ; Assistant Surgeon Mills, 63d Foot ; Staff Assistant Surgeon
Reid ; Staff" Assistant Surgeon Smith.

13. Number fit for duty, 2.

14. Number of orderlies, 24.

15. Number of orderlies fit for duty, 18.

16. When sick and wounded emlaarked. — Unable to say,

17. When the vessel sailed.— December 4, 1854.

18. When it arrived off' Scutari. — December 6, 1854,

19. When sick disembarked, — 6th and 7th December.

20. Causes of delay. — Unable to state.

21. General character of wounds and diseases, — Wounds, healthy; diseases, bowel com-

plaints.

22. Number of deaths, 52.

23. To what cause attributable. — Choleraic diarrhoea.

24. Means and deficiency of cooking. — The cooking was carried on in one of the gaUeys ;

the means adequate.

25. Regularity of meals, &c. — Meals regular ; the patients used tin porringers and their

mess tins to eat from.
The vessel was, in my opinion, suited for the transport of the number actually taken
on boai'd, with this exception, that the ventilation, as before-mentioned, was deficient.
The number of surgeons and orderlies was sufficient.

(Signed) J, EwiNG, Staff" Surgeon, 2d Class.
Messrs. Cumming, Maxwell, and Laing,
&c. &c. &c.

* This letter did not come to hand.

227

John Mooke M'Neece, Esq., Staff Assistant Surgeon.

Gentlemen, Balaklava, January 26th, 1855.

Your letter, daterl Scutari, December 24tli, only reached me this day, and enclosed
you will find answers to the questionj as near as I can recollect. I am sorry I am unable to
iearn the height, breadth, and length of tlie Blundell, as that vessel has gone to Malta
some weeks ago; consequently, I cannot see the captain. In my opinion there were not
too many on board for the health of the sick ; and if it had not been for the long passage
and unusual severity of the weather, I doubt if we would have lost a single man. I did
not need any other medical officer. The orderlies on board (seven) were willing to do
their duty, but were really unable to do so, most of them having just recovered from sick-
ness, and nearly wanting as much treatment as the patients. The names of the officers
who were sick on board were — Dr. Wardrop, assistant surgeon, Grenadier Guards, and
Rev. Mr. Siieehan, chaplain to the forces.

I have, &c.
John Moore M'Neece,

Staff Assistant Surgeon.

Blundell.
About 600.

Nearly seven feet. ^
One.
None.
None.
Four.
Four.
Two.
One.
Six.
None.
None.
Limited.
One case.

An abundant supply.
Ditto.

An abundant supply.
Very good.
None.
Good.

Seventy-four men and two of&cers.
None.

Seven (four useless from illness).
December 3d.
December 4th.
About December 20th.
December 25th.

None in embarkation ; adverse winds in
sailing; could not get a steamer to dis-
embark them sooner.
Diarrhoea and dysentery.
Six (6>

General debility before coming on board.
One cook-house.
Very good.

J. Moore M'Neece,

Staff Assistant Surgeon.

BlundelL

Messrs. Gumming, Maxwell, and Laing,
Scutari.

1. Name of vessel ?

2. Registered tonnage ?

3. Height between decks ?

4. Number of voyages ?

5. Number of cots ?

6. Number of hammocks ?

7. Number of standing bed-places ?

8. Number of bedding ?

9. Number of waterclosets (

10. Number of night-stools ?

1 1. Number of bed-pans 1

12. Number of urinals ?

13. Number of other such conveniences ?

14. Supply of medicines ?

15. Surgical instruments ?

16. Materials and appliances ?

17. Medical comforts?

18. Provisions ?

19. Water?

20. Means of ablution ?

21. Means and state of ventilation ?

22. Number of sick officers and men ?

23. Number of other surgeons ?

24. Number of orderlies ?

25. When sick embarked?

26. When vessel sailed ?

27. When it arrived off Scutari ?

28. When sick disembarked ?

29. What the cause of delay ?

30. General character of diseases, &c. ?

31. Number of deaths on board ?

32. To what causes attributable ?

33. Means and deficiency of cooking ?

34. Regularity of meals, &c ?

Francis SairrH, Esq., Assistant Surgeon. Golden Fleece.

Fou the strict and conscientious performance of any duty, it is necessary not only that
the officer to perform the duty should iiave at his command the necessary means, but that,
being supplied with them amply, he should make the best possible use of them.

The consideration of the subject of the transport of sick, embraces three particular
points requiring consideration. First the accommodation of the sick; second, the atten-
dance on the sick, and the third, the victualling of them on board.

Accommodation on hoard. — The Golden Fleece, it will be seen by the accompanying
answers, is a ship particularly well adapted to this purpose. Her decks are spacious and well
ventilated. Her tieight between decks is ample — her general accommodation, though insuffi-
cient below, is good. It is insufficient as regards waterclosets, and places for personal ablu-
tion between decks; of the latter kind the accommodation is at present nil, but on the saloon
forward there are five waterclosets, and for the cabins devoted to the sick, five. Below,

F f 4

228'

however, as also on the after orlop-deck, there are none, and while patients from the
forward orlop-deck have the use of those on the saloon-deck, those on tlie after orlop-
deck have to traverse the ship from end to end, and are subjected to exposure on deck,
the distance being too great for any but convalescents. In such a ship as the " Golden
Fleece" the patients can be arranged as follows : — the serious cases on the saloon-deck
forward; the less serious cases on the forward orlop-deck below; convalescents on the
after orlop-deck below. But every deck sliould be supplied with accommodation, for the
men will, unless carefully watched, make use of the scupper-holes, which in iron ships
communicate with the bilge, as urinals, to save the trouble of going above. The number
of sick to be accommodated onboard this ship, or any of its size and class, wit'n due regard
to economy of space and method of arrangement, and taking into consideration the short-
ness of the voyage and the varying amount of disease in the cases put on board, with
convenience and without crowding, would be from 550 to 600. For two-thirds of this
number, standing berths might and should be supplied. These additional berths to
admit of removal when the ship is otherwise employed. With regard to the number of
standing berths recommended, which in this ship would be only 60 to complete the
complement of two-thirds, it is to be considered that temporary berths might in a heavy
sea be liable to fall, and that ventilation and cleanliness woidd be less interfered with
by using hammocks, the hooks for which in this ship are ready fixed, and these hammocks,
where necessary, might be allowed to remain suspended during the day. But, as a general
rule, all hammocks and beds on the deck should be cleared away after breakfast, and the
6ecks thoroughly cleaned, for which purpose, both after this meal and after dinner, every
patient able to sit up — should the weather be fine — should be on deck, with his blanket as
a covering if the weather be cold, and to ensure its being aired.

Bedding. — During the present voyage 300 blankets have been used by the men, and
250 mattresses stuffed with hay; 350 mattress cases, with a sufficiency of hay having been
shipped at Balaklava. Soldiers exposed to the vici.ssitudes of canip life are unable to keep
their persons free from vermin, and the bedding thus used for even a fcvv' days is neces-
sarily at the end of the voyage sent on shore as dirty and unserviceable. Each berth or
bed-place should be stuffed with a sufficiency of shavings, which should be raised at one
end for ihe head, and covered with hair sacking, or (better) leather, or any substance that
would allow of cleansing without removal. The patient brings his blanket and waistcoat,
which in most cases would be sufficient, though perhaps in severe cases an extra blanket
might be necessary.

Attendance. — The men at present employed on this duty are either weakly men or old
soldiers, who, tired of active duties of camp life, seek in this way relaxation and repose, with
the enjoyment of change of scene and the benefit of change ot air. It is scarcely necessary
to observe that a very grievous error is made in entrusting to such men the responsible
duties of attendance on the really sick soldier, and that by such an arrangement the duties
of the surgeon in charge are very materially increased. In addition to tlie allowance of
orderlies — one to each 10 patients — two sergeants are absolutely necessary to act as
hospital sergeants, and one as a quarter-master sergeant, in a ship calculated to tiansport
600 sick men. The duties of the former will embrace the administration of the medicines
prescribed by th.e surgeons, and the distribution of medical comforts to the sick, one of the
two being on duty for this purpose each alternate night. Of the latter, the accurate muster
of the men, the keeping of the rolls, the charge of packs, arms, and accoutrements, and the
dieting and distribution of the meals on board. The sergeants and orderlies, as being
employed on a laborious duty, should be allowed the same jemuneralion as is allowed to
men similarly employed in hospitals on shore.

Victualling. — At present the ships employed on this service are but temporarily so
engaged, and arrangements on board are simply those for healihy troops. It would be
better if ships expressly fitted, and furnished v\ith a staff" of sergeants and orderlies were
permanendy engaged, and when so employed were victualled by the commissariat and
purveyor's departments, so that the medical officers on board should be saved the
time and trouble expended in forming the necessary supplies, — time v/hich is required
to be devoted to the sick. Moreover, by the present arrangements it is necessary
to draw the regular ship's rations of beef or pork for the whole number of patients.
With those who are really sick, the rations are useless, and the patient lives on medical
comforts; with tiie convalescents the salt rations are for the most part prejudicial, and
while jjreat waste must necessarily occur in the use of Government stores, a verv great
expenditure of medical comforts is constantly kept up, such as rice, sugar, tea, fresh and
preserved meats, oatmeal, &c. As far as practicable, fresh meat and vegetables should com-
pose the daily rations of the men, together with tea, sugar, biscuit, and oatmeal and rice,
with the special intention of counteracting, as far as possible, by means of diet, the scorbutic
tendency of most of the diseases at present apparent among the men. Cocoa, which forms
a part of the ship ration, although excellent of its kind, and an agreeable drink, is almost
universally disliked by soldiers when sick, as also when in health. Presuming then that
the suggestions offered sliould be acted on, and that particular ships were told off" for the
performance of this duty, the advantages to be gained would be as follows : — Comfort to
the sick from the abundance of convenience on board, and the greater security afforded
that comforts intended for the sick are not monopolized by those patients for whom they
are not intended, and by whom they are not required. In the confusion which at present

229

prevails, with sergeants ignorant of their duties, and orderhes unwilling to perform theirs*
old soldiers whose state of health is very little impaired will seize on all the standing berths,
waylay the rice, tea, or soup intended for the sick, and not only rob the weakly men of
comfort in this way, but impose very unnecessary trouble on the attendants. For these men,
thougli able to appear ou deck for their grog, and clamorous for food, arc invariably
unable to leave their warm beds to pass their evacnations, so that frequently the serious
cases are in this way, if not neglected, at least not so well attended to as they otherwise
would be. Moreover, to feed 400 men when the mess service is very limited, is a matter
of difficulty, and requiring so much time, as to make it the great business of the voyage, to
the neglect of more important medical treatment. Another very important requirement
on board such ships, would be ample convenience for cooking. In this ship it consists of
two large boilers, each divided into a larger and a smaller compartment. These, which
may be suliHcient for the use of troops, are insufficient for the service of invalids, where, in
addition to the usual amount of cooking of rations, an extra diet of soup, rice, oatmeal,
&c., is also needed ; while hot v/ater for making arrowroot, beef tea, &c., is constantly
necessary, not to mention the necessity of having a constant supply of hot water for the
cleansing oi" wounds and sores. A complete mess service for the number embarked, if
possible, or certainly for half the number, of mess plates and drinking cups, should be put
on board. From tlie deficient accommodation in the galley and the small number of plates
and drinldng cnps to be procured from the purveyor's department at Balaklava — 48 of
each for the service of 425 men — it has resulted during the present voyage, tliat while the
preparation of l!ie first meal has connnenced at 5 a.m., the .serving out ol' the last has been
finally concluded at 12 o'clock at night, and in spite of all care observed, out of the
number of plates and cups, six of the former and 12 of the latter have disappeared, to
be replaced by the surgeon in charge. I'o complete the arrangements of a hospital
transport ship, in addition to the regular staff' of sergeants and orderlies (who should be men
accustomed to the sea, and able thus to give their assistance when assistance is most required;
and in which case tliere is no doubt but that the proportion of the orderlies might be
reduced), a properly organized permanent medical staff should be attached to the ship.
With regard to the number of orderlies employed, however, the proportion in such a
ship as the Golden Fleece, whatever the nmnber of sick on board may be, should be
such as to allow three cooks and one surgery man, and three watches of 10 men each, or
12, if the numbers are large and the cases mostly severe, which will allow four men on
watch to each deck, and more than this number will not be required for 600 men. The
medical staff" for such a ship should consist of one staff surgeon of the first class, and one
assistant for each 150 men, to tlic number of three, which will allow one to each deck. A
book should be kept on board in which should be written daily the reports of the officers,
one of whom should be on orderly duty by night, and who should visit the different decks
at 10 p.m., and at 1 and 5 a.m. For the inaintenance of discipline an officer of not lower
rank than a captain should be on board, whose duty also it should be to visit each deck
once by night and once by day; tiie latter visit to take place at dinner lime, to ensure
regularity in the distribution of the men's food. The quarter-master sergeant should have
a pack store, where should be stored avray the arms and accoutrements (the ammunition
should be removed from the pouelics before a man leaves his regimental hospital tent),
knapsacks, &c. He shovdd keep an admission and discharge book of all men admitted on
board, to enable him to do which the nominal returns of men to be admitted on board
should be sent to the ship before the arrival of the men, by v.'hich means accuracy in the prepa-
ration of the returns and diseases may be secured, and the patients on ariival told off' to
their proper places; while at the same time their names should be placed on prepared lists
for the proper administration of medicines and medical comforts at stated intervals. By such
means economy of time would be secured, and efficient service ; economy of public money by
the proper husbanding of resources, and the loss of time and money attendant on the shipping
and unshipping of stores for short voyages v/ould be guarded against; and the duties being
nearly assimilated to tiie orderly management of a general hospital, complaints could not
arise, because the sedulous performance of all duties would be strictly enforced, and the
sick soldier whose endeavour is always to leave behind and throw away every article
belonging to him, would not, on disembarking, be found to be filthy in his person, and
almost in a state of nudity as regards his own clothing. By moving large numbers of sick
in one vessel, economy of labour as well as economy of space and efficiency of service
would be secured ; and by the perfect organization of the permanent hospital staff on board,
economy also of medical assistance, a point of chief importance where the number of sick to be
removed are large, and the number of available medical officers is limited,

FuANcis Smith,

On board the Golden Fleece, Assistant Staff Surgeon.

The Golden Horn, December 21, 1854.

1. Name of vessel ? Golden Fleece.

2. Tonnage ? 2,500 tons. Height. Breadth. Length.

3. Fleight between decks? Ft. in. Ft. Ft. in.

Saloon deck - - 7 8 39 57 6

Fore orlop deck - - 7 5 39 53 0
After orlop deck - - 7 5^ 39 G5 0

4. Number of voyages ? One.

i30

. 5. Number of cots? None.

Number of hammocks? None used during the voyage: hooks on the decks

ready fixed: 1,000 on board.
Number of standing bedplaces? 320, viz., cabins, 44; saloon-deck, 95; fore

orlop, 87 ; after orlop, 78.
Number of bedding ? Blankets 303 ; mattress cases, filled with hay, 250 ; 350 put

on board at Balaklava, with a sufficiency of hay.

6. Number of waterclosets ? 12. Cabins, five; saloon-deck, five. Fore orlop-deck,

none; after orlop-deck, none ; spar-deck, four ; two urinals.
Number ol night-stools ? None.

Number of bed-pans ? Six, put on board at Balaklava.

Number of urinals? Three.

Numher of other conveniences ? None.

7. Supply of medicines ? Sufficient.

8. Supply of surgical instruments ? Sufficient.

surgical materials, &c. ? Sufficient,
medical comforts ? Ample,
provisions ? Good,
water? Abundant and good.

9. Means of ablution ? On the spar-deck, one pump ; one tub on the saloon-deck,
never used, but might be put in order for use ; two shower-baths with pumps.

10. Means and state of ventilation ? Saloon-deck, side ports 23, communicating with
the external air, six opening into the square of the hatch. Ventilators, three patent,
one aft amidships, and one in each wing forward. Fore orlop-deck, central gratings,
and holes cut in each side of the deck, communicating with the deck above. Windsail in
centre of hatchway. After orlop-deck, two ports communicating with the external air.
Five scuttles communicating with a grating on the after saloon-deck. Cabins and water-
closets by scuttles; inner row of cabins by Venetian blinds communicating with the
passage which is ventilated by windsails and ports communicating with the large open space
above the engine-room.

11. Number of sick and wounded ofiicers and men ? Officers none ; men 425.

12. Number of surgeons sent to assist in the care of the sick ? One, Assistant-Surgeon
Langham, 7th Fusiliers.

13. Number of surgeons for duty? Two.

14. Orderlies and attendants? Orderlies 34, sergeants two.

15. Number fit for duty? Sergeants two, orderlies 31.

16. Date of embarkation of sick? 300 on the 15th Dec, 125 on the I6th Dec.

17. Date of sailing? December 16th, 1854.

18. Date of arrival? Morning of 18lh December.

19. Date of disembarkation? 389 on the 19th December, 21 on the 20th December.

20. Causes of delay ? Want of hospital accommodation.

91. General character of wounds and diseases ? Simple gun-shot wounds, and cases of
gangrene of the lower extremities. Cases of diarrhoea, scurvy, dysentery, and fever of the
intermittent, remittent, and typhoid types.

22. Number of deaths on board ? Fifteen.

23. To what causes attributable? To the effects of disease, the fatal termination in
some cases being hastened by the fatigue consequent on removal, the poweis of life being
too low to support such fatigue.

24. Means of cooking insufficient. Two double boilers capable only of heating water in
large quantities.

25. Regularity of meals and facilities of eating them uncertain and precarious. Forty-
eight mess plates, and an equal number of drinking-cups supplied from the purveyor's
stores at Balaklava.

O. S. DoNNALL, Esq., Second Class Staff' Surgeon.

Gentlemen, Scutari, January 1, 1855.

The last of the sick having disembarked this day, it enables me to reply to your letter
Timandra. ^j- 24th December, with its enclosure.

I have the honour, therefore, to acqiiaint you that the capacity of the transport
Timandra to convey 200 sick, 1 think sufficient, but the mode of transporting them on
the troop deck, without beds or bed places, very objectionable.

The cookhouse, as at present arranged, is too small, and quite unadapted to the
necessary wants of the sick, occasioning great and irremediable irregularity in the prepa-
ration of their meal.

I needed no further medical assistance ; but my orderlies were sick, sadly reducing
the number originally intended lor hospital duty.

There was no deficiency of proper provisions, medicines, medical comforts, &c.

1 have, &c.,

O. S. DONNALL, Second-class Staff" Surgeon.

1. Names of vessels of which you had the Timandra.

charge ?

2. Registered tonnage ? 1,111 tons.

231

3. Height, length, breadth, of poop deck ^

4. Number of voyages you made

5. Number of cots ?
Number of hammocks ?
Number of standing bed place
Number of bedding ?

6. Number of vvaterclosets ?
Number of night-stools ?
Number of bed-pans ?
Number of urinals ?

Number of other such conveniences ?

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Surgical materials ?
Surgical instrumenls?
Medical comforts?
Provisions ?

Water ?

9. Means of ablution ?

10. Means and state of ventilation ?

11. Number of sick and wounded officers

and men, with the names of any of
the officers you may recollect ?

12. Number of surgeons sent on board under

you, stating their names and rank?

13. Number of them fit for duty ?

14. Number of orderlies and other hospital

attendants sent on board forthe pur-
pose of attending sick and wounded ?

15. Number of them fit for duty ?

16. When the sick and wounded em-

barked ?

17. When the vessel sailed ?

18. When it arrived off Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded disem-

barked ?

20. Causes of delay, sailing, or disem-

barkation ?

21. General character of wounds and

diseases ?

22. Number of deaths on board ?

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Means and deficiencies of cooking?

25. Regularity of meals, and facility of

eatino; them.

Seven ft. height, 151 ft. length, 34 ft. breadth.

One.

Nil.

Thirty-six.

Blankets.

Nine.

Two.

Nine.

Nil.

Sufficient.

Lint, old linen, and tow.
One capital case.
Sufficient.

Good and sufficient
Good and abundant.
Ship's buckets.

Eight deck ventilators, three hatchea,
windsail, and 26 side ports.

Two officers, and 183 sick. Captain Camp-
bell, 5th Dragoon Guards, Lieut. Peard,
•20th regiment.

One assistant surgeon, T. H. Walker.

One.

Twenty-nine orderlies.

The number varying from day to day in

in consequence of sickness — the daily

average about 15.
The sick commenced embarking on the

5th December in drafts, and terminated

on the 11th December.
December 12th, 1854.
December 20th, 1854.

They disembarked at intervals in limited
numbers.

Unfavourable weather for landing, and a

limited supply of stretchers.
Gun-shot and bayonet wounds. Dysentery,

diarrhoea, and chronic rheumatism.
Thirty-one from the 5th December to the

1st of January inclusive.
Disease and worn-out constitution.
Too small a cook-house and only two boilers.
Obtained with great difficulty. Utensils

of tin.

George Saunders, Esq., Staff Surgeon, 2d Class.
Names of vessels of which you S. Ship Victoria, No. 72.

were in charge ?

2. Registered tonnage.

3. Height between decks, and

length and breadth of the
decks appropriated for the
accommodation of the
soldiers ?

4. Number of voyages you made?

5. Number of cots ?

hammocks ?
standing bed-

places ?
bedding ?

6. Number of vvaterclosets ?

night stools?
bed-pans ?
urinals ?
other conve-
niences ?

Middle.

7 ft. 6 in.
61 0
32

After.

7 ft. 6 in.
49 0

] ,878.

Compartments : —

Foremast.

Height 7 ft. 6 in
Length 21 2
Breadth
One.
None.
773.

Foremast 28, middle

Total 160.
160 mattresses, and 160

blankets, and one of rugs.
Two on each aide of upper deck.
None.
Four.
None.

One large tub in each compartment, with several small
sized ones used for various purposes.

G 22

Victoria.

64, after 50, and 18 double,
bolsters, and two bales of

232

7. Supply of medicines ?

8. Surgical instruments ?

materials and ap-
pliances ?
Medical comforts ?
Provisions ?

Water ?

9. Means of ablution 1

10. Means and state of ventila-

tion ?

11. Number of sick and wounded

officers and men on board,
the names of any of the
officers which you may
recollect ?

12. Number of surgeons sent on

board under you, stating
their names and rank?

13. Number of them fit for duty

on board ?

14. Number of orderlies, and

otiier hospital attendants,
sent on board for the pur-
pose of attending the sick
and wounded?

15. Number of them fit for duty

on board ?

16. When the sick and wounded

embarked ?

17. When the vessel sailed ?

18. When it arrived off' Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded

disembarked ?

20. Causes of delay in disem-

barkation ?
Causes of delay in sailing ?

Causes of delay in disem
barkation ?

21. General character of wounds
and diseases ?

22. Number of deaths on board ?

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Means and deficiencies of
cooking ?

One small chest belonging to hospital conveyance store
cart, containing a few remedies, not adapted for ser-
vice in the field or transports.

One full set of capital instruments, " private property,"
in good order, supply ample.

A sufficiency of surgeon's tow, lint, plaister, and
bandages, but no splints, &c.

Ample supply of wine, sago, beef tea.

Ten sheep ; government provisions, quantity and
quality good.

Abundant.

No proper means of ablution ; small tubs were used for

general purposes.
Means of ventilation ample; large portholes, fcc, and

state of ventilation always good.

Five officers and 290 men :

Lt.-Col. Blake, 33d regiment.

Capt. Hardy, 4Gth „

Lieut. Warner, 55th „
„ Murcbison, 50th „

Assist. -Surgeon Flower, 63d.
One. Assistant-Surgeon Bleckley, 14lh regiment.

One.

Twenty-five private soldiers, under the charge of Ens.
Mansell, 23d Fusiliers.

Sixteen ; the other nine fell sick as soon as we put
to sea, and onl}^ about five or six were fit for duty on
arrival at Scutari.

Sixty-four were placed on board on 10th December
1854; 29 marines had been already on board, and
the remaining number reached the ship on
12th December.

12th December 1854.

20th ditto.

On 16th December the marines w-ere landed at Ther-
apia ; 157 of the other sick and wounded were sent to
Scutari on 19th instant; and on the 23d instant all
the sick were landed.

Want of transport for the sick from the camp to Balak-
lava.

Want of a screw ; a temporary rudder was substituted
which proved valueless ; had a collision with a con-
voy steamer in the Black Sea, and with difficulty
made the Bosphorus; were towed by a tug from the
. Bosphorus to Scutari after four days' delay.
Want of hospital accommodation at Scutari; had no
other means of disembarkation than the boats of the
ship, which cannot always be depended on for com-
fort or safety.

Cases of diarrhoea and fever in the very lowest stage,
from protracted suffering and exposure of the camp
life ; the clothes of the men most offensive, from
accumulation of dirt, &c.

Sixteen during the voyage, and lour more before the
sick were all landed.

The deaths occurred in cases that were placed on board
in a dying state, from lingering diarj-hoea, except in
one instance, an orderly died Irom over-fatigue and
work, brought on in the discharge of his duties.
Sickness was aggravated by the great effluvia arising
from the clothes of the diarrhrea cases, &c.

One cook-house with two boilers ; but tiie places for
cooking were not sutficiently spacious fo.r preparing
sago, beef tea, t<;c, without difficulty.

233

25. Regularity of meals, and

facilities for eating them ^

Tlie meals were irregularly taken, in consequence of the
deficient means of cooking; and the worst cases,
requiring much comfort, could not get their meals
ulien ordered at particular hours. No other facilities
for eatine: than the ordinary mess tins and drinklntr

CD ^ O

tins, placed on board by the purveyor's department
at Balaklava.
It is also requested you wiil inform us — •

1. Whether the vessel was in The number of berths or standing places was not suf-

your opinion suited for the
transport of the number
actually taken on board ?

Whether you needed the
assistance of any sur-
geons, orderlies, or atten-
dants other than those on
board under you, and
whetheryou obtained such
assistance, stating the
number of surgeons, or-
derlies, and attendants
who so assisted ?

3. Whether there was any defi-
ciency of proper provi-
sions, medicines, medical
comforts, surgical instru-
ments, materials, and ap-
pliances while on board?
We shall feel obliged by any
further information which
you can give us on the
subject of the transport
of the sick and wounded?

ficient to accommodate the number of cases that
required such accommodation. The means of ablu-
tion and cooking were deficient, as well as con-
veniences for the particular cases that were placed
on board. The vessel being without a screw, and
having only a temporary rudder, which did not
answer the purpose, was therefore not suited ibr the
transport of helpless soldiers, though the space of
each of the compartments was ample for healthy men
amounting to a far greater number than that of the
sick placed on board.
Required one assistant-surgeon and eight orderlies,
and one hospital sero-eanl, supposing that the 25
orderlies sent on board were efficient and competent
to attend upon the sick.
Applied to the Commandant of Balaklava, in the pre-
sence of the board of officers sent to inspect the
vessel before sailing, for more attendants for the
sick; he replied, " I cannot help you." The second
assistant surgeon was promised but not sent.
The duties devolving upon the surgeon in charge and
his assistant were of a varied and arduous character,
in consequence of there being no non-commissioned
officer or trustworthy orderlies to distribute wine,
sago, or beef-tea, or any other medical comfort, or any
one on board competent or willing to make out the
numei'ous returns, &c. required from the surgeon iu
charge of sick and wounded on arrivinj; at IScutari.
No.

The absolute necessity of establishing a Hospital
Transport Corps, as the present system can never
meet the 'Urgent demands of the sick. To meet,
however, the present necessity, competent orderlies
should at once be selected from the various I'egiments,
and employed on this service, together with a proper
number of hospital sergeants equal to the duties of
quarter-master on board of ships. Vessels should
be also selected and properly fitted up and cleansed,
always ready for the transport of sick and wounded.
A large hospital should be opened at Balaklava into
which should be placed all men considered too ill
for removal on board ship, thus avoiding the occur-
rence of deaths, which not unfrequently happen just
as the men reach the vessels from Balaklava. Medi-
cine chests, containing ready-made pills for ordinary
use, according to the general class of diseases,
examined and fitted up from time to time to serve
cases of epidemic or any prevailing disease, should
also be placed on board these transport vessels, thus
saving much valuable time of the medical officer, and
enabling him to pay that close attention to the sick
and wounded which at present he cannot do by reason
oi the want of an organised liospit;d transport corps.
Geo. Saundeus,

Stair Surgeon, '2d Class.
On board Robert Lowe No. 134, off Scutari, and about to
proceed to Balaklava, this -SOtli December 185-i.

234

Brandon. Thomas James Biddle, Esq., Assistant Staff Surgeon.

Gentlemen, Constantinople, January 8th, 1855.

Unfortunately lliis return reached me after having left the Brandon to do duty on
board the Queen of the South, which ship, owing to the illness of the other medical
ofl&cers, I was unable to leave so as to enable me to obtain the required information. The
Brandon has left Constantinople, so that I can only state what I can recollect. I was
ordered to proceed from the second Division with sick to Balaklava, and upon my arrival
at that place (without any previous intimation), I was ordered on board the Brandon to
relieve the medical officer who had charge of the sick there, and who wished to remain at
Balaklava. I had no orders or instructions except verbal. The sick were put on board
the day before, after having arrived from the camp, wet through. They were served out
with two additional blankets each man, on board the vessel. I had no rugs or other
bedding. The medicine chest given into my charge contained no medicines that I required;
the tr. opii., pulv. ipecac, snlph. acid, crude opium, tr. catechu, &c., having been abstracted.
I obtained about ^ii tr. opii. from the captain of the vessel, who did everything in his
power to assist me, and allowed me the use of the ship's medicine chest. 1 had the charge
of 150 sick men with no other medical officer to assist me. and only nine orderlies, five
of whom for the first three days were unfit for duty from sea sickness and diarrhoea.
After the arrival of the vessel at Scutari, I applied tor and obtained all the medicines I
required. One man died the night tliey were put on board, and one on the passage;
the other three died after arriving off' Scutari. I consider it absolutely necessary that
there should be at least one orderly to every eight or ten men, and that the sergeants in
charge of them should be men whom you can depend upon, and who will keep the orderlies
up to their duty. I have answered the questions required as far as I am able.

No. of cots ?

hammocks ?
standing places ?
bedding ?
water-closets ?
night-stools ?
bed pans ?
urinals ?
Supply of medicines ?

surgical instruments ?
materials and appli

ances ?
medical comforts 1
provisions ?
water ?
Means of ablution ?

ventilation ?

No. of sick and wounded ?
officers sick ?
surgeons sent on board ?
orderlies ?

them fit for duty ?
When sick embarked ?

disembarked ?
When the vessel sailed ?
•Causes of delay in embarkation,

sailing, or disembarkation ?
General character of wounds and
diseases ?

No. of deaths ?

To what causes attributable ?

Meals ?

None.
None,
None.

Blankets only.

Unable to state the number ; but I may say that there
were sufficient.

Scanty, till arrival at Scutari.
A case of field instruments.
No dressing of any kind.

Sufficient.

Good and plenty.

Ditto.
Good.

Obliged to keep hatchways partially closed on account

of rain.
One hundred and fifty.

One; Staff" Assistant Surgeon Hamilton Mitchell.
None ytit myself

One sergeant, twelve orderlies; three were employed as

cooks.
Four.

December 2 1st, 1854.
December 28th, 29th, and 30th.
December 22d.

Alleged want of room in hospital.

Wounds.
Gunshot.

Five.

Diseases.

Diarrhoea.

Dysentery.

Fever.

Ague.

Scurvy.

Exhaustion from continued disease.
Irregular.

Hoping this information will suffice.

I am, &c.

Thomas James Biddle,

Assistant Staff" Surgeon.

p. M'Derjiott, Esq., AsBistant-Suigeon 48th Regiment. Gomeiaa.

Gentlemen, On board Golden Fleece, 31st December 1854.

' In reply to your letter of the 25th instant, I liave the honour to inclose the accompany-
ing return, and to'state that in my opinion the transport of which I had charge was suited
to the number actually taken on board, but I at the same time think a sailing vessel not
suited for the transport of sick, on account of the uncertainty of the time occupied in the
voyage, which may be protracted to an unlimited extent by accidental circumstances. The
number of orderlies was sufficient, but as they were not accustomed to sucli duties,
they were not as efficient as one could desire. I consider that one medical officer was
not sufficient, particularly as I suffered a good deal from sea sickness, which prevented me
discharging my duties as well as I might otherwise have done.

I am, &c.

P. M'Dermott, M.B.,
A. Gumming, Esq., Inspector-General of Hospitals. Assist-Surg. 48th Regiment.

P. Benson Maxwell, and P. Sinclair Laing, Esqs.

Name of transport of which I was in charge?

Registered tonnage ?

Height between decks ?

Length and breadth of space appointed for

the accommodation of sick ?
There were no cots ?
There were hammocks ?
There were standing bed places ?
There were blankets ?
Number of water closets ?
Number of night stools?
Number of bed pans :
Number of urinals ?
Supply of medicines ?
Surgical instruments?
Materials and appliances ?
Medical comforts ?
Provisions ?

Gomelza (No. 26).

521 (nevt' measurement).

Six feet, six inches.

130 and 24 feet respectively. I made one

voyage.
There were fifty mattresses.
Twenty.
Fifty. "

Four hundred and twenty-eight.

Three.

Two.

Three.

None.

A detachment medicine chest (sufficient).

One portable set (sufficient).

Sufficient.

Good.

Water generally good, but in some of the casks partial decomposition, as is usual in
such cases, had taken place, and I would suggest that water for drinking on board ship
should be filtered.

Means of ablution ? There was a sufficient number of tubs on board, but I did not
recommend extensive ablutions, on account of the coldness of the weather and the nature
of the diseases, which were chiefly diarrhoea and dysentery.

Means of ventilation sufficient, by means of three wind-sails and open scuttles.

Number of sick and wounded officers on board? No sick officer; 118 sick and wounded
non-commissioned officers and privates embarked ; I was the only medical officer on board.

Number of orderlies on board for the purpose of attending the sick and wounded, one
corporal and ten privates. Two of these were on the sick list fluring the latter part of the
voyage.

The sick and wounded embarked on the 11th December 1854, and sailed on the follow-
ing day. Arrived off Scutari on the 20th December 1854. Twenty of the sick dis-
embarked on the 24th December, 39 on the 25th, and the remainder on the 26th
December. The cause of delay in the passage was light and adverse winds ; the cause
of the delay in the disembarkation was, I believe, attributable to a want of hospital
accommodation in Scutari.

The cases were a few gun-shot wounds and contusions, not of a severe character, and a
large number of cases of chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, and debility. Many of those on
board with comparatively trifling complaints were seized during the voyage with fever,
which in the course of a day or two terminated in a favourable crisis ; but a fev of them,
with equal rapidity, exhibited typhoid symptoms. I attribute the appearance of fever on
board to the necessarily crowded state of a transport ship, the great length of time
occupied in the voyage, and the nature of the prevailing diseases, which rendered it
impossible to keep the atmosphere where the sick were pure. It is also right to mention
that the non-commissioned officer and three of the orderlies (besides the two left at Scutari)
were attacked with fever on their return to Balakava in the Golden Fleece, which
fever, I have no doubt from its character, they contracted on board the Gomelza, and of
which one died this morning.

Number of deaths on board. One died on the 11th December, before I took charge ;
one in the harbour of Balaklava afterwards, and nine on the vovasre, makinu; 11 altoofether.
Ihe deaths were caused by dysentery or protracted diarrhoea, with extreme debility. The
means of cooking consisted of two boilers, sufficient for their own purposes, but a want
was felt of means of cooking small quantities of arrowroot, &c., as occasion might require,
as the construction of the fireplace did not admit of cooking with saucepans. The meals
were in general suffi.clently re-^ular.

Gg4

236

Thames.

Ottawa.

Merical Comforts and Appliances on board the Thames Steam Transport,

4th January 1855.

Sudar

888 lbs.

Essence or beer

7'20 lbs.

lea

Marine soap
Chloride of zinc

84 „

bcotch barley

'216 „

575 „

Pearl sago

7-2

Lime j nice

66 gallons

Arrowroot

48 „

Tin pannikins

800

Port wine

8 doz.

Ciianiber-pots -

Pale sherry

4 „

Wooden platters

150

Preserved meat

348 lbs.

— spoons

- 1,200

Preserved potatoes

56 „

Blankets

200

Rice

40 .,

Water, good. Facilities for cooking, good.

P. M'Dermott, M.B.

Assist- Sur<2;. 48th Reut. in charge.

o o o

St. John Stanley, Esq., Assistant Surgeon, 33d Regiment.

Gentlemen, Steam Ship Ottawa, 31st December 1854.

In answer to yours of the 25th instant, respecting the transport of sick and wounded
officers anfl soldiers irom the Crimea to Scutari, I beg most respectfully to forward the
enclosed answers, and also to state for your information,

1st. I consider the vessel was well adapted for ilie transport of the number on board.

2d. 1 was the only medical officer on board, and that I did not i-equire the assistance of
any other surgeons, orderlies, and attendants than those sent on board.

3d. There was no deficiency of proper provisions, medicines, medical comforts, instru-
ments, or appliances of any description.

I have, &c.

St. John Stanley,
Assistant Surgeon, 33d Regiment.

Answer. 1. Steam ship Ottawa.

2. Registered tonnage, 1,200 tons.

3. Main deck, 7 feet 3 inches high, 90 feet by 28 inches length and breadth ; lower deck,
7 feet high, 30 feet by 28 feet in lenath and breadth.

4. One.

5. Fifty paillasses, no cots, hammocks, or standing bed places.

6. Waterclosets, nine ; bed-pans, six.

7. One detachment medicine chest, well filled.

8. One field case of instruments, one pocket case of instruments, old sheeting, bandages,
and lint. The medical comforts were supplied by the steward of the ship from the ship stores ;
fifty tins of mutton from the purveyor's stores at Balaklava, water in abundance.

9. Vessels for ablution v/ere supplied by the ship.

10. The means for ventilation were side scuttles, skylights, hatchways, and windsails,

11. 150 sick and wounded soldiers on board, including eleven wounded Russian prisoners ;
four sick officers, viz.. Major Cameron, 42d regiment, Captain Tryon, 7lh ilisiliers, Lieut.
Morgan, 95th Regiment, and Paymaster Wheatley, 42d regiment.

12. No other medical officer than myself.
13.

14. One sergeant and 16 privates.

15. All fit for duty, with the exception of one who died suddenly the 2d day after
embarking.

16. On the 17th December 23 embarked, on the 18th, 68; 19th, 25 ; 20th, 40.

17. On the 20th December.

18. On the 22d December.

19. On the 22d December 57 disembai'ked, on 28th 7G, the Russians on 31st.

20. There was some delay in embarking the sick, in consequence of the bad state of the
roads for the ti-ansport of sick; no delay in sailing; considerable delay in disembarking, in
consequence of the want of room in hospital in Scutari.

21. The diseases were chiefly dysentery and diarrhoea, six musket wounds of extremities,
also eleven severely woundeil Russian prisoners.

22. Thirteen, including one wounded Russian prisoner.

23. To extreme debility, with the exception of an orderly, who died of apoplexy.

24. The food for the sick and wounded was well cooked by the ship's cook.

25. The meals were served with regularity, and the facilities for eating them were well
arranged.

I have, &c.

St. John Stanley,
Assistant Surgeon, 33d Regiment.

237

James Macartney, Esq., Acting Assistant Surgeon. Joseph Shepherd.

Gentlemen, Scutari Barrack Hospital, 27th January, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to enclose the answers regarding the transport of the sick and
wounded, on board the Joseph Shepherd.

With regard to any further particuhirs, besides those stated in my answers to your written
questions, ! beg to inform you tiiat the vessel was, iu my opinion, fitted for the transport
of the number of sicii and wounded placed on board; but, at the same time, I have to
complain of the iuefficiencv of tlie orderlies, four of whom were in a sick state when sent
on board; one death iiaving occurred among them on the passage down.

1 have also to complain of the inadequate supply of proper medicines, the deficiency of
medical comforts, wiiich were insufficient for the voyage, and tlie great delay in the dis-
embarkation of the sick.

I have, &c.

To the Commissioners of Inquiry, James Macartney,

Scutari Hospital. Acting Assistant Surgeon.

Ansiver. 1. Joseph Shepherd.

2. 630 tons.

'6.

4. One.

5. Cots, none; hammocks, about eight or ten; standing bed-places, four; beds, 27 ;
blankets, not sufficient for the voyage.

6. Watercloset, one; night stools, none ; bed-pans, two ; urinals, none ; three buckets
were in use, instead of bedpans and urinals.

7. Supply of medicines, inadequate.

8. No surgical instruments ; a small quantity of lint, and a few bandages ; an insuf-
ficient supply of medical comforts ; provisions and water good.

9. No proper means of ablution.

10. Ventilation, good, effected by means of wind-sails.

11. Sixty-four sick and four wounded ; no officers.

12. None.
13.

14. Eight.

15. Four.

16. Uth Dec. 1851.

17. 12th.

18. 22d.

19. 28th and 29th Dec.

20. No delay in embarkation or sailing ; but great delay in disembarkation, in con-
sequence, as I was told, of want of accommodation in hospital.

21. Principally diarrhoea, dysentery and febris cont. comm.

22. Twelve.

23. The severity of the disease, and exhausted state of the men, when embarked.

24. Inadequate.

25. Meals irregular, and no proper facility for eating them.

In consequence of severe indisposition, I have to apologize for the delay iu giving in the
above answers.

Jamks Macartney,

Act. Assist. Surgeon.

J. H. Llewelyn, Esq., Assistant Surgeon 7th Dragoon Guards, in charge,. Australian.

Gentlemen, H.M. Transport Australian, 2d January 1855.

With reference to your communication of the 29th December 1854, I have the honour
to state for your information, firstly, that this vessel in my opinion is quite suited for the
number of sick taken on board, viz., 150 men ; secondly, I had the assistance of another
military medical officer,onescrgeant, and 15 orderlies, which I deemed quite sufficient; thirdly,
there was no deficiency of proper provisions, medicines, medical comforts, surgical instru-
ments, materials, and appliances, with two exce[)tions, namely, a want of arrow-root, which
I was obliged to borrow from the ship, and an insufficient supply of opium, there being
none of the latter article in Balakulava. I beg to enclose you a list of answers to the
queries you have forwarded me, which I trust may be found satisfactoi'y.

I have, &c.

J. H. Llewelyn,
Assistant Surgeon 7th Dragoon Guards, in charge.

Ansver. Name of vessel, Australian.

2. Registered tonnage, 1,400.

3. Space between decks allotted for sick; height 7 feet 2 inches ; length 96 feet 8 inches ;
breadth 32 feet.

H h

238

4. One voyage.

5. No cots, hammocks, standing bed places or bedding.

f). One privy on deck, one night-stool, six bed-pans, no urinals or spitting cups.

7. Supply of medicines ample, except opium.

8. Supply of surgical instruments, materials and appliances, medical comforts, pro-
visions, water, ample and good. Under the head of medical comforts there was one
deficiency, a want of arrowroot, which had to be borrowed from the ship.

9. No ineans of ablution.

10. Means and state of ventilation ample and good.

11. 146 sick men and nine officers on board.

Names of Officers : —
Brevet Lieut.-Col. Straton, 77th regiment. Lieutenant Kenrick, 33d regiment.
Lieutenant Mitford, 19th regiment. Captain Collings, 33d regiment.

Assistant Surgeon Taylor. Lieutenant Hesketh, 46tli regiment.

Hon. Captain FJower, Rifle Brigade. Lieutenrnt Waldy, 46th regiment.

Surgeon Anderson, 8th Hussars.
1*2. Assistant Surgeon .Sheill, 68th regiment, was sent on bc^ard to assist me.

13. Was fit for duty.

14. One sergeant and fifteen orderlies were sent on board.

15. All fit for duty, except two, who were sickly.

16. The sick embarki:'d the 22d of December 1854.

17. The vessel sailed the 29th December 1854.

18. Arrived off Scutari 11 a.m., the 31st December 1854.

19. Ninety-eight sick men disembarked 1st January 1855; the remainder are expected
to disembark hourly.

20. Cause of delay in sailing; the ship was discharging cargo.

21. General character of diseases was diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism, resulting from
colds and exposure.

22. Two deaths occiu'i-ed during tiie voyage.

23. Resulting from long standing diai-rhoe;i.

24. Ample means for cooking.

25. Meals were regularly supplied, and every facility afforded for eating them.

1 have, &c.

J. IL Llewelyn,
Assistant Surgeon 7ih Dragoon Guards, in charge.

Harbinger. O. B. Milleii, Esq., Assistant Surgeon, 77th Regiment.

Gentlemen, Camp before Sebastopol, 20th January 1855.

In reply to your letter of December (no date), I have the honour to state, that the
Harbinger was very much overcrowded, there being only accommodation on board for
about 80 sick, whereas 110 were sent down to Scutari in her. Before leaving Balaklava,
1 mentioned this to the Principal Medical Officer there, who said he would have 23 removed
on board another vessel, but it was not done.

I had 10 orderlies, which I consider was sufficient.

There was not any scarcity of provisions during the voyage, but on arriving at Scutari,
there was no fresh meat sent on board for two or three days, although applied for.

The medical comforts were ample, with the exception of sago and arrowroot, neither
of which could I get at B i aklava before leaving.
I beg leave to enclose ihe answers to your queries.

I have, &c.

O. B. Miller,

Assistant Surgeon 77th Regiment.

Names of vessels of which you were in
chai'ge ?

Harbinjrer.

Registered tonnage?
Height between decks ?

921 tons.

Seven feet.

Number of voyages you made ?

One.

Number of cots?

None.

hammocks ?

Forty.

standing bed places ?

Seventy-three.

bedding ?

Twenty-six.

Number of waterciosets ?

One.

night stools?

One.

bed-pans ?

Four.

urinals ?

One.

other conveniences ?

Supply of medicines ?

Good.

Supply of surgical instruments ?

Sufficient,

surgical materials and ap-

Sufficient,

pliances 1

239

Supply of medical comCorts?

provisions ?
water ?
9, Means of ablution ?

10. Means and state of ventilation ?

11. Number of sick and wounded officers

and men on board, with the names
of any of the ofticers which you may
recollect?

12. Number of surgeons sent on board

under you, stating their names and
ranks to the best of your recollec-
tion ?

13. Number of them fit for duty on

board ?

14. Number of orderlies and other lios-

pital attendants sent on board for
the purpose of attending the sick and
wounded ?

15. Number of them fit for duty on board ?

16. Wlien the sick and wounded embarked ?

17. When the vessel sailed?

18. When it arrived off" Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded disem-

barked ?

20. Causes of delay in embarkation, sail-

ing, or disembarkation ?

21. General character of wounds and

diseases ?

22. Number of deaths on board?

23. To what causes attributable ?

24. Means and deficiencies of cooking ?

25. Regularity of meals, and facilities for

eating ?

Good, with the exception ot arrowroot and
sago, which, although applied for, were not
put on board.

Sufficient.

Pump, trough, and bath.

Wind sails, side lights, and skylights.

No officers, 110 men.

None.

Ten.

28th December.
29th December.
31st December.
3d, 5th, 6th, and 8ili January.

Gun shots, diarrhcea.
Seven.

Principally to disease of the bowels.

Means of cooking quite sufficient.

Meals regular ; 50 tin plates, 41 pints, and

two camp kettles put on board for the use

of the men.

Angus J. Mackay, Esq., S.A.S., in charge of Jason.

Gentlemen, Transport Jason, .January 8th, 1855.

1 HAVE the honour to give the following replies to the questions handed to me yesterday
by the Board of Inquiry : —

Answer 1. The transport's name is the Jason.

2. Its registered tonnage is 2,700.

3. Height between decks, about eight feet.

4. Only made one passage.

5. There were no cots on board; there were no hammocks; there were no standing
bed places. The bedding consisted of one blanket, which each soldier bi'ought with him,
and one rug given to each man. Some of the men came on board without any blanket, and
such had only llie one rug.

6. There are two waterclosets below, and two on deck ; there is also a place called the
head; there were no night-stools; tliere were seven bed pans: there were no regular
urinals ; the men used the bed pans and buckets.

7. The supply of medicines consisted of a small medicine chest, containing a sufficient
quantity of the most necessary drugs.

8. There was a complete set of surgical instruinenls; there was not a sufficient quantity
oi arrowroot, and no fresh meat on board ; the water was good and ai)undant.

9. There were no means of al)lution.

10. The ventilation was chiefly kept up by means of tiie port-holes in tiie side of the
vessel ; as the weather was fine and the sea smooth, this was found amply sufficient.

11. The number of sick soldiers was 152, of officers four; The names of the officers
were Major Colvill and Lieutenant Annesley, 97tli regiment, Colonel Stracey and
Captain Fraser, S.F.G.

12. I was the only surgeon.

13. The number of orderlies sent on board was ten, of whom only eight are now fit
for duty.

14. The sick embarked, part on the 30th, part on the 3 1st December.

15. The vessel sailed on the 31st.

16. She arrived off" Scutari on the evening of the 2d January.

Hh 2

240

17. Part of the sick disembarked on the 4tli, part on the 6th, and the rest on the 8th
January.

1 8. The delay in disembarking the sick arose, I believe, from the Avant of accommodation
in the hospital.

19. The cases were almost all diarrhoea, dysentery, or fever.

20. There have been 12 deaths on board.

21. These deaths are, in my opinion, in great measure to be attributed to the hopeless
nature of the cases when sent on board ; the majority of these men should have been sent
awa}' a week or a fortnight sooner, or else not at all.

22. One galley was given over to the sick; one orderly was appointed cook: and, with
the assistance of the ship's cook, no complaint can be made in respect of cooking.

23. The first day there was irregularity in the meals, chiefly owing to the want of
orderlies; and in consequence of a scarcity of tin plates, &c., only half the patients were
served at a time.

As to the three other questions put by tlie Board of Inquiry, I have to report:

1. That the vessel was, in my opinion, fitted for the numl)er of sick put on board.

2. That 1 considered ten orderlies not sufficient to attend to the wants of 1.'32 sick.
That according to instructions received from Dr. Anderson, I applied for five more from the
Pride of Ocean at Balaklava, but that I did not obtain that assistance.

30. That there was no deficiency of medicines, or surgical instruments and appliances;
but that there was not a sufficient quantity of arrowroot, and no fresh meat on board.

1 have no further information to give on the subject of the transport of sick, excepting
to suggest the propriety of sending a non-commissioned officer in charge of the orderlies,
as thereby much assistance would be rendered to the medical officer in charge.

I have, &c.

Angus J. Mack ay, M.D.

Staff' Assistant Surgeon,

In charge of Jason.

J. EwiNG, Esq., Staff Surgeon Second Class.

Gentlemen, Barrack Hospital, Scutari, March 23, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge your letter of the 26th January. I regret
that it is not in my power to answer the list of questions you enclose relative to the
sick which arrived here on board the Be^gravia transport.

The sick had left that ship many days before your letter was written, and when I dis-
embarked on the 27th January, it was to be admitted into this hospital as a patient
labouring under fever. Under these circumstances, being unable to look after my own
affaire, my notes and memorandums were lost.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) J. EwiNG,
Messrs. Gumming, Maxwell and Laing, Staff Surgeon, 2d Class.

&c, &c. &c.

Frederick Gustavus Hamilton, Esq., Staff Asst. Surgeon.

I HAVE the honour to inform the Commissioners, that the Peninsular and Oriental Steam
Ship Colombo was fully capable of accommodating the sick, 23.5, embarked at Balaklava,
under my charge.

I was assisted by Dr. Bourn, surgeon to the ship, at the request of Dr. Hall, which was
quite sufficient to discharge, with satisfaction, the duty. The assistance of twenty orderlies,
under charge of a lieutenant, was also sufficient. There was no deficiency, either in the
provisions or medical comforts.

The medicine chest furnished to me contained no proper astringent medicines; there
was no deficiency in surgical instruments or appliances.

Anstcer. — 1. The Peninsular and Oriental Ship Colombo.
2. Tonnage not known.

Height of main deck, nine feet ; lower deck, about seven.

4, One voyage.

5. No cots on board.

<). The patients on the main deck, in each cabin, had a water-closet, and in those I put
the worst cases; those below had neither bed-pans, urinals, or night stools, although I
applied for some at store.

7. One medicine chest ; astringent medicines deficient.

8. Surgical instruments, materials and appliances, medical comforts, provisions, and
water, all quite sufficient.

9. Means of ablution, deficient.

10. Th.e main deck was ventilated through the hatchway, the lower by means of wind-
sail, which I thought quite sufficient.

241

11. There were about six sick officers on board, names as follows: — Hon. Col. Percy,
Grenadier Guards; Lt. Hall, Coldstream Guards; Major M'Gee, 19th regiment of Foot;
Lt. Gilpin, 62d regiment; Veterinary Surgeon, Poett, 1st Royal King's Dragoons, and
Lt. M'Donald, 93d Regiment.

12, 13. Tliere was only one surgeon on board, the surgeon of the ship, as mentioned
above, who assisted me.

14. Twenty orderlies, in charge of a lieutenant, came on board at Balaklava, to attend
the sick and wounded.

15. All the orderlies were fit for duty.

16. The sick embarked, on or about the 7tli of January, but did not sail for some tlu'ee
days after.

17. About three days after the sick come on board — about tlie 10th instant.

18. About the 13th January 1855, arrived oft' Scutari.

19. Some disembarked two days after, the remainder on the fiftli day.

20. The vessel had just arrived from Varna with horses, and was obliged to coal and
water before we sailed ; also, the weather was very severe. On arrival at Scutari, I found
both hospitals quite full, and had to wait for the convalescents going to England to leave
the hospital, before we could disembark; also another sliip with sick had arrived before ns —
therefore entitled to land her sick first.

21. General chai'acter of the wounds on board, were gun-shot wounds with fracture of the
upper extremities, received while sharp shooting. 'J he other cases were frost-bites of the
feet and Isands; also dysentery and diarrhoea accompanied with extreme debility.

22. The number of deaths on board amounted to twenty-seven ; a great number of those
died before they were five hours on board, six or seven died when off Scutari, when waiting
to disembark.

23. The cases which died under my care, were reduced to the last stage from dysentery
and exposure to the vicissitudes of ti)e weather.

24. The cooks on board devoted the early part of the day, bv order of the captain, to
cooking comforts, &c. &c., for my patients, and I must confess they were admii'ably supplied
with every kind of nourishment, in the shape of soups, fowl, arrowroot, port wine, and rice, &c.

25. The meals were delivered at certain hours on each day. I inspected, periionally, the
administration of wines and medicines; but the greater number of the men had lost their
mess tins, and therefore would have been without a vessel to receive their food, only I got
some dozen large tin cups out of the store at Balaklava for their use. Hoping the above
will suit the information required.

I am, Sec.

To the Commissioners for the Inquiry FKEDEriicK. Gusi'avus Hamilton,

into the Condition of the Sick and Staff Asst. Sur2;eon.

Wounded of the British Army.

Robert Lawson, Esq., Deputy Inspector Genera). Niagara

Gentlemen, General Hospital, Scutari, 9th February 1S55.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter on the 6th instant,
enclosing a series of queries to be answered by me, regarding the transport of sick and
wounded officers and men from the Crimea to Scutari. The answers to these questions are
enclosed, so far as I can give them.

I have, &c.

The Commissioners of Inquiry into Robert Lawson,

the Condition of Sick and Wounded, Deputy Inspector General.

Scutari.

Answer 1. The Niagara steamship.
2. Tonnage, 1,800. "

a Height between decks, eight feet on main deck; six feet six inches clear on orlop.
4. I made one voyage only.

.5. No cols nor hammocks used. Nine bunks in fore saloon. Two blankets each man,
some with more.

6. Two water-closets, one in each saloon. No night-stools. Thirty bed-pans. No urinals.

7. Supply of medicine, ample.

8. A poriable case of capital instruments, government property. Surgical materials and
appliances, ample. Medical comforts, abundant and in sufficient variety. Ship's provision
and water of excellent (iuality.

9. Buckets were the only vessels for ablution, they were freely used, Soup included in
medical comforts.

10. Hatchways, deck and side scutdes. A strong current of air constantly passed through
the aftei' orlop to the engine room.

11. There were 2.55 soldiers and 65 marines 0!i board, all sick. Three sick officers.

12. The medical officers under me, were Staff Assistant Surgeon Paliologus, and the
burgeon of the ship.

H h 3

242

13. All were tit t'oi- duty during the voyage.

14. One sergeant and 26 orderlies.

15. Three orderlies became sick during voyage.

16. A portion of the sick embarked on the 13th, the remainder on the 15th January
1855.

17. The ship left Balaklava early on the 17th January.

18. Arrived at Scutari at 3 p.m. on 18tli January.

19. I disembarked on the 20th January on duty, the sick being still on board.

20. The sick embarked as fast as they came from the camp. The ship was detained one
day at Balaklava for orders from head-quarters. At Scutari the sick could not be landed at
once, from want of accommodation.

21. Diarrhoea, rheumatism, and fever, with a scorbutic diathesis, more or lesa distinct, In
most cases.

22. Eleven deaths up to 20th January.

23 Death arose from sinking in diarrhoea and fever. One man, wlio was in low spirits,
but who had not been under treatment since he embarked, jumped ovei-board.

24. Means for cooking, ample.

25. Meals given regularly. A sufficiency of pint tins.

Robert Lawson,

General Hospital Scutari, 9th February 1855. Deputy Inspector General.

J. A. WiSHAUT, Esq., Staff Surgeon, 2(1 Class,

Brandon. '^9tli January 1855.

1. I was in medical charge of the Brandon screw steam ship.

2, 3. Registered tonnage, 76.3. Average heiglit between decks, six feet eiglit inches.
4. 1 made one voyage. There were no cots. 300 hammocks.

6. No standing bed places. Fifteen mattresses. Sufficient bedding. No water-closets.
Five night stools. Six bed pans. One urinal. Two rears on the deck.

7. Ample supply of medicine; also a case of surgical instruments.

8. A sufficient supply of surgical materials and appliances, likewise of medical com-
fm-ts. Provisions, and of water.

y. Means of ablution, deficient, there being no appointed ])lace for washing. No
towels, and only small tubs. One bath also.

10. Ventilation by iiatclies and port-holes was good. Light deficient in the after hatch.

11. 152 sick soldiers and marines One wounded soldier. One sick sailor, and one sick
oflicer. Captain Hawkins, R.M.

12. 13. No surgeon with me, though an assistant surgeon had been in general orders
detailed for permanent duty with me in this vessel.

14. One non-commissioned officer (sergeant) and 15 orderlies, fiftieth regiment.

1 5. All fit for duty, and very diligent and attentive.

16. Sick embarked 18th, 19th and 20tli .January. Vessels .sailed 20th, 2 p.m
17.

18. And arrived off Scutari, 22d (Monday) 9 a.m.

19. The sick disembarked (at Kulleli) about noon of 24tli.

20. Delayed hv there being several vessels at Scutari before us, and not room at the time
for all.

21. Prevailing diseases. Bowel complaints, frost-bite, fever, and scurvy.

22. Eight deaths from the above diseases, occurred on board.
23.

24. Means of cooking, very scanty, there being one large boiler (iron) divided into one
place sufficient to cook for 500 men, and another very much smaller

The meals were served with regularity, and there were mess tins (cups) for each man.

By general ordi'rs from the camp dated about the 2Gth December 1854, the Brandon
screw steamer (along with three others) was set aside a> a iiospital transport, with a per-
manent medical staff' of one surgeon second class (Dr. VVishart), and one assistant surgeon
(M r. Palioiogus).

On the 6th January I embarked according to garrison orders, Scutari, in the Brandon,
then in the Golden Horn. Instead of being at once fitted as a hospital transport, we went
on the 7th down tiie Sea of Marmora lor hay for tlie horses in the Crimea.*

The vessel is at this date lying off the dockyard, and having the necessary berths put
up in her.

There are three holds, v. itli an averisge height in all of 6 feet 8 inches. The after hold
is rather deficient in ligiit, the others are well lighted and ventilated.

One hundred and twenty will probably be the number of standing bed places put up,
most of them athwartships, and a complete equipment of beds and bedding, mess utensils,
and medical comforts, vvith a store in each hold, are to be furnished. There will also be
wash-hand stands and slipper baths.

*A passage reflecting on tlie conduct of an officer, and not relevant to the inquiry, is here
struck out.

243

With reference to the first and second queries in the letter of the Commission of Inquiry,
I have to state that the sick were crowded, but the voyage was quick and calm. The
assistant-surgeon detailed for the ship was not on board, l)ut on arriving at Scutari, I
received, on applicatioi), a dresser, from the I'.M.O., vvlio relieved me from the dressing of
the wounded and frost-bitten cases.

] am, &c.

J. A, WiSHART, M.D.,

Brandon^ Golden Horn, Conslaiitiuople. Staff Surgeon, '2d Class.

P. Sinclair. Laing, Esq., Second-class Staff Surgeon. Cleopatra
Ansioer 1. Steam -ship Cleopatra. oth February 185.5.

2. 1,500 tons.

3. Eight feet six inches.

4. One.

5. No cots. No hammocks. There were four standing bed-places in a small cabin, but
I did not think it advisable to put any of the sick in it. The only bedding consisted of
blankets, two belonging to the sick soldier, and one or more served out by me from the
stores on board according to the necessities of the case, and the degree of cold to which
the patient might be exposed in the particular part of the vessel in which he was placed.
Then' knapsacks, great coats, or other clothing formed their oidy pillov^s.

6. There were two closets on deck capable of accommodating six men at one time, and
a place for one man on the orlop deck. At Balaklava, I procured six stands for close
stools, (which were then without pans,) and fitted chamber-pots to them. There were
five bed-pans. No urinals.

7. I found the supply of medicines sufficient. The surgeon of the ship who assisted me
used some favourite remedies which he required, out of his own chest.

8. Two capital cases and two pocket cases.

9. Lint and bandages, the only surgical appliances which I required, I had in abund-
ance. I endeavoured to procure some cotton wool as a dressing, good and easily applied
to frost-bitten feet, but did not succeed. Medical comforts I procured from the steward
of the ship in any quantities and at any time I required them. The provisions consisted
of some fresh beef with the usual pork rations. 1 endeavoured, by having soup made of
potatoes and rice with the fresh meat, to supply the wants of the worst cases. They also
had sago and wine given to them two or three times daily. To the men who were not
so ill, I gave the usual ration, with lime juice and half a ration of rum. The water was
indifferent, being principally from the condensers ; by boiling rice with it, making a second
infusion of the tea, or making a palatable drink with lime juice and sugar, 1 generally
managed to have a supply that was nearly sufficient to meet the excessive demand.

9. None.

10. From the extreme fineness of the weather I was able to keep all the ports open,
and these with the hatchways were sufficient thoroughly to ventilate the ship. If stormy
weather had come on, the ports must have been shut; if so, from the number and nature of
the cases we had on board, the ventilation must have been imperfect and highly injurious
to the sick, to the medical officers, and to the orderlies.

11. '298 sick and wounded soldiers; four officers.

12. Dr. Butter, the surgeon of the Cleopatra, was a most valuable and efficient
assistant.

13. We were both fit tor duty.

14. Thirty orderlies and one sergeant.

15. Six were sick when we arrived off' Scutari.

16. 17th January.

17. 20th January.

18. 22d January.

19. As I was relieved from my medical charge on my arrival at Scutari, 1 tlo not know
when the disembarkation was completed. Sixtv men were landed on the 22d and fifty
on the 23d January.

20. The cause of most unnecessary delay in sailing was owing to orders received from
the harbour master, that we were not to go out until the Nubia preceded us. The
Cleopatra was quite ready to go out earlier in the day, but he was obliged to obey
this order which ended in our being detained until the next day. Disembarkation was
delayed ov/ing to there being no room in the Scutari hospitals.

21. Diarrhoea, fever, and frost-bitten hands and feet.

22. Seventeen died whilst i was in charge.

23. Fever and diarrhoea.

24. Means of cooking were good.

25. Meals were late but regular. Plates and pannikins were provided in sufficient
quantities.

Gentlemen, 5th February 1855.

In answer to the other queries which you have put to me ,
1st. I do not consider that the Cleopatra was adapted for the transport of 298 sick,
and 30 orderlies. I arranged all the worst cases on Uie best ventilated deck, the others

H h 4

244

were occupied by those men who were able to walk about and by the orderlies, yet, not-
withstanding my care in this respect I was unable to prevent excessive crowding in some
parts of the orlop deck.

2d. I had efficient assistance from Dr. Butter, and I found nearly all the orderlies
willing and attentive. I had one brought before the officer commanding for harsh conduct
to a sick soldier, but his power only extended to depriving the offender of his gro<>', a
punishment most decidedly inadequate to the offence.

Although it is a matter of the greatest importance that tiansport ships (with sick on
board) should proceed to sea with great despatch, yet I beg to state that the men who
were put on board the Cleopatra were in so exhausted a state from long continuance
of disease, and from the fatigue tliey underwent and the discomfort they experienced by
being carried on cavalry horses from the caiup to Balaklava, if they had at once pro-
ceeded to sea, and been exposed to the chances of sea sickness, in all probability man}'
more would have died.

In conclusion, I would beg to direct the attention of the authorities to a more complete
system of ventilation than that which has hitherto been considered sufficient. It is most
probable that in future steam transports will be the only ones employed in the service,
and by a very small original outlay, 1 think complete ventilation might be secured in the
roughest as well as in the calmest weather.

By an arrangement of tubes with open mouths along the sides and upper parts of the
spaces appropriated for the reception of troops, and connecting these tubes with the funnel
of the steamer, a constant draught would be maintained bv the withdrawal of the bad and
heated air, and the exhaustion of this must ensure a corresponding supply of colder and
purer air.

1 have, &c.
(Signed) P. Sinclair Laing,
To the Commissioners of Inquiry. Second-class Staff" Surgeon.

Shootinj' Star.

F. FoAKER, Esq., Surgeon 38th Regiment.

1 . Name of vessel of which you were

in charge ?

2. Registered tonnage (new measure-

ment) ?

3. Height between decks, and length

and breadth appropriated for
the accommodation of sick?

4. Number of voyages you made ?

5. Number of cots?
Number of hammocks?
Number of standing bed-places ?
Number of bedding ?

6. Number of water-closets ?
Number of night-stools?
Number of bed-pans?
Number of urinals ?
Other conveniences ?

7. Supply of medicines?

8. Supply of surgical instruments
Supply of materials andappliances?
Supply of medical comforts ?

Supply of provisions?
Supply of water ?

9. Means of ablution ?

10. Means of ventilation ?

11. Number of sick and wounded

officers and soldiers on board,
with the names of any of the
officers which you may recollect?

12. Number of surgeons sent on board

under you, stating their names
and rank to the best of your
recollection ?

13. Number of them fit for duty on

board ?

J 4. Number of orderlies and other
hospital attendants sent on
board for the purpose of attend-
ing the sick and wounded ?

Shooting Star, No. 48.

One thousand three hundred and sixty-two.

116 feet 6 inches in length, 35 feet 6 inches in
breadth, 7 feet 8^ inches in height.

One.
None.

None in use; sixty-six on board.
Twelve bunks.

Three hundred and fifty blankets.
Five.

Twenty.

Buckets.

One medicine chest.
One portable set.

Bandages, lint, tow, sponges, splints, 8cc.

Sago, arrowroot, rice, port wine, brandy, essence

of beef, fresh meat, tea, sugar.
Good.

Abundant and good.
Buckets and tin dishes.

Three windsails, and scuttles all along ship's decks

on both sirles; ventilators.
One hundred and seventy-seven sick and wounded

soldiers ; no officers

One, Assistant Surgeon Jeeves, 38th regiment.

Seventeen orderlies and one sergeant.

245

15. Number of them fit for dut}' on

board ?

16. When the sick and wounded em-

barlced ?

17. When the vessel sailed ?

18. When arrived off Scutari ?

19. When the sick and wounded dis-

embarked?

20. Causes of delay in embarkation,

Eighteen.

4th January 1855.

7th January.
20 til January.

24th, 25tli, and 27th January.

21.

22.

23.

sailing, or disembarkation ?
General character of wounds and
diseases ?

Number of death.? on board ?
To what causes attributable ?

The cause of delay in disembarkation was owing
to the full state of the hospitals at Scutari.
All the wounds were from nuisket shot, chiefly
of the upper extremities, in an healthy
granulating state. Catarrh, dysenteria, diar-
rhoea, and rheumatism, many in a very severe
Ibrm, constituted the great bulk of the
remainder of the diseases. Fever of an irregular
remittent character, accompanied by great
oppression and debility, began to manifest itself
a few days ]irior to the commencement of the
disembarkation of the sick on the 24th.
Forty-seven.

To the collapsed stage in which many of the
sick were embarked, and to the extremely
tempestuous inclement weather encountered
on the passage.
One galley, with two large boilers, and a suffi-
cient supply of both coal and water.
Breakfast at eight, of tea and biscuit ; at eleven,
sago or arrowroot, with port wine for the
patients on hospital diet ; at one, ship rations
for those on that ration, and beef tea, with rice,
for the hospital diets ; at five, tea, tea and
biscuit; at seven, arrowroot, with wine for the
severer cases ; at eight, grog for the ship ration
patients.

Tin plates and mugs, with but few knives and
forks, as almost all the patients had left then-
kits in the camp.

In the course of the voyage Assistant Surgeon Jeeves fell dovvu one of the hatchways,
and dislocated his right shoulder, and otherwise much bruised himself, particularly his left
knee.

Fifteen of the sick orderlies were disembarked to proceed to the general hospital at
Scutari; they continued to perform their duties on board ship, though suffering from
diarrhoea and bronchial affections contracted during the passage.

Frederick Foaker,

Surgeon 38th Keglment,

24. Means and deficiencies of cookin" ?

25. Regularity of meals and facilities
of eating them ?

Return of Medicines and Sundries for the use of the Sick on board the Ship

Shootln."- Star.

Chloroform.

01. terebinthinfe.

Antlm. pot. tart.

Ext. Colocynth. comp.

Pulv. jalap.

Puiv. ipecac, comp.

Ammon. sesqui. carb.

Acid, citric.

Medicines in chest No. 14.

Cupri. sulph.
Lig. ammon. fort.
Morphia acet.
Pulv. opil.
01. slglli.
01. menthse. pip.
Hyd. blchloridi.
Hvd. chlorldi.

Bandages.

Five yards of calico.
Four pounds of lin t.
Two pounds empl. resin*.
Four yards ditto, spread.
Sponglo plline.
Sui-geons sponges.
Surgeons tow.

Sundries in chest No. 14.

Pins, needles, and^thlmble.
Paper and pens.
Spatula and bolus tile.
Tape, lucifers.
Minim measure.
Wax candles.

Ligatures, silk and thread.

246

Pulv. opii. 3p.
Tincl. opii. ^iij.
Pulv. lini. Hij.
Cerat. cetaciae. Hij.
Pulv. Rhaei. 310.

Extra medicines received on requisition.

G. acacije, 3p.

Flannel bandages, doz. half.
Short splints, six.
Glyster syringe.

Invoice of Medical Comforts and Hospital Stores on board the Shooting Star for the

use of Sick proceeding to Scutari.

3 dozen port vf'me.
6 bottles brandy.
46 Dounds of tea.

do.

sugar.

do.

sago.

do.

lime juice.

do.

soap.

do.

rice.

28 pounds of arrowroot.
100 quarter pints beef essence.

20 chamber pots.
200 blankets.
100 drinking cups.
100 tin plates.

2 large saucepans.

Fred. Foaker,

Surgeon, 38th Regiment.

Wm. Rutherford, Esq., Staff Surgeon 2d Class.

Barrack Hospital, Scutari, February 13, 1855.
Answer 1. Steam transport Melbourne.

2. About 2,000 tons. On these points I speak from mere recollection, having no

3. About seven feet. J documents on shore to refer to.

4. One voyage.

5. No cots ; 40 hammocks; 130 standing berth-places or bunks; 200 Turkish rugs ;
600 blankets (singled

6. Four waterclosets on main-deck ; one on upper-deck ; six night-stools, 12 bed-pans,
six glass urinals. These conveniences were ample, and arranged at convenient distances
among the sick.

7. Supply of medicines good and ample in every particular : instruments in good
condition and sufficient (my own property) ; the materials and appliances ample and good ;
medical comforts abundant and good ; provisions — fresh beef obtained in Balaklava, very
lean but young, making good soup with onions, preserved potatoes, &c. ; water good and
abundant.

9. A large wooden bath on maindeck for those able to walk, and basins (tin) at the
bedsides of those unable to use the former.

10. Ventilation at sea carried on by means of open scuttles when the weather permitted ;
by large tubes carried up the deck, by ventilators on deck, three or four on eacli side of
the ship, by open hatchways and skylights. In addition to these, in harbour, windsails
were employed. Considering that one-third of the cases were those of frost-bite, many in
the gangrenous state, the air on board between decks was remarkably pure.

11. There were three sick officers on board, — Major Bourke, 17th Regiment; Assistant
Surgeon Jackson, 98th Regiment ; and Lieutenant Persse, 90th Regiment ; the first-named
going home on sick certificate; the second, for leave to Scutari to 10th March; and
Lieutenant Persse labouring under low remittent fever. 150 sick and wounded men
embarked at Balaklava.

12. The original number of medical officers told off for this ship by general order
was three: — Staff' Surgeon Rutherford ; Assistant Surgeon Jane; and Assistant-Surgeon
Sheehy. Owing, however, to a gi-eat paucity of medical officers at Balaklava, the last-named
was placed on board another vessel conveying sick, leaving the two first named available
for this duty.

13. Two were fit for duty.

14. Eighteen orderlies and one sergeant were put on board.

15. Fifteen orderlies and one sergeant were fit for duty. I may observe, that three of
the former were set apart as cooks, two in the galley, and one to prepare medical comforts,
leaving twelve actually to wait upon the sick.

16. The sick commenced embarking on the forenoon of 6th February, and completed
on the afternoon of the 8th.

17. Ten o'clock on the morning of February 9th.

18. Arrived at Scutari at 11 o'clock a.m., February 11th.

19. Thirteen of the worst cases were landed at Scutari on the 13th, the remainder
proceeding to Smyrna.

20. The sick did not arrive in sufficient numbers to fill the ship in one or two days.
The vessel would have sailed earlier in the morning had the Commissariat department put
the fresh meat on board in sufficient time. A requisition was made by me early on the
day of the 8th, but the meat did not arrive until the morning of the sailing of the ship.

247

21. The cases, generally, were those of chronic dysentery and diarrhoea, attended in
some with fever of a low remittent type; about one-third of the number was complicated
with frost-bite, generally of both feet.

22. From the time of starting until the arrival of the ship at fcjcutari, only two cases of
chronic dysentery died.

23. Chronic dysentery.

24. The cooking was carried on in the galley set apart for the invalids. The medical
comforts were prepared in a cooking stove set up on the main deck. No deficiencies existed
in those particulars.

25. Breakfast at eight o'clock, dinner at 10 o'clock, and tea five o'clock, gc nerally
regularly served; every man requiring them was served with a knife, fork, spoon, and tin
drinking cup ; two-thirds of them had plates, the remainder were not able to use such articles.

William Rutherford, M.D.,

Staff Surgeon 2d Class.

Letter Addressed to the following Military Officers, on board Vessels bringing
DOWN Sick and Wounded to Scutari, enclosing the questions above set forth,
see p. 193.

Sir, Scutari, Dec. 7, 1854.

Having been instructed by the Minister for War to make certain inquiries into the
condition of the sick and wounded officers and men of the British army in the East, we beg
to enclose a copy of questions which we have forwarded to the surgeon in charge of the
officers and men on board, and we shall feel obliged by your favouring us at your earliest
convenience with replies to such of the enclosed questions as you can answer, and also with
any further information respecting the condition of the men while you were on board, as you
may possess.

We have, &c.

A. Gumming, L G. H.,
P. Benson Maxwell,
P. Sinclair Laing.

ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE LETTER.

Avon.

Lieutenant B. D. Gilby, 77th Regiment

Gentlemen, Balaklava, December 18, 1854.

I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter and questions, which I received late last
evening on my return from Scutari. I enclose the questions answered, with all the infor-
mation I am able to give on the subject, and am only sorry I was not placed on board sooner,
when I should have been able to have answered your questions more fully. I am quite
sure in my own mind that the great loss of life must be attributed to the men being so
long on board, in such a helpless condition, and without common comforts.

1 have, &c.

P. Benson Maxwell, Esq., Bentinck D. Gilby,

&c. &c. &c. Lieutenant 77th Regiment.

Answer 1. Avon steam ship.

2. Unable to answer.

3. Ditto.

4. One.

5. None that I ever saw or heard of.

6. Unable to answer.

7. Ditto.

8. Unable to answer, except to that part which refers to the water. The water each man
had was a gallon a day, not sufficient for a wounded man to dress his wounds, cook, &c.

9. None ; as with only a gallon of water a day there would be none to spare for this
purpose

1 0. Means of ventilation good.

11. To the best of my knowledge from hearsay (as i was not ordered on board till about
twelve o'clock at night, 3rd December, a few hours before we sailed), three hundred and
twenty men; number of ofl&cers I do not know, but can mention a few of their names, viz. ;
Captain Campbell, 42nd Regiment ; Captain Sargent, 95th Regiment ; Lieutenant Turner,
1st Royal Regiment.

12. Five surgeons, one sick, Dr. Wilson.

13. Four.

14. Twenty-four; and one man employed by the surgeon in charge of the hospital
chest, &c., &c.

15. 1 consider that not one of these men was fit for this duty, as they were men sent
from the invalid depot, Balaklava. Out of the 25 one died, 12 went into hospital at
Scutari, and two more went to hospital when they disembarked at Balaklava ; so that out
of 25 I had only 10 men to rejoin their regiments.

I i 2

248

16. The first men were put on board the 19th of November, the last on the 3d December,
but this I cannot answer, for, as I have before stated, I only came on board a few hours
before the Avon sailed. I was the first officer ever sent down in military charge of
sick.

17. 5th December 1854.

18. Morning of the 7th December 1854.

19. The sick and wounded disembarked the 8th and 9th of December, 1854.

20. None, except that the ship was not full enough according to the ideas of those who
had the management ; but I should think that at least half the men who died would have
been saved had they been sent to Scutari immediately, instead of being kept on board so
long with nothing but their great coats and blankets to cover them, with the deck to lie on.

21. Unable to answer.

22. Fifty, I believe, between 19th of November and 3d of December 1854.

23. To being left so long on board, too much crowded, not having sufficient attendants,
and common comforts, as mentioned in answer No. 20.

I have, &c.

Bentinck D. Gilby,

Balaklava, December 18, 1854. Lieutenant 77th Regiment.

Timandra. Captain E. H. Maxwell, 88th Regiment.

Hired Transport Timandra,
Gentlemen-, December 28, 1854.

The surgeon in charge of the sick having already answered the questions in the return
enclosed this day to me, I beg leave to refer you to his answers to your inquiries. Out of
200 sick on board the Timandra, the most of them were suffering from dysentery, and were
too weak to enable them to go on deck, even when the weather was fine. The nature of this
disease makes the confined space between decks to be in an impure state, and the air was
heavy and the atmosphere unwholesome. The men being placed on the deck transversely
rendered the cleansing of the l)oards impossible. If the patients were placed in bunks
longitudinally, or if they were raised from the deck in any manner, the air would circulate
freeJ}^, and the deck could then be scraped every morning under where the patients lay. If
the bunks could not be managed, a division for each sick man, of about two feet, might be
made, by nailing two pieces of wood on the deck, on each side of the patient, allowing a
space of half a foot between him and the next. This would prevent any fluid from passing
from the one to the other, and would allow sufficient space for attendance. This would
also prevent a vessel being too much crov,'ded, as there would be a space allowed for each
person.

The system of sending weakly men as orderlies does not answer, as these men suffer
tiiemselves, and are totally unfit to assist their weaker comrades.

The cooking place in the Timandra is totally unsuited for sick. Tlie diets varying,
only one kind of diet can be cooked, so that the patients on full diet have to wait till the
patients on sago, (kc, are served, and when urgent cases are attempted to be provided for, a
confusion is introduced into the general arrangements of the cook house, and some of the
patients have their dinners delayed to the evening.

The patients should be placed longitudinally on the deck, instead of transversely, as a
sailing vessel leans over, and the men's heads are sometimes lower than their feet. If these
alterations were attended to, I have no doubt that the system of moving the sick in large
sailing vessels like the Timandra would answer very well, but at present the discomfort
and inconvenience is great.

I have, &c.

Edward Herbert Maxwell,

Capt. 88th regiment.

jjjp^j^ Captain J. S. Howard, 44th Regiment.

Sir, Camp before Sebastopol, Jan. 22d, 1855.

I BEG to acquaint you that only late last evening did I receive your communication
of the 7th, dated Balaklava. 1 herewith give such replies to the questions put as I am
able to answer.

Answer 1 . Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamer Ripon.

2. I believe about 1,800 tons.

3. About seven leet six inches on main deck, and about eight feet on lower deck.

4. Cots, none used; hammocks, none; standing berths, cannot say; number of
mattresses, none; blankets, two each man; rugs, none; sheets, none.

5. Waterclosets, three or four given over to sick ; night stools, none ; bed-pans, I am
aware that some were supplied to the medical officer in charge, but none were made iise of;
urinals, do not know. Buckets, half filled with water, impregnated with chloride of zinc,
were kept for the convenience of the sick, at the suggestion of Mr. Carter, one of the
officers of the ship. He was indefatigable in his exertions to secure the utmost amount of
comfort possible.

249

6. Cannot say.

7. Medical comforts in abundance ; but I could not get the senior assistant-surgeon to
use them as freely as I thought necessary.* Provisions and water, both most excellent.

8. Means of ablution, plenty, but men too ill to make any general use of them.

9. The ventilation very good, by means of poi-ts and wind-sails; besides which,
Mr. Carter frequently fumigated between decks by pouring vinegar on heated iron.

10. Number of sick, 242.

11. Three medical officer?, two of whom were themselves sick and unable to do regular
duty. Assistant-Surgeon Teevan, 3d regiment, who was very ill, exerted himself to the
injury, I believe, of his health.

12. Men fit for duty, none but the orderlies ; and many of them were, from debility and
sickness, not fit for duty. I left half of them sick at Scutari.

13. Twenty-one privates and two sergeants.

14. They all did their duty to the best of their ability, but I would suggest that a staff
of permanent orderlies be employed.

15. Fourteen deaths, from debility and the want of nourishing food being supplied in
time.

16. Means of cooking, excellent. The captain of the ship, who was most kind, accommo-
dating, and anxious to do all that lay in his power, told off' a galley, a cook, and two
assistants to do nothing else but prepare food for the sick.

17. Regularity of meals; no regularity.*

1 8. Means of washing, none made use of.

19. Not more than 130.

I cannot say too much in praise of the kind interest and attention shown by the captain
and the officers of the Ripon. Mr. Carter, whose particular duty it was to superintend
the arrangements between decks, was most indefatigable in his exertions by day and night.

I have, &c.

J. S. Howard,
1 Captain 44th Regiment.

Requisition for Instruments, &c. for Service on board the Steamer Andes.

Varna, 28th August 1854.

Instruments.

Number.

Surgical Materials.

1 Number.

Capital instruments — portable

Surgeons' sponges

100

Cupping ditto

Stomach pump - - -

Bandages, calico

600

Ditto flannel

Syringes, glass -

Ditto 18-tailed -

Syringes, pewter

Stethoscopes - _ .
Star tin's wire - - yards

Flannel for fomentations - yards

Oiled silk

Trusses, bag

Needles, surgical - no.

Blood porringers -

Ditto common - papers

Broad tape

pieces

Gutta percha tissue - yards
Coxeter's bullet scoop

Thread for ligatures

ozs.

Silk for ditto

~ 55

Liston's thigh splints

Splints, common -

sets

Stump pillows

Ditto, whalebone, for

legs, or for

leff, thigh, upper and fore arm

Double inclined planes

Crutches -

- pairs

Crescent-shaped water '

Only five 1

cushions

crescent-

Squai'e ditto air ditto

- shaped air .
cushions

Circular ditto air ditto _

in store.

Spongio piline

pieces

Wax candles

lbs.

Arm slings

Strait v/aistcoats

Fracture cradles -

Tourniquets, screw -

* A passage, reflecting on the conduct of an officer, and not relevant to the question to which
it purports to be an answer, or to the scope of the inquiry, is here struck out.

I i3

250

Requisition for Medicines, &c. for Service on board the Steamer Andes, stationed at

Varna, '28th August 1 854.

Medicines.

lbs.

oz.

Medicines.

lbs.

oz.

Acid, hydrochlor.

Isinglass plaister

- 6 yards

nitric - - -

Lint, fine

Conf. aromat. - - .

„ second

Liquor, potass, arsenit.

Surgeons' tow -

„ sodffi chlorinat. -

Old linen sheets

Oleum, olivae - - -

Calico sp. with adh. plas. 18 yards

„ ricini - - _

Oiled cloth

12 „

„ terebinthinae

Pins

papers

Opii. contrit. - - -

Graduated glass measures 2

Pulv. creta comp. - - -

Minim ditto

„ „ c. opio.

Pewter ounce measure

Chloroform

Pill boxes

paper

Starch -

Bottles, 6 oz.

I dozen

Quinae disulph. - - -

Gallipots, in sorts

2 „

Sp. asther comp.

Corks, vial

Tinct. catechu - - -

„ pint -

-j-i gross

„ ferri sesquichlor. -

„ quarts

„ opii

Detachment medicine

chest 1

TJng. catecie - - _

Dressing trays -

Return of Purveyors' Stores put on board
1854, under the care of

12 Bed covers, waterproof.

1 Bath.

6 Basins, pewter.

4 Brushes, long scrubbing.

2 „ hand „
4 „ long sweeping.
4 Close-stools, frames, and pans.

50 Cups, drinking (pint).

12 Dishes, tin.

2 Lamps, hand agitable.

the Andes Steamer at Varna, 28th August
I Class Staff Surgeon Mackey.

4 Lanterns, tin punched.

6 Mops.

6 Waterpails.

6 Bed-pans.
50 Tin plates.
24 Chamber-pots.
12 Spitting-pots.

2 Tubs, washing.

6 Urinals.

(Signed) W. J. F. Tucker,
Dated at Scutari, on board the " Kangaroo," Purveyor to the Forces.

25th Nov. 1854.

251

Since the preceding part of the Appendix was printed, the following Letters have been
received from Dr. Gumming to Mr. Maxwell.

Sir, Cavalry Camp, Crimea, March 28, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to forward to you the enclosed, which I received per last mail.
This is now the fourth time I have endeavoured to comply with the Commissioners'
request.

I have, &c.
(Signed) A. Forteath, M.D.,
Dr. Cumming, Surgeon Royal Dragoons.

Inspector General of Hospitals, Scutari.

Gentlemen, Cavalry Camp, Crimea, Februaty 10, 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated Scutari, 4th
February, informing me that my answers to the questions respecting the state of my
hospital accommodation in the field had not yet been received. I have to state in reply,
that they were forwarded immediately after the receipt of your first communication,
which circumstance I mentioned to you on your visit to the camp. Since that time I
forwarded a duplicate copy to you at Balaklava, and now, for the third time, send you
the answers as near the original as possible, the copy I retained having been mislaid.
Of course things are very much altered and improved since then. I will forward to you
the answers to the questions relative to the vessel* of which I had medical charge, as soon
as the said vessel returns to Balaklava, where she is daily expected.

I have, &c.
(Signed) A. Forteath, M.D.
Messrs. Cumming, Maxwell, and Laing, Surgeon Royal Dragoons.

Scutari.

Answer 1 A. Forteath, M.D., Surgeon of the regiment.
Remarks. The Assistant Surgeon gone to Scutari with wounded.

2. One hospital sergeant and two orderlies. These are sufficient for present duty.
Remarks. Hospital sergeant and orderlies should be instructed and trained at some

general hospital, so as to be able to assist in doing the minor duties, such as dressing and
bandaging. The latter also should have some knowledge of preparing food for the sick.
Steady, well-conducted men should be selected ; and I think it would be preferable to have
men enlisted for this duty, and sent to regiments after they were projoerly qualified. One
regimental orderly should be instructed by these orderlies, so as to take their place in the
event of any casualty.

3. One hospital marquee was supplied to the regiment, but was left, by order, on
board ship, on landing in the Crimea. Two bell tents were procured for the hospital, and
they generally sufficed, as the worst cases are removed to Balaklava when practicable.

Remarks. Bell tents are very unfit for sick, either in winter or summer.

4. There has not been any bed or bedding used in the field hospital in the Crimea.
The men use their cloaks and blankets. There is one close-stool, two bed-pans, and one
urinal.

Remarks. I applied for tarpaulin for ground sheets, but could not get it.

5. The medicines and medical comforts are few, owing to the limited space in the pan-
niers. The medical comforts consist of a small quantity of arrowroot, essence of beef,
one bottle of brandy, and two bottles of port wine,

6. There is one field case of instruments, belonging to the public, and that is of a very
indifferent description. I have a capital case of instruments, pocket case, &c., procured
at my own expense.

Remarks. I tliink the Government should furnish all instruments, the medical officer
being of course responsible for the care of the same.

7. The means of cooking are most inadequate, and there is great difficulty in procuring
wood and water. There is no cooking place built, as in cavahy regiments the men are
so much occupied with their horses that a fatigue party cannot be procured ; and the con-
sequence is, that on wet and windy weather the sick have notliing but dry biscuit.

8. There is one ambulance cart attached to the division, but owing to its heavy con-
struction and bad roads it has of late been nearly non-effective. There is one hospital
pony, which carries the panniers and stretchers. The only way the tents and stores, &c.
can be carried, is by the Commissariat, when they can spare transport.

9. The assistant surgeon of the regiment went to Scutari six weeks since, in charge of
sick and wounded, and has not returned. I have had at different times an assistant
attached to the regiment, but at present have none. With regard to the orderlies, 1 refer
to queries No. 2 and 7.

10. There has been delay in having requisitions complied with, owing to the number of
signatures required, and these to be got at places widely apart. Likewise, in most

* The Colombo, in September 1854,
I i 4

252

instances, these have been cut down, owing to there not being a sufficient supply at hand.
There have been no provisions for the hospital beyond the usual rations. When any fresh
meat was issued to the regiment, the sick always had part of it.
11. No. Having no opportunity.

(Signed) A. Forteath, M.D,,
Messrs. Gumming, Maxwell, and Laing, Surgeon Eoyal Dragoons.

Scutari.

Sir, Cavalry Camp, Crimea, April 10. 1855.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter (per last mail) dated
30th March 1855.

The reason I had not forwarded to you the answers to the queries referred to,
was, that 1 have been daily in expectation of being able to do so in a complete
and perfectly accurate form, by reference to documents in possession of the purser of the
ship; but as this vessel has never returned to Balaklava (although still a transport in the
Black Sea) since I received these queries, I am merely enabled to give answers to the best
of my recollection.

I am, &c.

Dr. Gumming, A. Forteath, M.D.,

Inspector General, Hospital Scutari. Surgeon Royal Dragoons.

Answer 1. Steam transport Colombo.

2, 3. Have no record, but, as this vessel was frequently employed in conveying sick to
Scutari, other returns will supply answers.

4. One.

5, 6. I have no record to answer these queries. With the exception of those in the
wooden berths the sick and wounded covered the whole decks, and filled the lower after
hold and the quarter boats. They were all provided with a blanket. The urinals and
other like conveniences were abundant.

7. Abundant.

9. Means of ablution, insufficient for the number and nature of the cases.
] 0. Insufficient for the numbers and nature of the cases on board.

11. As nearly as I can recollect, 17 officers, 591 men, mostly all wounded; 100 Russians,
all wounded. Amongst the officers were Lt-Colonel Hepburn, Scots Fusilier Guards, and
Captains Bulwer, Astley, and Lieutenant Lord Ennlsmore of same corps ; Lt-Colonel
Webber Smithe, 95th regiment ; a major and several other officers of same regiment.

12. Two; Assistant Surgeons Wright and Reynolds, of the Royal Navy, also
Dr. Bourne, the ship's surgeon.

13. All.

14. None.

15. None.

16. The day after the battle of Alma.

17. The day the army marched from the Alma.

18. Three days after.

19. Commenced the day of arrival, but did not get the whole disembarked till the third
day.

20. Receiving wounded. Waiting to take in tow two sailing transports filled with
wounded. Want of sufficient boats, &c.

21. Gun-shot wounds and bowel complaints.

22. Thirty.

23. To severity of injuries and cholera.

24. Good.

25. Good.

A. Forteath, M.D.,

Surgeon Royal Dragoons.

IV,

HOSPITALS AT SCUTARI,

CORRESPONDENCE AND OTHER DOCUMENTS.

Letters to the Piiincipal Medical Officei!, Scutari.

Sir, Sculiiri, *i8th November.

Plaving been instructed by the Minister tor War to make certain inquiries into the
condition of the sick and wounded officers and soldiers of the British army in the East,
we have to request that you will favour us, at your earliest convenience, witli a return of
the number of officers and men daily admitted and discharged in the Scutari Hospitals
from 1st September 1854 to .30th November 1854. Also a return of the number of
surgeons, assistant surgeons, dressers, orderlies, and otlier medical and hospital officers
and attendants in actual service daily in the hospital establishments at Scutari between the
above dates.

We have also to request that you will, with sinuiar despatch, furnish us with copies of
all Invoices or bills of lading rece'v'ed by you of medicines, surgical instruments and
appliances, medical comforts, and ether articles for the use of the hospitals on and
between the above dates, together wit \ the dates of the I'eceipt of such invoices or bills of
lading, the dates of the arrival of the go xls therein respectively invoiced, at Constantinople,
and of their delivexy into store at Scutari.

We have, &c.

(Signed) A. Cumming, T. G. H.

P. Benson Maxwell,
P. Sinclair Laino.

Sir, Scutari, 1st December 1854.

In connexion with our Commission, we have to request that you will favour us at
your earliest convenience with the names of all vessels which have since the 20tli of
September last, transported sick and wounded officers and soldiers of tlie British army in
the East, from the Crimea to the hospital establishments here.

Also a return of the dates of the respective arrivals of such vessels at this place, and
of the dates of the disembarkation of the sick and wounded, statin": the length of time
wliich elapsed between the disembarkation of the first and of the last patient, number and
names of tlie medical officers, stating their respective ranks, in charge of the sick and
wounded on board such vessels, and also the names of the officers on duty in attending
to such disembarkation.

We have, &c.
(Signed) A. Cumming.

P. Benson Maxwell,
P. Sinclair Laing.

Sir, Scutari, '2d December 1854.

With reference to our letter of the '28t]i November, we shall feel obliged if yo"
will keep distinct the numbers of the sick and those of the wounded daily admitted and
discharged.

We have also to request that you will, in addition to the information required of you
by the above-mentioned letter, favour us with the following particulars respecting the
sick and wounded in each hospital during the month of November, keeping the returns
of each hospital distinct.

1. We wish to have as a return, separate from that asked for in our letter of the 28th
November, the total number of sick and wounded treated during the month of November,
distinguishing sick from wounded.

2. General character of wounds.

3. Number of amputations and other operations.

4. Total number of deaths from wounds.

5. Number of deaths following operations included in the preceding total.

6. Number of cases of hospital gangrene.

254

7. Deaths from.

8. Prevalent diseases.

9. Whence admitted.

10. Deaths.

11. Remarks on state of buildinpj and sanitary condition, diet, bedding, and any other
matters connected with the relief and preservation of the sick and wounded under
your charge.

We have, &c.
(Signed) A. Gumming.

P. Benson Maxwell.
P. Sinclair Laing.

Answer to the foregoing Letters.

Gentlemen, General Hospital, Scutari, 24th December 1854.

I have now the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your various
communications of the 28111 and 30 th ultimo, and 2d instant. By your
first letter, I perceive I am required to furnish you with the various
returns noted in the margin.

I have therefore to forward the two first-named returns complete,
with the following exceptions. In the first return for the month of
September, in consequence of the difficulty in procuring information
from the supplementary hospital in barrack, we are unable to furnish the
number of admissions and discharges from the 26th to the 80th, but on
the 28th of the month there appears to have been a total of 1357
patients under treatment in that hospital, exclusive of Russian prisoners.
Another defect occurs in the second return for the month of November,
where the number of hospital servants daily employed is defective, as the
purveyor's department has not yet made up the pay list for that month.

For the third return I must refer the Commission to the apothecary's
and purveyor's departments respectively, to whom the various invoices
have been sent as they arrived.

In your second communication the returns as per margin are required.
I. furnish you with the first portion of the information, viz. the names and
dates of arrival of all vessels are given with few exceptions, also the
names and ranks of the medical officers who were nominated to attend
the disembarkation.

As these look place so suddenly, and totally without previous notice in
many instances, the names of these officers were not put in order, but
directed at once to attend this duty as the necessity arose.

It is equally if not more impossible to furnish the date of embarkation of the wounded
from the vessels, as no notice was given by the authorities ; but probably this information
may be supplied by the naval department at this station.

By your last communication I perceive that you request that the number of sick may
be kept separate or distinct from those wounded of the daily admitted and discharged.
This 1 have been able to accomplish as far as regards the patients in the general hospital,
but cannot supply it from the supplementary hospital in barracks, owing to that establish-
ment having been so recently opened, and the great and sudden influx of sick and
wounded which occurred at this time.

I now come to notice the latter portion of your letter calling for certain particulars
connected with the sick and wounded during November, distinguishing sick from the
wounded. The first seven queries are answered by Return No. 3. The remaining
queries are given in my Report, which will accompany this separately.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Duncan Menzies.

Return of the number of
officers and men daily ad-
mitted and discharged from
Scutari Hospital from 1st
Sept. to 30th Nov. 1854,

Return of the number of
medical officers, specifying
their respective ranks, as also
of dressers, orderlies, &c. &c.
during the same period.

Copies of all invoices or
bills of lading of medicines,
&c. &c. for same period.

Return of all vessels car-
rying sick and wounded, with
names of medical officers on
board and medical officers
attending the disembarkation,
also the dates of the disem-
barkation of the sick.

255

No. 1.

Return showing the Number of Officers and Men that have been admitted into
discharged from, and died in the Military Hospitals at Scutari, from the
1st to the 30th September 1854.

General Hospital.

Barrack Hospital.

Officers.

Men.

C\ffinovc

IVf fin

Sick.

Wounded.

Sick.

Wounded.

Remarks.

imitted.

scharged.

Imitted.

scharged.

•73

scharged.

■a

Imitted.

scharged.

Imitted.

scharged.

16 sailors admitted.

1
1

13
2

5
6

1
1

—

q
o

162

4 sailors diflpTia.rfirpd

1 X

■

1 9

X o

148

—

mitted.

-7

11 sailors discharged.

200

300

200

2 Russian prisoners ad-

Tm f +An 1 irfn l-i-pnpvfil

UllLLCU. lillU VjT CllCl Oil

265

105

Hospital.

1 -

1,357 Total in Barrack

Hospital according
to the first state-

ment furnished from
that establishment,
exclusive of 115
Russians.

General Hospital, Scutari, . D. Menzies,

December 1854. Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

K k 2

256

No. 1. — Return sliowing the Number of Officers and Men admitted into, discharged
from, and died in the Military Hospitals at Scutari, and on board of the Con-
valescent Ship from 1st to 3 1st October, and from 1st to 30tli November 1854.

For October 1854.

General Hospital.

Officers.

Men.

Sick.

Wounded.

Sick.

Wounded.

Barrack Hospital.

Officers.

Men.

Convalescent
Ship.

Men.

Eemabes.

]

200

o
o

]

165

(

108

100

too

]

124

100

136

58
190

156

113

1 of the Civil
Department
discharged.

For November 1854.

o
O

108

105

103

o
O

121

416

110

218

127

338

110

226

109

118

Cieiieral Hospital, Scutari,
December 1854.

D, Menzies,
Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

257

Abstract of Weekly States of Sick and Wounded from October 1 to January 31.

Officers.

Men.

Date,

itted.

larged.

uned.

lined.

•—1

"IS

(— i

1 to 7 October, 1854 -

« 1 ■

2,277

403

1,868

8 to 14 ,, „ -

1,868

307

295

1,834

15 to 21 „ „ -

1,834

386

151

2,040

22 to 28 „ „ -

—

2,040

350

370

1,964

28 Oct. to 4 Nov. „ -

1,964

952

384

2,480

5 to 11 ,, „ -

2,480

850

469

2,825

12 to 18 „ „ -

111

2,825

1,045

557

3,219

19 to 25 „ „ -

111

102

3,219

438

144

3,446

26 to 2 December „ -

102

—

107

3,446

436

315

3,497

3 to 9 „ „ -

ln7

3,497

263

388

3,302

10 to 16

3,302

299

521

2,99^-

17 to 23 „

2,995

1,321

402

130

3,784

24 to 30 „

3,784

1,091

770

108

3,997

31 Dec. to 6 Jan. 1855

3,997

1,044
727

367

249

4,425

7 Jan. to 13 „ „

4,425

444

277

4,431

14 to 20

4,431

667

346

270

4,482

21 to 27

4,482

1,243

984

274

4,467

28 to 31 „ „

4,467

619

127

165

4,794

Principal Medical Officer s Office, Scutari, R. W. Lawson,

February 1, 1855. By. I. Gen., P. M. O.

No. 2. — Retuun of the Number of Medical Officers and Hospital Servants employed
daily in the Scltari Military Hospitals, showing the Rank of the former and
various Denominations of the latter.

For September 1854.

Date.

Deputy Inspector General.

Staff Surgeons.

Surgeons.

Assistant Surgeons.

Acting Assistant Surgeons.

Civil Practitioners.

Civil Dressers.

Stewards.

Storekeepers and Issuers.

Ward Masters.

Assistant Ward Masters.

Cooks.

Orderlies.

Surgery Men.

September 1

35 ^

„ 3

o
O

„ 4

o
O

„ 5

„ 6

o
O

1-5

* 2

<t
o

]] 23

107

128

150

195

243

290

329

335

K k 3

268

No. 2. — Return of the Number of Medical Officers and Hospital Servants employed

daily in the Scutari Military Hospitals — continued.
For October 1854.

Date.

Deputy Inspector General,

Staff Surgeons.

Surgeons.

Assistant Surgeons.

Acting Assistant Surgeons,

Civil Practitioners.

Civil Dressers.

Stewards.

Storekeepers and Issuers.

Ward Masters.

Assistant Ward Masters.

Cooks.

Orderlies.

Surgery Men.

October 1

—

356

—

356

—

356

—

358

—

356

—

353

—

353

—

355

—

356

—

354

352

348

346

349

5»

344

345

343

341

343

334

331

330

>»

330

331

339

336

For November 1854.

November

>»

22 " -

J»

* The required information regarding the hospital servants, until the purveyors have made up the pay lists for
the month.

259

Weekly Ketubn of Medical Officers doing Duty in the Hospital at Scutari, from

December 7, 1854<, to January 31, 18^)5.

sector

As-
'geons.

istant

:ioners.

Date.

Deputy Insj
General.

1st Class St
Surgeon.

2d Class StE
Surgeon.

StatF Assist!
Surgeons.

Regimental
sistant Sui

Acting Ass:
Surgeons.

Dressers.

Civil practit

Total.

7 December, 1 854

15 „

21 . -

—

28 „ „

4 January, 1855

11 »

119

18 „ „
25 „ „
31 „ »

120

108

112

Principal Medical Officer s Office, Scutari, R. W. Lawson,

February 1, 1855. , Dy. I. Gen., P. M. O

No. 3. — Return of the Number of Wounds of all Descriptions treated in the Hospitai,
Establishments, Scutari, diirino; the Month of November 1854 ; also the
Number of Operations treated during the same Period, and the Number of
Cases of Sloughing. The Proportion of Deaths in each Instance is also
displayed.

General Hospital.

Supplementary Hospital
in Barracks.

Number treated.

Deaths.

Number treated.

Deaths.

1. Wounds of all descriptions

2. Amputations and other operations

3. Cases of Sloughuig, Phagedtena "1

or Hospital Gangrene - j

1,225
139

75
14

849
79

29
16

D. Menzies,
Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

General Remarks on the prevailing Diseases, &c. &.c. in the British Military Hospitals

at Scutari for November 1854.

The prevailing diseases have chiefly been bowel complaints in the form of diarrhoea,
which merged into a clironic form, although not of a fatal character. Notwithstanding
that the climate of Scutari had been generally speaking healthy during the above period,
the weather had been very changeable, stormy, wet, and cold, which conditions must no
doubt have tended to aggravatethe affections to Vi^hich I have alludedj and which have
chiefly come from the Crimea.

I have to report favourably of the buildings now derjominated the general and
supplementary hospitals, the former having been built for the purposes for which it vv'as
intended, but the latter as a bari-ack for troops, but which has lately been given over
for the use of the sick and wounded of the British army, reserving a small portion only
for the troops and garrison slaflf. These buildings may be pronounced convenient for the
reception of the sick and wounded, being roomy, well ventilated, and supplied v/ith
excellent water, out offices, and other necessary conveniences. There are, however, no
doubt various improvements required, such as the construction of an additional kitchen
for the general hospital, and a wash-house and dead-house at the barracks. There is also
required in both buildings appropriate rooms for the accommodation of the nurses
who have recently been sent out by the Government, those occupied by them being
much too small, and without conveniences for a separate cooking establishment, without
which their eflSciency must necessarily be impaired.

Some parts of the general hospital require repairs, some of the rooms being very leaky.
The quarters for medical officers are also inadequate for ihe present number doing duty
there. The drainage and privies are at times greatly out of order, and when the

K k 4

^60

south wind blows there is n very offensive odour wafteci «p throug!) the building from
these reservoirs. It is my opinion also that the close proximity of the burial ground,
which lies between the sea and the liospital, may prove hereafter a source of imhealthiness
in tiiis locality. I beg to recommend that the site of the burial ground be therefore
changed, and no more bodies be placed in tlio innnediatc vicinity of the hospital.

Diet. — I have very little to say on this subject. Provisions are supplied by contract.
At one time the supplies for the hospital were by no means of the best quality, but much
improvement has of late taken place in this respect. The articles of diet are those
pointed out in the hospital regulations, and v/hich are in my opinion quite sufficient.

The extras and medical comforts are allowed to any extent considered necessary for
the particuUu- cases by the medical officers.

With respect to the hospital bedding, we have been indebted to the Turkish authorities
for a large supply for the general hospital, during the time that our own bedding was
deficient in consequence of its being detained at \'arna, and what was left witli us here
being insufficient for the large number of sick and wounded carried at different times
i'rom the Crimea. The boards and trestles sent from England are too low for the
comfort of the patients, and inconvenient during surgical appliances to cases of severe
wounds, to say nothing of their closeness to the cold stone floor of the corridors and some
of the wards, and the insufficient ventilation necessarily inseparable from them. I have
no doubt that neat iron bedsteads would be in every respect more desirable, and they
would moreover give an appearance of order, cleanliness, and regularity to an hospital,
and the expense would not I presume be great.

Duncan Menzies,
Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

Return of Medical Officers doing Dutv at the British Hospitals at Scutari from

1st to 31st October 1854.

Eank and Names.

Date of joining.

How employed.

Deputy Inspector General, D. Menzies

Z4 April

Principal Medical OlRcer.

1st Class

Staff Surgeon, G. Carr

uciouei

On duty at General Hospital.

J. O'Flaherty -
„ A. M'Grigor

55 55

2 September -

BaxTack Hospital.

2d Class

„ J. Trench, M.D. -

22 October -

General Hospital.

N. O'Connor, M.D.

14 „

Barrack Hospital.

„ E. Menzies

14 „

General Hospital.

„ J. M. Sunter

24 May

Barrack Hosiiital.

„ D. Anderson, M.D.

24 „

General Hospital.

G. W. Powell -

24 „

55 55

the Convalescent Ship.

., — Somers, M.D. -

„ J. Wishart, M.D.

24 September

Barrack Hospital.

47tli Foot Surgeon, W. Weld

30 October -

55 55

67th Foot Assistant Surgeon, F. Manifold

23 April

55 55

2d Foot

„ „ F. Holton -

23 October -

55 55

89th Foot

„ „ R. Gibson -

23 „

55 55

Royal Malta Fencibles, Asst. Surg. — Ellul

23 „

55 55

58th Foot Asst. Surgeon, B. Tydd

24 September

General Hospital.

23d

J. Wood

23 October -

55 55

28th

J. F. Stuart, M.U.

55 5)

Royal Artillery Asst. Surg., J. A. M'Munn

14 September

Barrack Hospital.

Staff Assistant Surgeon, T. G. FitzGerald

15 October -

General Hospital.

))

., F. G. Hamilton -

24 August

55 55

„ S. J. Bayfield -

24 „

55 55

„ G. Evans

1 September -
17 „

55 55

A. D. Gulland -

55 55

„ S. S. Skipton

17 „

55 55

„ R. Hungerford -

17 „

55 55

J»

„ W. J. Johnson -

17 „ -

55 55

G. P. Poppelwell

26 „

55 55

„ A. Reid

30 „

55 55

„ J. Adrian

14 October -

55 55

Barrack Hospital.

., J. Sylvester

24 September

J»

„ D. Taylor, M.D.

26 „

55 55

M. C. Ancell -

55 55

J. P. Street, M.D.

17 ;, -

5' 55

General Hospital.

W. J. Rendle -

17 „ -

„ — Titterton,M.D.

29 October -

55 55

From Malta, Dr. Cleto Bellanti
L. T. Pisani
„ Vincenzo Muscat
Italian, Louis Aliberte
Royal Navy Assistant Surgeon, — Sam

Civil Practitioners.

24 October •
23 „
23
6
6

On duty at General Hospital.

55 55 55

„ Barrack Hospital.
On duty over Russian Prisoners.
„ on board Convalescent Ship.

261

Copy of a Letter from Lord Stratford de Kedclifpe to Duncan Menzies, Esq. M. D .

SlE, Therapia, October 2 i, 185-1.

Having received authority from Her Majesty's Government to supply whatever
may still be wanting for the sustenance or comfort of the gallant sutFerers in the military
hospital near Scutari, in so far as the resources of this neighbourhood extend, I request
you will have the goodness to inform me as to such of their wants as are most urgent,
and also the most likely to admit of being supplied here.

In case of local deficiency, I shall lose no time in referring to England, where every
readiness to supplj- them exists ; and on this point also I beg you will favour me with
your opinion.

I have.. &c.

Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D., (Signed) Steatford DE Redcliffe.

&c. kc. &c.

Copy of a Letter from Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D., to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe.

Principal Medical Ofiicer's Office,
My Lord, Scutari, October 26, 1854(.

With reference to the communication I had the honour to make to your Lord-
ship yesterday, I now beg to state, that having consulted with the officers at the head of
the apothecary and purveying departments, as to what further supplies of medicines and
stores may be required for the comfort and sustenance of the sick and wounded, T have
to observe, that I find, as far as our present wants extend, Ave are satisfactorily supplied,
and more expected daily from England and Varna.

In so far as the resources of the neighbourhood are concerned, it does not appear that
there has l^een of late any deficiency, and that the qualit}^ of the hospital supplies has
improved. There are, however, a few matters in v/hich the Turkish Government might
probably aftbrd assistance, viz., in a further loan of Turkish bedding and utensils, such as
tables, chairs, &c. and it is stated to me by the purveyor, that the Seraskier, who formerly
furnished some bedding, &c., v/as pleased to promise every assistance in his power in the
event of necessity.

The erection of stoves in the btvrraeks and hospital at Scutari for the comfort of the
sick and wounded, is also a matter of considerable importance, and will require speedy
attention, to be prepared for the winter season.

I feel extremely obliged for the interest your Lordship has so kindly taken in assisting
us on this important occasion ; and as the Government appears desirous of every informa-
tion, I beg to observe that the sick and wounded in this hospital, up to the present time,
have wanted for no surgical appliances, and they have received every care and attention,
which their situation so imperatively demanded.

I have, &c.
(Signed) Duncan Menzies.
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

&c. &c. &c.

Copy of a Letter from Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D.

Sir, Therapia, November 2, 18.54.

Since the receipt of your letter, dated the 26th ultimo, I have communicated
with the Turkish authorities, and particvdarly with the Seraskier, respecting those further
supplies which you describe as being desirable for the comfort of the sick and wounded in
hospital.

I am happy to say that, as far as assurances may be trusted, their Excellencies are
disposed to meet our wants and our wishes to the full ; and I have, therefore, to request
that you Avill furnish me, as soon as you conveniently can, with a list of the articles
wanted, including tlie number or quantities of each, accompanied with such remarks as
may be desirable for the more complete information of those who are to proAdde them.

Hitherto 1 learn from you that bedding, — and I presume bedsteads, stoves, tables, chairs,
and such like necessary things, — are the objects more immediately wanted in addition to
the present stock. These articles have been, mentioned to the Seraskier in general terms,
and I have no doubt that whatever it ma}^ be in his power to do will be done, as f ocn as
I obtain from a^ou tlie list winch I have mentioned above.

I have, &c.

Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D., (Signed) STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE.

&c. &c, &a

L 1

262

Copt of a Letter from Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D., to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe.

My Lord, General Hospital, Scutari, November 5, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to state, in reply to your Lordship's communication of the
2d instant, in reference to the supplies we required from the Turkish authorities, that we
have received 200 sets of bedding nearly complete ; the paliasses, with the necessary
bedding, but no iron bedsteads, have yet arrived. The other things which I noticed in
my letter to your Lordship, it is stated are to be furnished by the Chief Apothecary to
the Ottoman Government, such as tables and chairs, to the extent of at least 50 of each,
the former being for the purpose of writing upon in the different wards ; and I have to
state to your Lordship that means for heating the wards and corridors in the Barrack
Hospital are still wanting, but those required for the General Hospital are in a state of
slow progress.

I have, &c.

Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, G.C.B., (Signed) Duncan Menzies,

&c. &c. &c. Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

Copy of a Letter from Dr. Menzies to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe.

My Lord, General Hospital, Scutari, November 20, 1854.

With reference to my last communication to your Lordship on the 26th October
and 4th instant, relative to your communication of the 2d instant, I have now the
honour to forward a list of articles wliich I have requested the Purveyor-in -Chief to
furnish me without delay for your Lordship's consideration, and which I find, from the
non-arrival of all our own stores, as we daily expected, from Varna, are now urgently
required, as being essentially necessary to the comfort and welfare of the sick and
wounded already in hospital, and those which may be expected.

I have, &c.

Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, G.GB. (Signed) Duncan Menzies,

&c. &c. &c. Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

Copr of a Letter from Lieutenant-Colonel Steele to Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D.

Sir, ' Near Sevastapol, November 12, 1854.

I am directed by Lord Raglan to request that you will furnish Lord Stratford as
soon as possible with a detailed list of such articles as may be required in the Hospital
Department at Scutari, which list Lord Stratford requested you to send him in his letter
of the 2d instant.

I have, &c.

Duncan Menzies, Esq. M.D. (Signed) Thomas Steele, Lieut.-Colonel,

&c. &c. Military Secretary.

Copy of a Letter from Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D. to Lieutenant-Colonel Steele.

Sir, General Hospital, Scutari, November 19, 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 1 2th
instant, calling upon me, by direction of Lord Raglan, to furnish Lord Stratford de Red-
cliffe, as soon as possible, with a list of such articles as we require in the Hospital Depart-
ment at Scutari.

I beg leave to state in reply, that far from neglecting my duty in not furnishing the
statement required, I lost no time, on receiving the Ambassador's letter, to consult with
the Purveyor-in-Chief; and with the exception of the articles alluded to in my communica-
tion to his Excellency, there did not appear to be anything required, of which a list was
to be furnished at that time, and being in daily expectation of receiving oiu: stores, said
to be on the way from Varna,

I have, however, in consequence of the orders conveyed in yom- letter from Lord
Raglan, again called upon the Purveyor to make out a detailed list of such articles as he
may now stand in need of, which I will take particular care to furnish without delay to
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe,

1 have, &c.

Lieut.-Colonel Steele, (Signed) Duncan Menzies,

&c. &a Deputy Inspector General of Hospitals.

263

Copy of a Letter from T. M. Wreford, Esq. to Duncan Menzies, Esq. M.D., Scutari.

Sir, Scutari, November 19, 1854.

In reply to your commimication of last evening, again referring to a letter from
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, dated the 2d instant, in which his Lordship requested a list
of any articles which might be required for the hospital here, and upon which you con-
ferred with me at the time; but as we were then in daily expectation of I'eceiving a
large supply of stores from Varna, we came to a conclusion, as our necessities at the
moment were not urgent, that we should be justiiied in delaying a short time seeking
extraneous aid, in the hope that the arrival of those stores would render such a course
unnecessary.

As, however, the Varna stores have not yet all arrived (a poition only by the "Triton"
having come to hand I have now the honour to submit for his Lordship's consideration
a list of some articles for which there is now a pressing demand, and wliich are essen-
tially necessary to the comfort and welfare of the sick and wounded already in hospital,
and those which may be expected.

I have, &c.
(Signed) T. M. Wreford,
Duncan Menzies, Esq., M.D. Purveyor-in-Chie£
&c. &c. &c.

Return of Stores required for the use of the Hospital at Scutari, in consequence of
the Stores expected from Varna not having yet arrived.

Hair brooms - » . . 200

Tin cans (2 gallons each) - - - 100

Bed-pans - _ , _ 200

Close-stool frames - - - - 150

Spitting boxes - - - - 300

Mop heads - - - . - _ 500

Mop handles - - - 100

Hand scrubbing brushes - - - 100

Tin plates - . - _ . i^OOO

Drinking cups (1 pint each) - - - 1,000

Buckets (2 gallons each) - - - 100

Washhand basins ----- 200

Urinals ----- 700

Spoons - - - . - 200

Soup ladles, with long handles - - 40

Frying pans - _ _ - . 12

Slippers ----- 1,000

Woollen or worsted socks (pairs) - - - 2,000

(Signed) T. M. Wreford,
Purveyor's Office, Scutari, Purveyor-in-Chief
November 19, 1864.

LI 2

264

Letter from the Commissioners to the Apothecary-in-Chief, Scutari.

Sir, Scutari, 28th November.

Having been instriicted by the Minister for War to make certain inquiries into
the condition of the hospital accommodation provided for tlie British Army in the East,
inchiding the provision made and in actual operation for the supply of medicines and
medical stores necessary lor the relief and x^Y'^^^^^^'^'on of the sick and v/ounded of Her
Majesty's Army in the Crimea, we have to request that you will favour us, at your
earliest convenience, with a return of all medicines, surgical instruments, and appliances
which were in your custody or stores on the ist September last; also a return of the
several articles since received by you, distinguishing in eacii case from what quarter
they were obtained; and also a return of the daily issue from 1st September to
28th November 1854.

We have, &c.

(Signed) A. Cumming.

P. Benson Maxwell.
P. Sinclair J^aing.

Letter fi-om the Commissioners to the Purveyor»in-Chief, Scutari.

Sir, Scutari, 28th November.

Having been instructed by ttie Minister for War to make certain inquiries into
the state of hospital accommodation provided for the British army in the East, including
in such inquiry the amount of provision made and in actual operation for the supply of
medical stores and comforts necessary for the relief and preservation of the sick and
wounded of the army in the Crimea and Turkey, we have to request that you will favour
us, at your earliest convenience, with a return of the several articles of stores and medical
comforts which were in your custody or stores on the 1st September last; also of the
several articles which were in use in the hospital establishment at Scutari on the
1st September last; also a return of the several articles since received by you,
distinguishing in each case from what quarter they were obtained ; also a return of the
daily issues from the 1st September to the 30th November 1854.

We have, 8;c.

(Signed) A. Cumming.

P. Benson Maxwell.
P. Sinclair Laing.

Answer to the foregoing Letter.

Gentlemen, Scutari, 1st December 1854.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo,
which came to, hand last evening, requesting to be furnished with certain information
relative to the hospital stores, medical comforts, {kc. in possession of the purveyor's
department at this station on the 1st September last, also what has since been received,
&c., and in reply to inform you that as 1 did not arrive in this country until the middle of
October last, I have referred your letter to Mr. Purveyor Ward, the officer in charge of
the executive duties of the department here, with the request that he will furnish you
with every information on the subject at his earliest convenience.

I have, &c.
(Signed) M. Wreford,

Purveyor-in-Chief.

Letter from Mr. Purveyor Ward to the Commissioners.

Gentlemen, General Hospital, Scutari, 21st December 1854.

I regret my inability at the moment to complete the information required of me
at the interview on the 17lh instant as i-egards the returns of medical comforts and stores
to the end of November. All the available force I possess for current duties alone is
arduously employed from the present increase of wounded fiom the Iront, and really
inadequate to the fulfilment of our various duties.

From the 16th July (v,'hen Messrs. Furlong and Toller were ordered to Varna) to
23d September following, I was without otlser means for the various duties of the
hospital, with shipments, and receipts of stores, and tlie returns and accounts remained in
consequence in abeyance, and are still requiring aid for ti)eir formation.

When the bustle of the moment shall subside I hope to be able to comply with your
wishes.

I have, &c.
(Signed) L. Ward,

Purveyor to the Forces.

265

Retuen of the Receipts and Issues of Purveyor's Stores n,fc Her Ma]e.sty's General Hospital
at ^Scutari in Asia, from May 8 to August 31, 1854.

Keceipts.

Issues. .

Remaining
August 31.

a
o

TOTAI,.

Assistant Si

'V.

S «'

Gallipoli,
May 22.

Vavna,
May 29.

Varna,
June 19.

Field Equip
ment.

Total Issuec

Eemaining.

lu Use.

Ill Store. '

Bedding.

Palliassos - - No.

1,122

162

399

Q49

1 on
1 aV

1 SO

Bolsters - „

1,122

150

225

162

399

049

1 QO
1 oU

180

Sheets - - „

3,366

fiT 1

486

1 f\'^Q
L jU— C7

I,/ 01

1 14^

Blankets - - „

2,244

o oil

oyjyj

450

324

ijlOO

7fi9

Eugs - . - „

1,122

1 TOO
1,1 J.^

1 if)

162

543

0 It)

1 Q'\

Mattresses, liair - „

440

'i-tXJ

o
id

122

1 8
010

120

Bolsters - - „

440

122

0 1 0

120

Clothing.

Flannel Shirts -

3.30

ooU

9 /in

940

Serge Crowns - „

156

„ Trowsers - „

156

lOD

,, W aistcoats ,,

156

lob

o-t

Cotton GoAvns - „

220

120

100

„ Trowsers - „

220

120

100

„ Waistcoats „

220

120

100

„ Caps - „

220

120

100

Linen Shirts - „

660

180

480

Stockings & Socks, Pairs

110

—

Worsted Caps - No.

156

Wood Ware.

Long scrubbing 1
brushes - „ J

Hand ditto - - „

Long sweeping ditto „

Hand ditto - - „

White washing ditto „

Handles for mops, &c. ,,

220

140

Water Buckets - ,,

Washing Tubs „

L 1 3

ISSITES.

Kemaining
August 31.

ec, May.

'urchase.

Total.

poll,
y 22.

I Equip-
It.

1 Issued.

]3
*c3

a>
u
O

Balb

Galli
Ma;

Tota

Kemi

I-H

In St

Pewter and Zinc.|

Bed pans

No.

110

Stool pans - -

Chamber pots - „

660

150

180

360

300

Basins

" »>

Q
O

Tea pots

'si

Ditto

Spitting pots - „

110

Tin.

Saucepans - - „

Kettles

>»

—

Quart pots - „

198

—

198

—

162

Pint pots

" »

1,320

—

1,320

360

—

1,080

240

140

100

Lamps, hand, agitable „

Do. passage „

176

120

100

Burners for do. double ")
wick - - No. J

176

120

100

Lanterns, punched No.

Coffee pots „

Slipper baths - - „

Funnels,

six-inch - „

Do.

eight-inch - „

Dishes, IS^ inch •- „

220

100

120

Plates

1,650

300

600

900

750

450

300

Measure

9 - Sets
Copper.

Coppers

, 20 gallons No.

Do.

12 do. - „

Measure

8 - - Sets

267

Receipts.

Issues.

Remaining
Aug. 31, 1854.

;hase.

Field
Equipment.

In Store.

Melita,
May 8.

Balbec,
May.

By Pur<

Total.

Galipoli,
May 25

Varna,
May 2 J

Varna,
June li

Total Iss

Remainii

In Use.

Ikon, &c.

Trivets for coppers

No.

Scale-beams to weigh 1

1121bs.

Weights

—

Scales to weigh 28 lbs. -

—

Weights for do.

No.

110

1 1 n

Diet scales

—

Weights for do.

—

Weights, 561bs.

Weights, 28 lbs.

Scale boards

Sets

—

Tea kettles, 7 quarts

No.

—

1-1

-1

Do. do. 4 do.

Flesh forks

Soup ladles -

—

Carving knives and
forks

Iron spoons

1,650

300

450

750

900

300

600

Knives and forks

528

—

528

144

240

288

200

Frying pans -

—

Candlesticks, with
snuifers

Meat choppers

—

Shovels

Sets

Spades

Hatchets

No.

Felling axes

))

—

Hand saws -

Screw-drivers

Gimblets

Chisels, socket 1-in.
and l-|-in. -

,.}

Hammers

! ^

Cooper's adzes

1 >

Tap-borers -

))

! 1

Nails

11,000

! 1,000

2,000

3,000

8,000

3,000

5,000

L 1 4

268

Receipts.

Issues.

Remaining
Aug. 31, 1854.

Melita,
May 1854-

Balbec
May.

By Purchase.

Total.

Galipoli,
May 22.

Varna,
May 26.

Varna,
June 19.

I-'ield

Equipment.

By Purchase.

Total Issued.

Remaining.

la Use.

In Store.

1 T?<^'W f*nti tin 11 />f7
Xi\v^l>— C(//f te/f it (.11*

kJVX C W o • -1-1 \J»

1,100

—

1,100

100

200

300

800

300

500

JjlclLca vVltll l5L/lC»\* (

driver bits - „ J

Frames, close stool

\J\J

«)0

Padlocks with staples

4-4.

1 9

SUXDRIES.

Boards, bed - - No.

1 ,OOVJ

1,650

450

570

180

Tressels - - „

1,100

300

.mo

380

120

330

I 0

202

^19

large - - J

—

Do. middling - „

38i

38J

T
1

lOi

Do. small - „

Do. white - „

lOi

Do. whited brown „

A
t:

1 o

Hessen, (33 yards) Pieces

1 1

1 1
1 1

Q
O

Water decks - - No.

1 1 o
1 iU

1 1 O

O (

Ad O

V-'OLLUll NVlCi^ "

^ X

XaipdiUiillo •■ " j5

f V dtv:! Ul OUi UeU" 1

covers - " » /

220

—

220

—

161

Lucifer matches - Boxes

132

Slippers - - Pairs

550

150

300

250

Huckaback - Yard?

198

108

Mopheads, with nails No.

132

Mallets, wood - „

X 1

Needles, packing - „

44'

1 12

Do. sewing - „

550

100

150

400

150

250

Towels, round - „

132

1 48

T^n TiOTid —

132

Urinals - - „

14.

Chairs - - „

269

Receipts.

Issues.

Remaining
Aug. 31, 1853.

Melita,
May 1854.

Ealbec.

Commissariat.

Total.

Gallipoli,
May 22.

Varna,
May 29.

Varna,
June 19.

Varna,
July 19.

Varna.

Total Issued.

Remaining.

In Use.

In Store.

Sundries — continued.

Rollers for towels - No.

Brackets for do. - ,,

Long tables -

Forms - -

Hospital canteens - A.

Do. do. - B.

Bedding to accora- \
pany do. - Bags J

128

126

Do. blankets - No.

.528

240

768

144

192

240

144

7.56

Do. rugs -

264

120

384

120

378

Do. palliasses -

264

120

384

120

378

Do. bolsters - „

264

120

384

120

378

Do. sheets ~ ?i

792

360

1,152

216

288

360

216

1,134

Straps for H canteens „

(Signed) L. Ward,
General Hospital, Scutari, Purveyor to the Forces.

December 11, 18.54.

M m

270

List of Articles struck out m the Requisitions filed in the General and Barrack
Hospitals at Scutari from the 1st October 1854 to 31st January 1855.

Date.

Eequisitions.

Date.

Eequisitions.

7 Oct.

6 water cans (1 supplied).

20 Oct.

1 tin ess. of beef.

3 mops.

2 99 35

1 table. 1 hair broom.

2 „ „ 1 bottle of brandy.

5 pillows. 42 sheets. 30 tin plates.

1 bottle of wine.

1 tin can. 1 tin dish.

55 55

4 patent oil lamps.

2 quarts porter. 1 bed pan.

3 hair brooms.

1 bottle of brandy.

9 basins. 4 bed pans.

1 wooden tray. 4 bed pans.

4 hair brooms. 4 mops.

1 Nov.

3 meat boards. 65 tin plates.

4 water cans. 6 urinals.

65 trestles. 47 rugs.

4 birch brooms.

36 spitting cups. 15 urine bottles.

12 rugs.

1 rug.

2 pitcher crocks. 1 urinal.

10 urinals (1 supplied).

1 water can. 1 hair broom.

1 tub. 2 closestools. 1 water can.

1 rug.

1 wooden tray. 1 table. 1 tin can.

1 hair mattress. 1 pillow.

1 table. 2 closestools.

4 close stools. 4 saucepans.

91 rugs. 8 water cans.

4 mops. 4 brooms.

8 trays (1 supplied). 8 rugs.

5»

12 lbs. soap.

3 saucepans. 2 passage lamps.

2 lbs. soap.

2 mops. 25 pieces matting.

3 spittoons.

1 bed and 2 blankets.

1 table. 1 hair broom.

2 sets of bedding.

6 sets boards and trestles.

1 closestool.

14 copper basins.

40 tins.

1 hair broom. 1 mop.

12 bottles of wine (4 issued).

1 water can. 2 candlesticks.

2 gallons rum (1 issued).

;;

1 lamp.

2 doz. of wine. 1 lamp burner.

" 1

2 fouls.

19 Dec.

1 doz. lemons.

55 '

4 water cans. 12 spoons.

21 Jan.

1 doz. candles.

1 bottle of brandy.

1 set bed and bedding.

2 tins ess. of beef.

Letter from Mr. Purveyor Stuart to the Commissioners.

Sir, Barra(;k Hospital, Scutari, 4th December 1854.

Agreeably to the request of the Commissioners of Inquiry, I have the honour to
transmit for their information the enclosed returns specified in the margin.*

I have, &c.,
(Signed) Selkirk Stuart,

Purveyor to the Forces.

Lists of Articles issued to the Contract Washerman.

7th November 1854.
26 rugs.

105 hair pillows.
48 straw pillows.
11 great coats.
4 coatees.

22 sheets, 4 shirts.f
39 palliasses.
114 hair beds.
46 straw beds.

9 Turkish beds.
2 haversacks.
524 blankets.

8th November.
42 hair beds.

12th November.
235 blankets.
81 rugs.
40 hair beds.

* List of articles issued to contract washermen.
List of articles received from washermen.
List of soldiers wives employed to wash.

Number of shirts received into and issued from purveyor's store.
Number of shirts found in knapsacks in pack store.
I Found in the dirty linen shed.

271

1 4th November.
400 blankets.

15th November.

80 palliasses.
80 sheets.

76 blankets.

9 hair beds.
7 small beds.

19 rugs.

30 great coats.

16 th November.

27 paiiiasses.

7 Turkish beds.

3 hair beds.
70 straw pillows.
65 blankets.

7 rugs.
44 hair pillows.

2 large pillows.

77 sheets.

1 2 great coats.

20 coatees.

3 pair trowsers.
1 shirt.

1 cavalry cloak.

2 Turkish coverlets.

1 Turkish bed.

2 palliasses.

4 flock pillows.

17th November.

16 palliasses.

12 hair beds.
69 blankets.

117 sheets.

10 rugs.

13 pillows.

4 hair pillows.

2 artillery cloaks.
10 great coats.

1 hospital gown.
1 small bed.

3 coatees.

1 cap cover.

2 small pillows.

1 shirt.

4 haversacks.

i9th November.

55 blaiikets.

2 hair beds.
19 palliasses.

3 small beds.
1 hair pillow.

10 straw pillows.
43 sheets.

1 shirt.

3 great coats.

1 coatee.

5 haversacks.

1 blue jacket.

2 cavalry cloaks.

1 pair trowsers.

2 worsted caps.
2 cap covers.

7 rugs.

1 flannel belt.

22d November.

160 blankets.
20 rugs.

10 palliasses.

25th November.

6 hair beds.

1 hair pillow.
36 paiiiasses.
28 pillows.

9 small flock beds.
260 blankets.

164 sheets.
36 rugs.
1 waterproof sheet.

1 striped waistcoat.

2 Turkish coverlets.

1 1 great coats.

1 cavalry cloak.

2 small pads.

26th November.

5 hair beds.

4 hair pillows.

3 small flock beds.
50 palliasses.

10 bolsters.
213 blankets.
156 sheets.
34 rugs.
I Turkish bed.
1 Tmkish coverlet.
30 great coats.
3 hospital gowns.

I hospital waistcoat.

1 hospital trowsers.

12 coatees.

2 pair trowsers.

15 pair black trowsers.

6 haversacks.
2 cap covers.
2 pads.

28th November.

1 hair bed.

8 small flock beds

21 palliasses.
8 pillows.

231 blankets.
17 sheets.

II rugs.

2 hospital gowns.

1 hospital trowsers.

2 great coats.
2 coatees.

1 pair regimental trowsers.

30th November.

50 palliasses.

22 pillows.

13 hair beds.

4 hair pillows.
200 blankets.
40 sheets.

10 small flock beds.
29 Turkish flock beds.
27 Turkish palliasses.

M ra 2

272

2d Deceiiiber.

3 hair beds.
21 palliasses.

9 pillows.
102 blankets.
83 sheets.

4th December 1854.

8 rugs.

3 Turkish sheets.

2 Turkish coverlets.

9 small flock beds.

5 Turkish palliasses.
1 Turkish flock bed.

3 pads.

Selkrik Stuart,

Purveyor to the Forces.

List of washed Articles received from the Contractor for Washing.

7 th November 1854.

121 blankets.
15 rugs.
60 palliasses.
59 sheets.
54 pillows.
4 shirts.

2 flannel bandages.

15 cotton bandages.

3 haversacks.

2 towels.

3 pair trowsers.

14 great coats.

12th November.

146 blankets.

2 rugs.

•2 hospital gowns.
1 1 great coats.

16 hair beds.

14th November.

289 blankets.
45 rugs.

17 hair mattresses.

18 hair pillows.
26 palliasses.
26 pillows.

22 sheets.
1 flock bed.

16th November,

53 blankets.
63 rugs.
30 hair beds.
1 artillery cloak.

18th November.

160 blankets.

15 hair beds.
40 rugs.

19th November.

142 blankets.
56 palliasses.
32 rugs.
76 sheets.

3 white sheets.
42 straw pillows.

22d. November.

37 hair beds.
16 hair pillows.

25th November.

20 hair beds.
89 blankets.
48 sheets.
9 rugs.

28th November.

26 hair beds.
281 blankets.
167 sheets.

36 palliasses.
43 pillows.
20 rugs.

1 Turkish coverlet.

4 pair regimental trowsers.

27 coatees.

2 shell jackets.
2 haversacks.

5 pair of socks.
2 cap covers.

16 flannel belts.

7 shirts.

2 cavalry cloaks.
1 hospital gown.

29th November.

64 hair pillows.
80 blankets.

9 sheets.
60 rugs.

8 small flock beds.

3 Turkish beds.

30th November.

20 blankets.
20 rugs.

38 sheets.

3 white sheets.
20 palliasses.

7 Turkish palliasses.

6 'J'urkish pillows.

4 hair beds.
60 hair pillows.

14 small Turkish beds.

4th December 1854.

Selkirk Stuart,

Purveyor to the Forces.

273

List of Soldiers' Wives engaged to wash the personal Linen of Patients in tlio
Barrack Hospital at Scutari, with the Number of Articles washed by them.

Corps to which
the Women belong.

G. Guards
L. Guards
?)

1st Foot
88th „

95th Foot
»>

K. Artillery

Names of Women.

Mrs. Wesson
Mrs. Watts
Mrs. Bencroft
Mrs. Gallery
Mrs. Cain
Mrs. Malone
Mrs. Lowry
Mrs. Fallon
Mrs. Lynch
Mrs. Morgan
Mrs. Cooney
Mrs. Connor
Mrs. Donaghay
Mrs. Dempsy
Mrs. Fraser
Mrs. Travers
Mrs. Coyle
Mrs. Elsey

Total

23d November 185i.

18
19

38
20
41
39
20
40
20
20
20

20
20
60
60
60
60

595

1st December 1854.

26
26

20
40
20
20
20
25
33
20
20
40
15
21
30

394

4th December 1854.

Selkirk Stuart,

Purveyor to the Forces.

Number of Check Shirts received into and issued from the Purveyou's Store at
the Barrack Hospital, Scu tari, during the Month of November.

1,95L

J 1 Tx 1 lor^ Selkirk Stuart,

4th December, 18.54. Purveyor to the Forces.

Number of Shirts found in Patients Knapsacks that are deposited in the Pack Store

of the Barrack Hospital at Scutari.

Twenty-two.

, , „ , Selkirk Stuart,

4th December, 1854. Purveyor to the Forces.

Return of the Number of Shirts issued from the Purveyor's Stores in the
General Hospital and Barrack Hospital at Scutari, from 1st October 1854
to I6th February 1855.

To Barrack
Hospital.

Issued.

To Genera
Hospital.

To Knluli.

Haidar Pa si

To Miss
Niglitingal

Total.

Remarks.

From iStore at General

Hospital

4,203

512

1,000

5,715

From Store at Barrack

Hospital

3,019

558

442

1,500

5,519

Totals issued

4,203

3,019

551

954

2,500

11,234

Barrack Hospital, Scutari, Selkirk Stuart,

22d February 1855. Purveyor to the Forces.

M m 3

Account of Clothing received into Quartermaster's Store at Scutari.

Date.

Shirts.

Drawers.

Socks. ;

Mitts.

Trousers.

Boots.

1854.
Dec. 5
„ 16

589
3,588

1,173
1 817

4,628
4 597

1855.
Jan. 14
" 26

3,092

\:Z\

. 600

600

Feb. 2

2,081

4,086

„ 3

1,000

„ 5

2,000

4,000

360

Total

9,269

7,990

11,306

4,086

600

1,960

Received from Constantinople, pur-
chased by Captain Wetherall.

From Quartermaster General.
Purchased by order of Lord William
Paulet.

From Constantinople, purchased by

Captain Wetherall.
Purchased by order of Lord William

Paulet.

From Quartermaster General.

Of the above clothing there has been served out to the men of the General Depot,
and to invalids proceeding to England, since the 5th December, as follows : —

4,387

3,808 6,703

1,500

300

1,930

and 1,530 blankets.

Scutari, 15th February 1855.

Jasper Hall,

Captain 4th K.O. Regiment,
Qr. Mr.

The Store was established when the first articles of clothing were received, viz.
on the 5th December 1854, as above.

Jasper Hall,

Captain 4th Regiment,
Qr. Mr.

Abstract of the Number of Amputations treated in the General and Supplementary
Hospitals from the 26th September to the '27th November 1854.

Eesult.

Eesult

Description of Amputation.

Primary.

, S

1 arged
ilescent.

igland.

Secondary.

^1
t3 n

larged
lescent.

int

Igland.

Disci
Conva

Disch
Conva

Of a
o

r Shoulder

Upper J Arm

Extremities | Hand

^Finger

fThigh

Lower J Leg

37
39

6
5

28
31

3
3

33
11

28
8

2
3

Extremities | Foot

LToe -

Resection of Joints

Total

151

121

Total Cases treated, Primary and Secondary - 211.

Estimated List of Articles of Furniture and Clothing- for an Hospital, or a Diviftion
of an Hospital, consi&ting of 450 men.

To each Bed. To the Hospital or Division.

3 pairs of sheets.
3 bolster-covers.
3 shirts.

2 pairs of socks.

1 to 4 men.

1 to 4 men.
1 to 2 men.
1 to 4 men.
1 to 10 men.
1 to 5 men.

1 to 20 men

1,350
],350
1,350
900
450
450
450
450
450

113
450
113
225
113
45
90
100
100
22
16
45
30
16
30
45
45
8
16
45

45
45
90

pairs of sheets,
bolster-covers,
shirts.

pairs of socks,
hospital suits,
pairs of slippers,
knives^ forks, and spoons,
tin plates.

drinking cups, of 3 sorts, 1 for wine,

1 for tea, 1 for medicine,
night-chairs,
urinals,
bed-pans,
spitting cups,
wash-hand basons.

tin pails with covers and a rose for tea.

round towels.

cleaning cloths.

aprons for orderlies.

hand-scrubbers.

long scrubbers.

mops.

birch brooms.

hair brooms.

wooden buckets.

candlesticks.

lamps.

tin oil cans.

lamp-trimmers.

round trays, wooden, marked with

No. of ward,
small wooden trays,
sick-feeders,
tables,
forms.

No. 1.

Sir, Purveyor's Office, Scutari, 6th September 1854.

The principal medical officer at this station, Dr. Menzies, 1st. C. staff surgeon, has
just informed me that he has received instructions from the Inspector General of Hospitals,
Dr. Hall, to draw upon your stores for any articles ilie General Hospital here may be in need of.

I therefore beg that you will send to this station by the earliest opportunity as many
complete sets of bed-ljoards and trestles as you can spare, the same being urgently
required, also some large and small coppers.

I have, &c.

To W. J. A. Tucker, Esq., (Signed) L. Ward,

Purveyor to the Forces, Varna. I'urveyor to the Forces.

No. 2.

Sir,

Purveyor's Office, Scutari, 16th September 1854.
I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th instant, and to inform
you the stores of the Jason transhipped to the Bombay have been received here.

With reference to my letter of the 6th instant, we then required urgently as many
boards and trestles, with large and small coppers, as you could spare. None have yet
reached this station, and are much wanted to complete the hospital equipment here. I
must therefore request you will cause them to be forwarded by the first conveyance.

I have, &c.

To W. J. A. Tucker, Esq., (Signed) L. Ward,

Purveyor to the Forces, Varna. Purveyor to the Forces.

No. 3.

Sir,

Purveyor's Office, Varna, 16th November 1854.
I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 6th September last
(received 14th instant) in reference to stores urgently required for the hospital at Scutari.

I have, &c.

Lucas Ward, Esq., &c., (Signed) W. J. A. Tucker,

Purveyor to the Forces, Scutari. Purveyor to the Forces.

M TO 4

276

Gentlemen, Convalescent Ship, Seraf^lio Point, 8th December 1854.

In reply to your communication bearing date 6th December, and received by me
on the 8th December, I have the honour to forward for your information answers to the
several questions therein contained.

Questions.

1. Name of vessel or hulk of which you are

in charge ?

2. Re<xistercd tonnage ?

8. Height between decks?

4. Number of cots?

„ hammocks?
„ standing berths ?
„ mattresses ?
„ blankets?

rugs ?
„ sheets ?

5. Number of water closets ?

„ night stools?
„ bed pans ?
5, urinals?

„ other such conveniences?
G. Average supply of principal medicines?

„ surgical instruments?

„ materials and

appliances?
,, medical comforts?

„ provisions and water?

7. Means of ablution?

8. State of ventilation ?

9. Number of sick, wounded, and conva-

lescents on board?
10. Number of men (it for duty ?

11. Number of surgeons under you?
1*2. Number of orderlies and other attendants
on board ?

13. Number wlio are fit for duty?

14. Number of deaths on board since the

1st November, and from what causes?
Means and deficiencies of cooking?

16. Regularity of meals?

17. Means of washing personal and bed

clothing, and wiiat use has been made
of them ?

18. What number of sick, wounded, and

convalescents is the vessel capable, in
your opinion, of accommodating, with
a due regard to their health and
couifurt ?

Answers.

Called " Convalescent Ship."

lower 7 feet

About 2,300.

Main deck 6 feet 5 inches

1 inch.
75 cots (trestles).
670 hammocks.
No standing berths.
70 mattresses.
1,500 received.
No rugs.
No sheets.

5. Accommodation for 24 in the head

2 night stools.

3 bed pans.
6 urinals.

24 chamber pots.

6. Supply good and abundant.

Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto.

Ditto ditto.

Ditto ditto.
35 tubs, 2 baths, and soap.
Ports, windows, and hatchways render

the ventilation good.
Sick 40, wounded 49, and convalescents

356.

None at present. 81 discharged to duly
on the 6th December, but 312 have
been sent to duty since the ship has
been established, 95 have been sent
for change of climate to Malta, and
18 invalided to England.

One assistant surgeon.

One sergeant-major acting wardmaster,
one hospital sergeant, one quartermaster

9.
10.

It.

12.

14.

15.

16.

18.

sergeant, and 15 orderlies.
All fit for duty witli one exception.
Deaths 14. Cholera 4, diarrhoea 6,

dysentery 1, and fever 3.
3 coppers, of these 2 are large and 1 small.
2 dozen saucepans at present on board.
Deficient: Flesh fork, soup ladle, and
gridiron.

Breakfast 8 a.m., dinner 1p.m., evening-
meal 6 p.m.

Bed clothing washed by the purveyor's
department, personal linen by the men
themselves 2 days in each week.

The vessel, as at present constituted, is
capable of accommodating 600 conva-
lescents.

The Commissioners,
Scutari.

I have, &c.
(Signed) H. Somebs, M.D.

Staff' Surgeon, 2d class.

In charge.

277

HOSPITAL AT VARNA.

Cory of a Letter from Dr. Jameson, Staff Surgeon, 1st Class, and Principal
Medical Officer, Abydos, to the Commissioners.

General Hospital, Abydos,
Gentlemen, 15th December 1854.

I HAVE the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your coramunication dated Scutari,
the 1st December 1854; and in accordance with the instructions contained thei ein I now
beg to submit for your consideration the four under-mentioned documents, viz. :

1st. Return showing the Number of Men daily admitted and discharged in the General
Hospital, Varna, from the 1st to the 29th September 1854, on which last-named day the
establishment was closed, all patients having been either discharged to duty, or transferred
to Scutari, or had died.

2. Return showing the Number of Surgeons, Assistant Surgeons, Dressers, Orderlies,
and other Medical and Hospital Officers and Attendants on actual service daily in said
hospital during the same period.

3. A Return of Daily Admissions and Discharges in the Hospital of Depot establislied on
South side of Varna Bay, from the 1st September to the 15th November 1854, on which
latter date said hospital was closed, and the sick, with one or two exceptions, embarked on
board steam transport " Kangaroo " for Scutari or Abydos.

4. A Copy of the only Invoice of Hospital Stores received by me while Principal Medical Rec^ 24th Oct.
Officer at Varna, but which stores never came to band, the original of said invoice being 1854.

now at that station, in possession of Assistant Surgeon O'Leary, o9th Regiment, the officer
in medical charge of depot at present remaining there.

Owing to circumstances, here unnecessary to recapitulate, but over which I had no
control, the hospital records of Varna are not at present in my possession. This will, I
trust, account for the omission of any Return showing the Number of Officers admitted
and discharged, &;c.

I may, however, remark, that, with a single exception, no officers were treated within
the hospital. They all occupied their own quarters in town ; the great majority had been
taken ill at some of the out-stations, and merely came to Varna for a day or two prior to
embarkation for change either to Scutari or liingland.

In further explanation of these documents, I may also mention, that when, in obedience
to General Orders, I assumed charge of Medical department at Varna, the following hospital
establishments were formed in that town or vicinity —

1. Those of the various regiments composing the Brigade of Heavy Cavalry under charge
of their own medical officers, and under general superintendence of Ist-Class Staff Surgeon
OTlaherty.

2. That of the Ambulance Corps under charge of Staff Assistant Surgeon Jackson, All
these hospitals were broken up on removal of their respective corps to the Crimea toward
the end of September last.

3. Hospital of Depot established on north side of Varna Bay, under medical change of
Assistant Surgeon OTeary, 59th Regiment, with one Assistant. This is now the only
hospital left there, and remains still under charge of the same officer, in whose possession
are all the documents required for making up the Return of " Admissions, &c., &c."
during the period ending SOth November 1854.

4. The Hospital of Depot established on South side of Varna Bay, under charge of
Ist-Class Staff Surgeon Carr, and seven Assistants, afterwards (21st October) under cliarge
of 2d-Class Staff Surgeon Dowdinjj and two Assistants.

5. T'he General Hospital closed on the 29th September 1854, as already stated.

In conclusion, I may remai'k that all these Regimental and Depot Hospitals had, I believe,
the usual number of Orderlies and Sergeants. The General Hospital as per Return.

I have, &c.
T. Ross Jameson, M.D.,

Staff Surgeon, 1st Class, and
To the Commissioners appointed to inquire into Principal Medical Officer, Abydos.
the Hospital Arrangements for the Army in the East.

N n

Numerical Return of Mex admitted and discharged in the General Hospital,
Varna, from the 1st to the 29th September 1854, inclusive.

Date.

Number oi

JN umber oi

Date.

Number oi

jV umber of

Admissions.

Discharges.

Admissions.

Di sc hzirge s.

Septejnber

]

85'

129

Total

228

477

T. Ross Jameson, M.D.,

Staff Surgeon.

Numerical Return of Surgeons, Assistant Surgeons, Dressers, Orderlies, and other
Medical and Hospital Attendants employed daily in the General Hospital,
Varna, fi-om the 1st to the 29th September inclusive.

Date.

Staff Surgeons, 1st
Class.

Surgeons.

Assistant
Surgeons.

Apothecaries. !

Purveyors and Pur-
veyors' Clerks.

Stewards.

"VVardmasters.

Pack Store keepers.

Porters.

a
>->

Labourers in Apothe-
caries' Store.

Labouiers in Pur-
veyors' Stores.

Cooks.

Orderlies.

Staff 2nd Class.

Regimental.

Staff.

Regimental.

4 1

T. Ross Jameson, M.D.,

Staff Surgeon.

279

Numerical Return of Men admitted and discharged m the South Depot Hospital,
from the 1st September 1854 to the 15th November 1854.

SEPTEMBER.

Date.

September 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Total -

Number
of Admission.

17
6
4

10
4
6

o
4
8
5
16
8

6
7
8
4
2
6
2
4
6
18
9

215

Number
of Discharge.

8
15
21
48
19
14
.7
16

6
16
16

8
10
14
24
13
19
21
16
13
10

5
5

3
5
22
50

450

OCTOBER.

Date.

October

Number
of Admission.

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 I
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

6
5
15
1

2
3
3
9
4
1
4
3
3
8
3
5
1

5
7

6
4
4
7
6
5
3

Total

149

Numbjr
of Disch irge.

NOVEMBER.

Date.

November

Number
of Admission.

Number
of Discharge.

6
1
6
3
10

1
10

Date.

November 10
11
12
13
14
15

Total

Number
of Admission.

1
2

10
9
4

Number
of Discharge.

N n 2

280

(Received 24tli October 1854.)

Copy of an Invoice.

Laden on board Her Majesty's Ship Stromboli, li. Hall, Commander, the'several Stores
under mentioned, to be delivered to the senior officer of the j!^rmy Medical Department
at Varna, dated London, •22d September 1854.

B.O. 24lh March 1854, F. 4551.

Waistcoats, striped Cotton
Gowns „ 5,

Trowsers „ „

For the 25 sets of Hospital Stores.

1,300 in 13 Bales 3fi7 5) 379.
1,000 „ 23 „ 333 a) 352.
1,050 „ 14 „ 353 a) 366.

8 Quarts 25
6 „ 25
4 „ 25
Saucepans < 3 „ 25

2 „ 25
1 ,, 25

3 Pints 25^
Extra for the 25 proportions.

. In 4 Cases, 392 a) 395.

Frames, Close Stool 1 -r oon - om

Iron j 1" Cases, 380 bj 391

Cases 16.

Office of Ordnance, Tower,
2d September 1854.

(Signed) Amos Hodgson,

Deputy Storekeeper

Copy of a Letter from W. L. A. Tucker, Purveyor to the Forces, to the Commissioners.

Purveyor's Office, Abydos,
Gentlemen, j 16th December, 1854.

I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st December,
requiring me to furnish certain Returns in reference to Hospital Stores and Medical
Comforts in my charge at Varna on the 1st September last, and of the receipts and issues
at that station within the periods from 1st September to 30ih November. I beg, in
obedience thereto, to enclose the following, which I trust will be found satisfactory, viz. :

Stores.

1. Return of Purveyor's Stores received and issued at Varna from 1st June to 31st
August 1854, showing also the numbers in store on the 1st September, and of those in use
at the same date.

2. Return of Purveyor's Stores received at Varna from 1st September to 30th November,
showing from wliat quarter they came.

3. Invoice of Stores per Jason.

Daily Issues of Provisions, Sfc.

4. Account of the Dally Issues at the General Hospital, Varna, from 1st September
to 30th.

5. Account of Fresh Provisions, &c. issued to Invalids on board the " Mercia " transport
in lieu of the ordinary Ship ration.

6. Ditto ditto on board the transport " Bombay."

Medical Comforts, §t.

7. Account of Medical Comforts remaining in store on the 1st September.

8. Account of Medical Comforts received from 1st September to 17th November,
showing from what quarter they were obtained.

9. Account of Medical Comforts, &c. issued to the Sick (not in General Hospital)
from 1st September to 17th November 1854.

I have, &ic.

W. L. A. Tucker,

To ths Commissioners appointed to inquire into Purveyor to the Forces,

the Hospital Arrangements for the Army in the East.

281

Return of Purveyors' Stores received and issued at Varna from the 1st June to 31st August
1854 ; showing also tlie Numbers in Store on the 1st September 1854, and of those in use
at the same Date.

RECEIVED.

° S
So

3 «

S i

CO rt 3
3 o*^

a teg

Axes, felline

,. pick. Tiaudled
Adzes, coopers

Borers, tap, small size
Bedsteads, portable, Clark's
" patent

Blankets, single - -

Rugs

I'aUiasses
. Bolster cases
-! Sheets, single

Bearers

Beds or mattrasses, hair -
Bolsters, hair
Boards

Trestles - -
LCases for beds, waterproof
Belts, cholera

'for sick and wound-
ed, folding
I for sick and wound-
ed, hand
Baths, tin, slipper
Basins, pe\vter
Bags, nose

TLong scrubbing
Hand „
Brushes-^ Long, sweeping
I Hand

^Whitewashing
Boxes, lucifer matches
Braces with screwdriver bits -

Candlesticks . - -
Snuffers

Chisels, sockets, H inch
Cocks, with keys, brass 4 inch
„ ( 20 gallons

Coppers I

Trivets for do.
Choppers, meat

Cups, drinking, tin | pints' -

Dishes, tin, 13i inch -
C rGowns, serge

g Trowsers „ -
I ^ j Waistcoats „
I o 1 Caps, worsted
" I Flannel shirts -
I J U stockings, worsted -
& Slippers, leather
Linen shirts

3 rGowns - - -
S ) Trowsers
"g j Waistcoats
Lw Leaps

450 >

321
321
321
963

41)

40
450
300

Funnels, tin

6 inch -
8 inch -

of sizes

Frames, iron close stool -

Forks, flesh

Gimblets, assorted

Hatchets - - ■

Hammers, claw

Handles, of sorts

Hessen - ■ Yards

Huckaback - - „

('Nests of 8, till
i- n-i„„ 1 Tea, 7 quarts, iron -
Kettles 1 ' A.„„,r^^< .

„ 4 quart
^Tiu, "

loose

( Common
I Carving

rPassage or ward

I Burners, double wick

Lamps •! for do.

I Cotton wick for do. -
LHand agitable -

Lanterns, tin, punched

Ladles, soup

Mops

Mallets, wood

24
4
4
4
8

12
4

54
360

60
48
48
48
48
90
40
150
180
80
80
80
80

236

144
6

32
12
3
6
6

12 40
14

3013

2035
1450
1035
4905
180
180
285
1689
60
2000

100
100
50
100

500

10,000

1043
693

2379
382
382

3345

1107
00

100

300
12

100

3648

1324
1739
2499
5397
534
534
2104
1183
ISO
14,000

20
136
156
156
1.50

150
60

60
60
60
30
60
168

120
120

15
30
45

270
1800

280
240
240
21-0
240
420

600
840

110

400

200

240

390

252

672

208

162

136

294

100

9898

4949
5010
5002
14,7.31

12116
1206
6184
4279
380
,20,000

135

i 46
28
138

100

3978

2500
3043
3051
6881
501
500
1700
1000
287
25,987

131

33
7

108

175
172
172

92
178
528

148

146
84
84
41.
92

135
84

414
2756

SCO

948
948
948
948
540
200
BOO
1080
400
400
400
400

38
38
4

194

168

81
81

740

008
327

78
108
57

86 1
36

672
252
93
37
46

466
42

28
54
61
10
21
127
11

47
42
24
22
20
40
65
22
192
1344

413
630
636
630
636
301

500
600

a28
( 5
22

20
(•206
) 18
^"363
(, 33

33
56
16
12
480
20

147

5920.

4470

1450

2449

1660

789

1907

1450

517

1951

14.50

501

7850

5730

2120

705

202

503

706

202

504

4484

3044

1440

3279

2319

960

147
118
111

82
1.57
401

101
104
60
60
24
52
70
62
222
1412

447
312
312
312
312
239
200
400
480
400
400
400
400

28
28
4

80
31
13
25
22

198
13

1 «1

122

62
58

] 516

}212
96

45
52
41

384
16

325

592
221
SO
12
24

268
29

108
100
84
61
140
380
15

72
72
54
52
20
45
05
56
100
1000

400
168
168
168
168
210
140
250
420
280
280
280
280

18
18
4

5
14

39
18
27
21
11

29
32
6
8
4
7
5
6
122
412

47
144
144
144
144

60
150

60
120
120
120
120

10
10

110

412

104

198

240

144

294

592

220

80
10

230

N n 3

282

Return of Purveyors' Stores received and issued at Vnrna from 1st June to 31st August — cont.

RECEIVED.

In the " City of London," 13th and 14th July.
Part of the Cargo of the 'Taurus" from
England. Transhipped in Scutari.

in
a

From Purveyor at Scutari, 1st June. In
" City of London."

From Purveyor at Scutari, 21st June. In
" Hvdasnes."

Fi-om 3d Division, 27th June.

1
rs

From 49th Regiment, 3d July.

1-3

In the " Kangaroo," 29th July. From I
land.

In the " Gertrude," 3d August. Part of
Cargo of the " Taurus " from Engl;
Transhipped in Scutari.

In the " Tonning," 5th August. Part of
Cargo of the " Taurus " from Engli
Ti'anshipped in Scutari.

From Ambulance Corps, 26th August.

From Quarter master General, 31st Aug\

Found in Commissariat Stores, 6th July.

Total of Issues to 31st August 1854.

Total in charge 1st September 1854.

In Store 1st September 1854.

In use 1st Septemder 1854.

("Hospital
lees •< Bags of pins, &c. -
( Poles for do.

Marqi

4
6
6

- - 4 "
6
6

2
3
3

- 2

•

ATppdlps - Packing, assorted
.xeetues (^gewmg

100

45
1250

60
750

113
2100

44
550

69
1550

57
1400

13
150

Nails assorted - - No.

2000

•

15,000

17,000

10,200

5800

3000

•

Do.

- lbs.

Pails or water buckets -

159

126

Padlocks with hasps and sta-
ples ...

Hasps and staples

100

i'Bed, pewter

130

182

166

Pans

3 Stool „ - -")
1 „ zinc - -J
(.Frying - -

18
3

100

150
35

294
23

130
11

164
12

102
7

62
5

Plates, tin

600

2550

150

2100

.5400

3316

2084

1650

434

Measm-es, tin, imperial, oil :
1 gallon to ■§ giU

Do. copper, imperial,
for wine, 1 g-allon to 4 gill -

Pots -

f Chamber
Coflfee,tin - -\
1 „ pewter - -j
1 Tea, 5 pints
t » 3 „

„ of sizes
LSpitting

180

. 16
16

60
1

44
44

150
40

690

16
16

100

1110

76
76
5
170

692

20
20

134

418

56
56
5
36

180

56
54
5
20

233
1

2
16

Rollers and pairs of brackets
for round towels

Saucepans, tin, nests of

loose

Spoons, iron - -

450

150

2100

2700

1500

1200

1050

150

Scales and Beams.

rCopper pans to weigh 28
lbs.

"Weights for do. in sets of
10 - - -

Tin, hand, for diets -
"Weights for do. in sets of 6
To weigh 112 lbs.
Weiiihts for do.

Do. 56 and 28 lbs. -
^Boards for do.

30
3

15
1
5
2
1

;

10
1
5

30
3

15
1

5
4

120
12
60
3
15
6
1

190
19
95

5
25
12

50
9

45
1
5
4
1

140
10
50
4
20
8
1

100
10
50
3
15
2

4
40

1
5
6
1

Shovels - -

Spades ...

•

Saws, hand

Sci'ewdrivers

•

Screws, assorted

200

2592

1500

4292

1100

3192

2792

Saddles, pack, and bridles

Tarpaulins - -
Towels-{a<^' :
Thread, packing, in 3 sizes
Thread, sewiug{;;^|*^j,^^(,^;
Twine, sail, 2-tlu-ead

8
36
36
31-1

216
36

12
12

50
50

168
■168

1574
30
30
224

74
216
216
405

86
122

49
12<1
120
624
10
10
74

25
92
96

3424
70

112
194

25
84
84

300
76

112
104

8
12

Tubs,

wasliing

138

"Crinals, pewter ...

2 ;

Water-decks

135

( 44
I 27

44
27

} •

Hospital canteens, pairs A
'andB. - . -

Do. straps

16'

"Webbing - - Yards

1000

"Water-bags

100

Musquito curtaining - Yards

2000

W. J.

A. Tucker,

Abydos, 16th December 1854.

Purveyor to the Forces.

J83

snjajnE'^ paqonnd-utx

•joojd

•S9JBIJ nfx

■sqtix iJniqsi^^

naA8g 'no.ii 'sa^aAj

■S8IJS3.IX.

•spaBog pag

I I

O
O

o
o

PL,

3
O
CO

o
o

P ^

o
Q

o o o
POP

'to
P5

f— 1 O-l

CZ2

CO O

N n 4

•spaa JiEH

^ 1

CO
oo

•sjaaqg

1 lO

1 1

1 iM

1—1

sasBQ jais[oa

1
1

1 CO

CO
o

CO
CO

•sassB^xiEJ

1 CO

I CO

-+1

-V

CM
iM

•s^a^tuBjei:

0[T

GO
1^

^ 1

1 ^

O
CO
CO

O
C5

K o

o >
p c

O I—I

i'l

s ^

^ 00

O D

■5

+^ CO

9 d

^ o

O -tJ

S o

2, P

a >o

% 00

■I a

1 s

2 p

284

STORES SHIPPED IN THE JASON.

List of Hospital Stores for the Use of the Tkoops in Turkey.

Blankets, Single - - -

- 3,468

Rags - _ _ -

- 1,734

Paillasses - - -

- 1,734

Sheets. White

- 5,202

Gowns, Serge -

- 1,020

Trowsers -

- 1.020

Waistcoats - - -

- 1,020

Caps, Worsted _ _ _

- 1,020

Flannel Shirts , _ -

510

Stockings, Worsted — Pairs

510

Slippers — Pairs

850

Beds or Mattrasses, Hair

680

Bolsters -

680

Army and Ordnance Medical Department.

28 July 1854.

These stores, upon their arrival in Varna, were transhipped at once to the Bombay
on the 3d or 4th September for Scutari.

W. J. A. Tucker,

Purveyor to the Forces.

285

I I

I I -

1 I

^ I I
I I

O — O r

1 O i-i I

w o

I I I
I I I

I I
I I

CD 0> ■*

I I I
I I I

lO lO coos LOtOOJCOfM^W-^iMCOiMCa-^i-^COCOCOCOOq

^ I I I ^ , I

11111°°

g.2

r^let He) i-i|<N HejHe' Hei-'l'" rH|»<-<)»> '^I'l

-r CT) (NO OS CD«OCDO'tiOtOOsan^COCDl^C5CC>OCDCDT-OC5 I

CO >0 eOOi eo -^■>tiTtiC0'-^-*C0O05Q0CD00CT>Ol--C0a5C5OO IiM
<M CO t-05 •— 1 CO^f-i.— <M(MCOI0'M<MiM(MiMCOiMiM'M r-it-i |

00 CD O-* IMCO'.OCOlr^ClGOOJOOC^-^COOCSrOiMt^C^iaiCOOt^t^t^CO
» 00 0)05 00 00t^i»COCDCOCDCOCDCDCOCD00 00 Q000I^r-CO'*i^^

<J3 t- >o-^ CO i^oo'^i'^ocO'— icoo-^f^cococo'O'oO'— ii— ' — C50000:)

UO LO CO CD CD CD CO CD >0 »0 CD 'O 00 »0 »0 -fi -1- CO CO CO <M (M O O C C

O >0 OOOO'-iTtii.ocO'OCOOCOOcOi— iCOt— CDK0C01^C000"^l^O>O>-0C0X^

60
3

CD CI o O'j r-- >o " Ob 00 >o CD CD cj5 -t< CO 00 r~ >o »o >o CO 1^ >o 00 CO CO CO

CO CO "^-^iCO tficOCOCOCOCOCOOqcOCOC^OaC<l(Ni>J(MC^0^^-Hrt

O O OO O (NQ0C0>OCDCOO;O4C0'— II— i-t<>Oi— Tt<^cOCOcocOCO(M
CO rf r}< lO »C »0 lO >0 >0 >0 O lO >0 lO CO CO -t< CO Oq iM -H r-< r-H

O ^ O O IM
>— ( I— I f— I o o o

00(MC<|-ti»OCDOTt<00rf<(M

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O O --H W (M Ol <M "H O O O

Hei

c-i o>

1—1

CO rf<

(—1

ON <N <MOqO'#OCOOOO'+'^-tiO<|(MCD(MC^'ti'tiiMQO'+i'*C^O

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1— i

CO CO

OOOOOOOOO 00 OOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOCOQOOOOO

t^ooOf-ioo o cocDt^-Hcooqoo>ci-(M(MOO'-<-+'t^— '-ticD'HOiCiO-crir^

0>-* lO-«tl CD CQt^QOt^l^r^l^COCDCDCOCOCOCOlMIMCOIMOOOSOSCOCOCOOO

O ^ 2"-* ^ C0<MO'!r'OO'i^-*'(M<M0.1'tiOO-*<C000O00CDiMOOOO

^t^^^iOOOlCDOlOjl-CDOiCOiOCOOcoCDO'— lOlOa-^t-
Ttt-^JH'O'MOlcOCOOtMO'OiO'OCD-f-^-ti'COiOCDCD-^-f-rco
C0C0C0C0C0COCOC0C0C0C^0-JC^O.l(M(Mi>4<Nr^^-i

w o

r— 1

00 <M

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CO CO

00 <M(M (M '*<00(NCOOO<MiMC^)'*00C'M0C'MO-rO'*iO-^-ti'ti0.1iM

> I-^ OD CO 00 C^l Ol

O O

00
1—1

(M CO-ti lO COt^OOClOi— iO-)CO-ti>OCD1^00C50'-''MCO-f"OCDi--aOCr30
I— 1 rt -I M 1—1 ^ iM (M IM (M (M 01 <M OJ Cm (M CO

O o

286

Mercia Transport.

Account of Fresh Provisions, &c. required and issued to Invalids on board the above-
named Ship in Varna Bay, in lieu of the Ordinary JShip Ration, by Order of the
Inspector General of Hospitals.

IMeat.

IBread.

Potatoes.

Vegetables.

Arrow Root.

Sugar.

Wine.

Brandy.

lea.

Rice.

September 1
2
3

lb. oz.
94 0
129 0
150 0
165 0
150 0
164 0
164 0

lbs. oz.

150 0
165 0
150 0
164 0
164 0

lbs. oz.

64 8
75 0
82 8
75 0
82 0
82 0

lbs. oz.

15 14
18 12
20 10
18 12
20 8
20 8

lbs.
2

lbs. oz.
2 0

14 1
20 71

14 1

15 6
15 6

bott.
12

bott.
6

lbs. oz.

2 9tV

2 9
2 9

lbs. oz.

20 0
20 0

6
7

8
9

„ 10

164 0
235 0
230 0

82 0
117 8
115 0

20 8
29 6
28 12

20 6
22 01

21 9'

2 9

3 lOH
3 9A

28 0

Abydos, 16th December 18.54. W. J. A. Tucker,

Purveyor to the Forces.

Bombay Transport.

Account of Fresh Provisions, &c. required and issued to In valids on board the above-
named Ship in Varna Bay, in lieu of the Ordinary Ship Ration, by Order of the
Inspector General of Hospitals.

1854.

Meat.

Potatoes.

Vegetables.

lbs.

oz.

lbs.

oz.

lbs.

oz.

September 1

335

167

315

157

345

172

288

144

September 23

114

250

125

300

150

Abydosj 16th December 1854. W. J. A Tucker,

Purveyor to the Forces.

Return of Medical Comforts remaining in Store at the General Hospital, Varna,

on the 1st December 1854

Articles.

Quantities.

Brandy - , ~ -

8 bottles.

Port Wine . . - - -

207 „

Arrow Root -

82 lbs.

Sago

6 „

Ground Rice ...

1,2451 lbs.

Essence of Beef . - - -

4241 pints.

Preserved Potatoes - -

158 lbs.

Preserved Meats — ^Boiled Mutton -

192 „

Barley - - - -

250 „

Concentrated Milk and Cocoa

None.

Milk

93 tins.

Lime Juice - - -

3 casks.

Tea 1

Sugar .... - \
Rice J

Those articles were

always readily pro-

curable from the

Commissariat.

Abydos, 16th December 1854.

W. J. A. Tucker,

Purveyor to the Forces.

Return of Medical Comforts received at Varna from the 1st September to the
17th November 1854, showing from vs^hat Quarter they were obtained.

1854.

Port Wine.

Brandy.

Bottles.

September 6

By Purchase -

Do.

Do. -

Do.

Do. - - -

October 21

Do.

November 15

Do. -

Abydos, W. J. A. Tucker,

16th December 1854. Purveyor to the Forces.

Medical Comforts, &c. issued for the Use of the Sick (other than those in the General
Hospital) at Varna, from 1st September to l7th November 1854.

Date.

To wlioni.

Arrow Eoot.

Brandy.

Sugar.

Port Wine.

Essence of Beef.

Candles.

Soap.

Ground Eice.

1854.

Lbs.

Botts.

0 bs.

Lbs.

Botts.

i Pints.

Lbs.

Sept. 1

Invalid Depot, North

Coldstream Guards

79th Regiitjent

7tli Regiment

Invalid Depot, South

2d Royal Brigade

—

4tli Dragoon Guards

Highland Brigade

6th Dragoons

Ambulance Corps

Invalid Depot

5th Dragoon Guards

1st Dragoons

Royal Artillery

6th Dragoons

Invalid Depot, South

Do.

112

4th Dragoon Guards

6th Dragoons

5 th Dragoon Guards

Invalid Depot, South

4th Dragoon Guards

6th Dragoons

Invalid Depot, South

4tli Dragoon Guards

Invalid Depot, North

1st Dragoons

5th Dragoon Guards

Invalid Depot, North

Do. do.

Invalid Depot, South

Oct. 1

Invalid Depot, North

Do. - -

Do. South

Do. do.

Do. North

Do. South

Do. North

Do. do.

Do. South

Do. do.

Do. North

Do. do.

1 3

O o 2

288

)rt AVine.

«>

Date.

To Trhom.

•andy.

o
u

;senc€

indies

round

P-i

1854.

Lbs.

Botts.

Lbs.

Botts.

i Pints.

Lbs.

Oct. 10

Invalid Depot, South

—

Do.

North

—

Do.

do.

—

Do.

do.

—

Do.

Sovith

Do.

do.

—

Do.

North

—

Do.

do.

—

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

—

Do.

South

—

Do.

do.

—

Do.

North

Do.

do.

Do.

South

—

Do.

North

—

Do.

do.

—

•-

Nov. 1

Do.

South

—

Do.

North

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

Do.

South

Do.

North

—

Do.

South

Do.

do.

Do.

North

Do.

do.

Do.

South

Purvejor'ti Clerk, Furlonge,
for the Depot Hospital

left in

Varna

150

Total - -

462

121

259

197

518

Abydos, 16th December 1854.

W. J. A. Tucker,

Purveyor to the Forces.

289

HOSPITAL AT GALLIPOLI.

Copt of a Letter from Second-class Staff Surgeon G. C. Meikleham to the

Commissioners.

Gentlemen, Gallipoli, 22d December 1854.

I have tlie honour to acknowledge the receipt of your communication* dated 1st
December 18.51, and beg in reply to state that duiing the period of from 1st September
to 30th November there have been two medical officers in actual service daily in the
Hospital at Gallipoli during part of the time, namely 1 Surgeon and 1 assistant surgeon.
The assistant surgeon proceeded to Scutari to do duty there on the loth of October,
since whicli time there has been one Surgeon alone. During the same period of three
months, there have been attached to the hospital 1 sergeant and 5 orderlies, including a
cook.

There have not been any invoices or bills of lading i-eceived by me of medicines,
surgical instruments, and appliances, mediccil comforts, and other articles for the use of
the hospital between the above dates of 1st September and 30 th November.

A large quantity of hospital stoi'es and medical stores were left here when the 3d
Division of the Army left this on the 22d June. A few medicines were received from
Scutari on requisition in August, but the receipt was sent back to Scutari.

The medical comforts and all articles of extra diet in use during this period in the
Hospital at Gallipoli, have been furnished by the Commissariat Department here.

I have, &c.

Messrs. Cumming, Maxwell, and Laing,' G. C. Meikleham,

Scutaii. Second-Class Staff Surgeon.

Detachment Hospital, Ith Regiment, Gallipoli.

Daily Roll of Extras, ordered fi-om 1st September 18-54! to the 30th September 1854.

Date-

Number of Men
Hospital.

Porter.

Port Wine.

Brandy.

Gin.

Bread.

Meat.

Tea.

Oatmeal.

Rice Puddings.

in
bD
&X3

Milk.

Potatoes.

Fowls.

Lemons.

Arro-wi-oot.

Sago.

Sugar.

botts.

gills

oz.

pds.

oz.

pds.

oz.

pts.

oz.

No.

pts.

pds.

oz.

No.

oz.

5,V

1.5

•H-

•3

U-

5 k

4A-

5-1

lir

147

298

289

25 8

31J

G. C. Meikleham,

Second-Class StaffSurgeou.

* Similar, mutatis mutandis, to tlie Letter addressed to the Principal Medical Officer, Scutari,

supra, p. 247.

O o 3

290

Detachment Hospital, 4th Regiment, Gallipoli.

Daily Roll of Extras, ordered from 1st October 1854 to the 31st October 1854.

Date.

No of Men in
Hospital.

Porter.

Port Wine.

Brandy.

Bread.

Meat.

Potatoes.

Oatmeal.

Rice Pudding.

Eggs.

Fowls.

Arrowroot.

Sugar.

bottles

gills

oz.

pds.

oz.

pds. oz.

pds.

oz.

pts.

No.

oz.

1 0

0 8

1 0

0 8

1,V

0 8

1 1

0 8

1 1
^ 2

0 8

1 —

—

0 8

1 1

* 2

0 8

1 1
^ 2

0 8

—

0 8

li-

—

0 8

1 —

y* .->

0 8

1 I

■* 2

0 8

1 1

^ 2

U-

0 8

1 1

0 8

1 1
* 2

0 8

l^r

0 8

1 —

0 8

1 1
^ 2

0 8

2^ J.

0 8

1-^

0 8

1105

173i

398

374

3 8

15 8

48i

G. C. Meikleham,

Second-Class Staff Surgeon.

Daily Roll of Extras, ordered from 1st November 1854 to the 30th November 1854.

orter.

ort Wine.

Brandy.

read.

Meat.

otatoes.

atmeal.

lour Pud-
dings.

ice Pud-
dings.

fcD

0
p

ugar

P-i

bottles

gills.

oz.

pds.

oz.

pds.

oz.

pints

No.

OZ.

JL.

2-k

■5

Si-

-i

5^^

■2

U-

54r

.1.

5 .

li-

2,V

■5

2-i-

1
■57

2-J-

2A.

2-t

yi
- 4

5^L

. 9

2-1.

91.

175i

627

294

79 8

22 8

668

26i

G. C.'Meikleham,

Second-Class Staff Surgeon.

291

•puoiqoia ■SjujpiH

1 1

1 1 1

0 to

10 CI 1

i ; 1

•osoA'jj -xg;

1 " 1

1 ! 1

! 1 I

■udQ 'xg;

i 1

7-1

§ CI 1

1 1 1

•03nni5a'g; "drng

I ^i' 1

•sjp!,mi{m'BO ■drag; j .0 o i

Hln
10

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Total

Expended from lst~"
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Expended from lst~j
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Expended from Ist^
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1851

Total expendec

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Total
1st 1
ber

Issue
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Issue
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Total

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P5

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g

g
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!2;

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^3

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•RtqSia.w
piiE saiBOS io ^as

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•sa[:)')a\[ duiug

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■saa.i'Baa puE H | "*

•siaAoiis 1 '-'

•su.ia'p.iBT[ 1

•SU'Ert

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•(dnog) saipET;

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s^oj; .laqiUEqo

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c^

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1»

In possession olst \
August 1854 • -i

Since drawn from")
Purveyor's Stores - J

Remaining and to bo^
accounted for in the \
above Hospital -J

P p 4

300

Detachment Hospital, 4th Regiment. Gallipoli.

During the Period of from 1st September to .30th November 11 Cases liave been admitted
into the Hospital, 9 have been discharged during tlie same Period, and 3 Men have
died. Of the Admission, Disciiarge, and Deaths the Dates have been as follows : —

No.

Diseases.

Date of Admission.

Date of Discharge.

Date of Deaths.

Feb. C. C.

14th September 1854.

—

Ulcus . . -

17th September 1854.

—

Hepatitis Chron.

2d October 1854.

—

Rheum. Chron.

i> )>

—

Morbus Cordus

•1 n

—

Febris C. C.

18th October 1854.

—

Dysenteria Chron. -

29th October 1854.

—

Febris C. C.

6th September 1854.

—

Catarrh Chron.

1st October 1854.

—

Rheum. Chron.

Idem - - -

12th September 1854.

Febris C. C.

18th October 1854.

Idem - - -

2d October 1854.

Idem - - -

28th November 1854.

Idem -

15th November 1854.

Diarrhoea - - -

14th October 1854.

Scorbutus - . -

14th September 1854.

G. C. Meikleham,

Second-Class Staff Surgeon.

Detachment Hospital, 4th "King's Own" Regiment. Gallipoli.

Return of Diets, &c. from 1st September 1854 to 30th November 1854.

Diets.

•

Articles composing the dilFerent Diets for a Day.

D,ates.

Half.

Low.

Spoon.

Milk.

z °

Half.

Low.

Spoon.

Milk.

From 1st to 30th 1
September 1854 J

811

142

153

1,129

8 oz. nuitton.
16 oz. bread.

4 oz. mutton.
12 oz. bread.

8 oz. bread.
5- oz. tea.

14 oz. bread.
2 oz. rice.

From 1st to 31st"l
October 1854 - J

938

137

1,105

2 oz. rice.
4- oz. salt.

2 oz. rice.
4 oz. salt.

1 A oz. sugar.
G oz. milk.

3 pints milk.

From 1st to 30th "1
November 1854 /

815

202

1,039

\ oz. tea.
1-^ oz. sugar.

|oz. tea.
H oz. sugar.

j 2,564

481

188

3,273

6 oz. milk.

G. C. Meikleham,

Second-Class Staff Surgeon.

301

SCUTAKI.
December 1st.

Mr. WrepORD, Piu'veyor in Chief at Scutari, called and examined.

When I joined the establishment about six weeks ago here, I found a contract was
existing for the washing of the Barrack hospital ; both bedding and personal, and every other
thing. The contract was Avith a Perote named Ottone, who took a house in Scutari for the
purpose. About a fortnight ago I found the Avashing so badly performed that I imme-
diately wrote to the purveyor in charge, calling his attention to the bad state of washing.
Immediately afterwards he told me he had taken measures by obtaining another contractor.
I am superintendent over the executive. The executive officers, are Mr. Ward and
Mr. Stewart. jMr. Ward is in charge of the whole establishment; Mr. Stewart has charge
of the Barrack hospital under Mr. Ward.

[Mr. Wreford's examination was here stopped, and he was requested to send Mr. W^ard
to be examined on the following morning.]

December 2d,

Mr. Wabd, Purveyor c)f the i^orces, called and examined.

I am senior purveyor in charge of the two hospitals. Been here since 1st May last.
Part of my duty is to see to all the AvashIng of personal clothing and bedding. In the
General hospital Ave haA'e a Avashlng estabHshment carried out by Armenians, paid monthly
wages by me ; about eight or ten in number, sufficient for the Avauts of the General
hospital. We furnish each man Avith tAVO shirts a Avcek, Thursday and Sunday. Believe
it has been done very regularly. In bad weather Avashing has not been so Avell done ; but
no complaints that men Avere Avithout shirts at General hospital. Good washhouse; no
mangling or ironing, simply Avash and dry ; no complaints of the manner in which the
washing is done.

The washing at the BaiTack hospital Is done by contract. This hospital Avas employed as
such on 26tli September. I think a few days after, in hurry of moment, it being necessary
to look for some one to Avash for the 2,000 sick and wounded who had come doAvn from the
Crimea, I entered into a contract from necessity, there being no means of Avashing here.
The man's name is Ottone. lie did not carry it out to my satisfaction either in cleanliness
or punctuality. [Contract to be produced.] Not aware that any articles sent to Avash
were not returned. Sometimes several days' delay. I made an etfort to remove the
contract to another person ; that Avas at least three weeks ago, about second Aveek in
November. Treaty still pending Avith Mr. Parry, Avho contracts with Commissariat for
supply of provisions ; but washing still managed by Ottone.

iNIr. Stuaet, Purveyor of the Forces, called and examined.

I am Purveyor to the forces, and have charge of the Barrack hospital in all matters exclu-
sive of finance, except orderlies' Avages. I arrived here on the 27th October from England.
Charge of hospital handed over to me No\'ember 1st. I found there Avere here men
delivering things into store to person in charge of stores, AvIthout any person to receive or
give them out. The head Avard-master Avas the person Avhose duty it Avas to give out and
receive the clothes. I found on tAVO or three occasions, Avlien the araba Avas waiting to
carry aAvay the clothes, the Avard-master Avas absent on other duty. I had Sergt. Bye
appointed to this duty. About the middle of last month I observed the Avrctched Avay in
which the things Avere washed. Stains in beds and blankets ; and sheets filthy, just as taken
aAvay. I directed the attention of Mr. Wreford. Shortly after my arrival heard complaints
of delay in returning things. Ottone was generally a fortnight, I understand. The
hospital does not, that I am aAvare of, supply shirts to the men, though I know the
Purveyor-in-Chlef has purchased shirts and given them to the men. Shirts are no part of
hospital stores, every man having, by regulations of service, three shirts. It is part of the
business of Purveyor to see that the men's shirts are Avashed. Except that I heard, the day
before yesterday, from one of the medical officers in charge of the wards, that some of the
men complained that their .shirts had not been returned from the Avash, I never heard any
complaints. Those shirts, hoAvever, Avere not sent to contractor. Mr. Wreford and I, finding
an immediate necessity for clean shirts, engaged on November 23d a nxmiber of soldiers'
wives to wash the men's shirts. I ascertained that the contractor Avas not in the habit of
Avashing the men's shirts. Mr. Wreford first spoke to me on the subject. I learned that the

302

men's shirts were being washed by their comrades. I sent round to know what number of
women were washing shirts for men, and number of shirts at wash. Found one woman
and seven shirts. Ordered ward-masters that all personal linen of patients should be
collected by assistant ward-masters, and delivered to ward-masters, who were to deliver
them to corporal in charge of dirty linen store. This store is a partition erected a fortnight
ago at end of the lower corridor. I never was Purveyor to a military hospital ; was Secretary
of medical committee at Cape of Good Hope, and attended to afiairs of civil hospital there.
The shirts bought by Mr. Wreford were put into my store with directions that they should
be issued on the requisitions of the medical officers. I have issued them accordingly. I
have pack store in my care ; that store contains pack and great coats of patients. They
are in custody of a sergeant.

December 8th.

Mr. Taylor, Assistant Surgeon, called and examined.

Came down in charge of the Orient sailing ship. There was railed off a place abaft the
mainmasts, each of three sides containing two berths ; no other berths on board except in
cabin; no hammocks; no cots; we found about 130 or 140 straw paillasses, perhaps 150,
The sick and wounded were all shipped before we took charge ; there was no surgeon
on board when we took charge.

I did not examine all the paillasses, but I did examine some and found them straw ; saw
straw sticking out.

The sick were lying on them when I arrived ; I think 270 men on board.

Did not make auy requisition for more paillasses. Each man had a blanket or a rug ;
some of the men had two or three blankets, others only one ; one or two without any.

The blankets were all distributed before I went on board ; no sheets.

No night-stools, bed pans, urinals ; half a dozen ship's buckets used.

I went on board medical store ship at Alma; I obtained then ample supply of medicines
and medical comforts.

Plenty of surgical instruments, lint, bandages, &c. ; plenty of wine. I delivered to
purveyor, on arrival, the bottles not used.

We dressed all the wounds daily. We had chiefly wounded men ; 50 cases of cholera
and diarrhoea also put on board ; a few cases occurred on board ; the cholera patients
were placed on deck near quarter deck.

We used ship's buckets, tow, and sponges for ablution ; plenty of water on board, but
difficulty to get it drawn.

The crew did not like drawing the water ; asked us for orderlies to draw it. We could not
spare any ; they were weak and could give little or no assistance. The ship did not sail, but
was towed down by the Colombo, which also towed another vessel ; the crew had ample
time and leisure to draw the water. I must say, however, they assisted us in attending on
the sick, carrying buckets for us.

When off the Bosphorus, storm-side ports shut, ventilation impeded thereby, smell very
ojfifensive. No orderlies were told off to assist us ; no men who were not sick or wounded
were sent on board the vessek We did not apply for auy ; we were assisted by six con-
valescents, and by the ship's crew just as each man volunteered.

We took charge on morning of September 23d ; arrived on morning of 26th.

Were disembarked with great care ; four cots which were on board were used for the
purpose of lowering the men from the vessel to the boats; stretchers were waiting for
them at the wharf.

Before we took charge on night of 22d, there were four deaths from cholera, I heard ;
while we were in charge there were seven deaths owing principally to cholex'a.

We had some soldiers' wives on board, they rendered us some assistance in cooking
extras and making poultices. No means of cleaning the sick ; only saw one man cleaned.
The wounds, of course, were dressed.

The ship's copper was in very bad repair, so the sick and wounded seldom got breakfast
till 10 o'clock, dinner about 4, tea 7.

Not a knife, fork, or platter; there were about 40 soldiers' canteens, the property of the
men, on board ; soup and tea eaten out of them ; one canteen served about a dozen men.

We received an order from Dr. Dickson, 57th, to go on board the Orient to attend
cholera cases for a few hours. Believe it was an admiral's order. We were six of us.
About 12 o'clock on 23d an order came for four of us to go on board another ship, and we
were then told we were to take charge of the ship to Scutari.

Immediately I went to medical store ship ; did not return till past 4 ; sailed at 6.

We got brandy and chloride of zinc from the ship. 1 had not applied for either of these
things from the medical store ship, having understood from the captain that he could give
us those things. I got everything I required from the ship's stores, including provisions,
and only applied at medical store ship for what I could not get on board. Abundance of
provisions.

Weather not very hot, but between decks crowded and close.

Wounds went on well; two Russians, and not above 10 of our men, died of wounds;
two of the English died from a gun-shot wound in the brain ; two, in the lungs ; two, in
which spine injured ; one case of shot through bladder. Two Russians died of delirium ;

303

one Englishman of same. Kept no notes of cases ; not time ; no operations on board,
excepting of one of elevating a depressed part of skull. That proved fatal.

I had one case in which maggots wei-e found in a, wound. It was a case of amjiutation
of wrist of a Russian. Mr. Poppelton had one case also. I saw it. It was the case of
an Englishman ; gun-shot wound in the leg. We dressed all the wounds daily ; I dressed
and washed and applied bandages to the Englishman's wound the first day I went on
board ; 24 hours after Mr. Poppelton dressed it, and called me to see it. There were not
many ; in the case of the Russian there were a good many. I found the maggots in the
Russian's Avound the first night; applied water dressing. Attribute breeding of maggots to
flies depositing ova in wounds, and coming out under heat.

December- \Oth.
Dr. Menzies called and examined.

Deputy Inspector of Hospitals, Principal Medical Officer of both hospitals at Scutari.

Took charge of General hospital about latter end of May. We had a large number of pa-
tients then, chiefly medical cases of worst form of cholera. Number of surgeons limited then.
There was a great deal to do. I must say we were short of medical officers then. We did
not urge the point, for though the woi'k was heavy, the officers were, I think, equal to it.

The General Hospital, including corridors, is calculated to acconunodate 800, beds being
two feet apart.

In consequence of communications from Major Sillery, the Commandant, and Admiral
Boxer, about beginning of July, I found it necessary to apply for further accommodation
to provide for sick and wounded in case of an action. I had no communication from the
head of my department on the subject. The army was then at Varna. I went with Major
Sillery and Admiral Boxer to KuUeli to inspect the barrack there with this view. Disap-
proved of the position from its closeness, and objected to hospitals up Bosphorus, because
circulation of air not so good for wounds as it ought to be. I suggested that we should
concentrate our establishment here, and prepare the Barrack for hospital. I reported to
Dr. Hall that two wings of the Barrack could be given over which would accommodate
from 2,000 to 3,000 sick, including corridors. Aware that the rest of the barrack would
be given over if required. Thought this would be sufficient, thinking the barrack might
accommodate 4,000 to 5,000 altogether. W^e received the first wounded from Alma here,
making Avay for them by sending the convalescents to Barrack hospital. The two wings
were given over to us at once. I told the purveyor (Mr. Ward) verbally to prepare the
Barrack hospital for as many patients as were sent out from the General hospital, and to get
his bedding ready for as many more as might be required for the accomm.odation
of the sick. I am sorry to say there Avas some delay in preparing them; the beds were not
laid down Avhen the patients came. The kitchen also Avas not prepared as I had ordered.
I spoke to the Commandant on the subject. It Avas understood that Mr. Ward Avas to see
to it. The patients Avere not left for any length of time Avithout beds ; tAvo hours is per-
haps as long as they remained Avithout beds. We Avanted bedsteads in consequence of
their being at Varna. The Turkish authorities, the Seraskier and High Admiral, I think,
came over, went through the hospitals, and asked if Ave Avere in Avant of anything. I told
them I Avished to have some more Tiu'kish bedsteads, as they Avould be more comfortable
for Avounded men, and give the Avards the same general appearance. We Avere not actually
in want, as we were in daily expectation of our OAvn supplies from Varna. I do not know
what quantity of bedsteads Avere there. I could not get a return in the piu'veyor's office.
They afterAvards sent us from Varna 1 ,500 boards and trestles, but no bedding. The bedding
Ave Avere obliged to use Avas merely chopped straAV. I did not knoAV Avhat quantity of bed-
ding Ave had actually to put on the boards and trestles. As for urinals and other such con-
veniences, we were ahvays short of them, and of everything connected Avith the purveying
department, in consequence of the stores being at Varna. I Avrote to Dr. Hall. Mr. Ward
told me he had Avritten twice or three times to Mr. Tucker the purveyor there.* In the
Turkish hospital every bed has a side table ; in the Barrack, nothing of the kind.

W^hen a vessel arrives with sick and wounded I get official communication from the
Commandant, and the medical officer in charge reports himself to me sometimes, lately espe-
cially. I hear beforehand from Dr. Hall, but not at first. It is arranged betAveen the
Commandant and Admiral as to the time, place, and mode of landing. They give me
notice to enable me to appoint a medical officer to superintend the lauding, and also to decide
in Avhich hospital I shall receive them. The medical officer remains at tne Avater's edge, the
surgeons on board seeing them put into the boat. He is unprovided Avith medical comforts or
medicines on the spot, but the men are carried at once on stretchers, and on their arrival,
tea, bi'ead, wine, and everything else they require is prepared for them. I even recom-
mended the purveyor to have a supply near the landing, but he said he had not the esta-
blishment to do it. I have frequently inquired whether my orders on the subject have
been obeyed, and have satisfied my mind that they Avere. The distance from the Avharf to
the hospital is trifling. The men are carried on stretchers, carried either by fatigue parties
or by Turks. Noav Ave have Turkish labourers for the purpose, in consequence of an.

* See Sup., p. 275.
Q q 2

304

order of Lord Raglan. I think it is a better plan, as relieving our own soldiers. I admit
I see that better means could be provided for carrying them. No doubt it might be
desirable to have an awning constructed over the stretchers to protect the patients from
sun or rain ; something like the Indian doolie. We generally classify the patients when
they come in, as well as we can. The General hospital is principally for surgical cases. We
have sui'glcal and medical divisions. We keep dysentery cases together as much as j)os-
sible. We endeavour to do so, but we find the patients get intermixed in spite of all our
endeavours. It is the duty of the orderly officer of the day to inspect each patient, and
he directs to what ward he shall be taken. He knows what accommodation there is, and
what wards to send the men to. The jjaticnt's clothes, accoutrements, and pack are taken
from him and taken possession of by the ward-master. I have directed the ward-master
to take care of the men's things, but I have not given any especial attention to that subject,
leaving it more to the purveyor's department.

Our hospital dresses have been very deficient, owing to delay at Varna. The dress
does not include shirts or socks, but dressing gowns, slippers, waistcoats, trowsers, and
night caps. I have frequently seen men in want of shirts and socks.

I have made several requisitions on the purveyor here for shirts, as he had them in
store ; and when I had given all out I requested biiu to purchase more. I took the respon-
sibility on myself, having been requested by the Ambassador not to spare any expense in
providing for the comforts of the sick and wounded.

Shortly after the wounded from Alma arrived, I lost no time in applying to the Com-
mandant that a further portion of the Barrack should be given over to us ; the parts of the
Barrack between Miss Nightingale's quarters and the Commandant's office was given up
about the time Miss Nightingale arrived; the rest of the building, about the same time.

I think we are not sufficiently provided Avith first class staff surgeons; we have on duty
three in Barrack hospital, two here.

Their duties consist principally in superintending their Divisions; seeing that the assistant
surgeons do their duty ; seeing to case books and hospital register, dieting of patients, and
that the men do not get improper diet; su])erintendingprescrij)tions; also employed on consul-
tations ; perform operations themselves. I think we ought to have two more staff surgeons,
first class, for the Barrack alone. In the General Hospital I have enough first class surgeons.
I think the additional two would suffice, even if the whole building were filled with
patients.

The second class staff surgeons are employed in the same duties as assistant surgeons,
occasionally undertaking, when necessary, those of fii'st class staff surgeons. They inspect
transports, and preside at boards of survey. I think we might have employment for four
more. From their standing they would be valuable to look after the young assistant surgeons.
We have a large proportion of young assistant surgeons just joined. I would have more
dependence on men of more standing. That is my reason for wishing for more second
class staff surgeons. I cannot say the service has suffered from the want of a greater
number. I have a large proportion of young assistants. I would rather have more men
of longer experience.

The assistant surgeons are sufficient in number. The proportion of patients to each is
about 48, including the whole medical staff. Their duties consist in attending on the
sick, prescribing for them, filling diet rolls, doing orderly officer's duty, making up their
own medicines, dressing wounds.

We have one apothecary, two dispensers. The dispenser supplies medicines on
requisition ; prepares medicines, trays, and everything required by medical officers. The
apothecary has charge of medical stores ; complies with requisitions which come from the
surgeries on my approval, also all requisitions from the Crimea, Gallipoli, &c. ; looks after
medical stores. The assistant surgeons are always expected to make up their own
medicines. I think It would be very desirable if they were relieved from some part of
that duty.

I think we Avaut another apothecary, that is, one for the Barrack hospital, and two more
dispensers.

I have Purveyors enough, two and a Purveyor-in-chlef. One is too old for work, and the
medical board declared him some months ago unfit for service ; this has greatly hampered
us. I have frequently been obliged to do things in that department for him. If I had not
had a good steward, I could not have got on at all. I represented this to Dr. Hall, when
he came to inspect the hospital after Alma, and I also reported it to the Director-
General.

We require more orderlies than we have at present; we have more than the regulations
warrant, hut with wounded men, we ought to have one for five men. When I want an
orderly, I send to the Commandant, and he appoints any one he can spare. They are
generally men Avho cannot do very active duty, and I have had sometimes to wait before the
number required is furnished. They are wholly untrained, never Avere In hospital before,
and their ignorance of their duties makes our position all the more trying. They are
generally speaking very unsteady, and dislike their occupation in hospital very much.
They receive 4rf. a day paid to them by the Purveyor. They require to be constantly
looked after. For the ordinary purposes of hospital attendants, they are, AvIth few excep-
tions, worthless. They do not remain with us long. Some have been here some time,
because they Avere found useless Avith their regiments : but where drafts are sent up, they

305

axe removed to joiu their corps, and their places filled by men of the same kind. At home
they are required to join their regiment when ordered on foreign service, but that does not
happen as often as here. Drafts are sent from here every fortnight or three weeks. I
think we ought to have permanent orderlies regularly trained to the duties of hospitals,
and not to be subject to removal without the consent of the medical officers.

Miss Nightingale and the nurses under lier are under my orders. When I get a requisition
from a first class staff surgeon for a nurse, with his reasons for requiring her assistance, I
commvmicate Avith Miss Nightingale, and she sends me the number required. They are
very useful in shifting the men's linen, washing their faces and hands, and acting generally
under the directions of the assistant surgeon ; tliey assist the assistant surgeons in dressing
wounds. I employ them clucfly for wounded here ; at the Barrack they are employed on
requisition of the senior medical officer there.

I think we want a kitchen here ; it is not large enough for the demand on it. I have
not made any official application on the subject, hearing that it had been brought under the
notice of the engineer. It only came lately to my knowledge that it was insuiticient; even
for the men alone it would be desirable to have another kitchen, but at present chiefly
for oflicers.

I have followed the general rules for regimental hospitals, so far as I could.

The cooks are soldiers. I get them on requisition from the Commandant; the head cook
gets Ix. a day, the others 4(Z. It is the duty of the purveyor to look after them.

I think we ought to have more control over our own establishment, and that we should
be more independent of the military authorities, so as not to be subject to have the (orderlies
removed from us without our consent. A corporal was taken away the other day, who was
a useful clerk in the Barrack establishment. I was not consulted, nor any of tlie medical
officers there. It put them to great inconvenience, delayed returns which were urgently
required.

I find my present number of clerks is not sufficient. There were two ; one was taken
away by Dr. Hall when he left ; the one that was left was very inefficient. I was obliged
to get two sero-eants and one corporal. I find that with that assistance I can get on, but
these men are liable to be removed. Indeed the corporal has asked to return to his
regiment, and he is the most valuable because he has been the longest in the office.

While at tlie General hospital alone 1 never had any w^ant of surgical instruments,
appliances, materials, or medicines. The wounded came from Alma, and from that time
we were never out of lint, bandages, or any such things. The Turkish authorities having
offered to supply anything we might require, the apothecary made a requisition. A
small bundle which we did not open, but which appeared to contain lint, came to us ; we
did not want it.

I had a complaint from surgeons, about a month ago, that they wanted oil-silk. There
was a want of that and we got it from Constantinople ; we also got some nitric acid about
three weeks ago, having been run short in consequence of sloughing wounds.

It came to my knowledge that some of the patients complained that there was no lint for
their wounds. I inquired of the apothecary if there was any want of it in store ; he assured
me there was not. There might have been some delay in getting it from store.

December Wth.

Dr. M'Grigor, First Class Staff" Surgeon, called and examined.

I have had chief management of the barrack hospital. I undertook the duty about the 27th
or 28th September. I was then on sick leave till end of October. We were short of
surgeons. We first received patients about September 28th. The state of the building was
bare rooms of the house, Avith several rooms occupied by sick officers. The building v/as in a
good state of repaii", perhaps a few panes broken in the corridors. We had no bedsteads at
first, no boards or trestles ; we were at least three weeks before we received any. I made
requisitions on the purveyor. I was answered that the stores Avere expected daily from
Varna. The bedding consisted of chopped straAv mattrasses, and each man had two blankets
at least supplied. No rugs. There might have been a fcAv sheets, but there Avas a general
deficiency in the Avliole of hospital bedding. We had frequently to put a man on the floor, on
a blanket. I had made requisitions for all such things, but the purveyor had not them. I
fouud on inquiry that the commissariat had a quantity of bedding, and it Avas obtained.
At present Ave have quite an abundance of bedding. I have charge noAV of one half of the
hospital, upAvards of 1,000 men, and I have an ample supply of sheets, blankets, rugs,
pillows, and trestle bedsteads. There is still a deficiency of chamber pots, bed pans, and
night chairs.

There has been a difficulty about supplying clean personal linen. When I first took the
establishment, I pointed out to Mr. Rogers, (Mr. Ward's clerk) the necessity of entering
into contracts for Avashing. This Avas done. I believe it Avas carried on for some time
with success ; but either the price allowed Avas too little, or from the irregularity of
contractor", it fell. Men's shirts began to accumulate, and throAvn about. I believe the men
made aAvay with many of them. Privies Avere filled Avith bits of shirts. This has continued
till Avithin the last eight days. At first I found a great want of shirts. Many men who
came doAvn had probably had their shirts on three months, or Avere shirtless altogether, and

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306

covered with vermin. Shortly after Miss Nightingale's arrival, she supplied a large
quantity of personal linen for the use of the sick. Purveyor also got a large quantity, and
I then obtained them from him on requisition. They are now perfectly supplied with
shirts, until within three weeks we have not had sufficient hospital clothing. I made
requisitions ; was supplied with a supply of light summer things, which I did not consider
adapted for the season of the year. The quantity, also, was not sufficient. I would not
receive it. I applied for the blue serge dresses. They might have had 20 or 30 sets ; but
until there was a proper supply, I preferred not taking it. The men were not deficient of
clothing ; they had their great coats, coatees, and until there was a better supply, I thought
it better not to take what purveyor offered. The purveyor said always he expected
supplies from Varna. An entire deficiency of socks. 1 made requisitions for socks; but
I was told there were none. Having ascertained from the purveyor the Avants of different
things, I used to go doAvn to his stores every day to know what things came, and then I
made requisitions only for such things as I knew he had.

My duties are, superintending operations and consultations. I think the number I have
to attend to is too much for one person. 1 have appointed Seeond-class Staff Surgeon
Summers to superintend under me. I have four second-class staff surgeons besides, who
act simply in capacity of assistant surgeons. The assistant surgeons' duties commence at
about 10 a.m., and terminate at about 2. They return again at 8 p.m., and are then
engaged for an hour. I think a staff surgeon, to do his duty well and inquire after every-
thing, should not have more than 300 or 400 patients. I give a certain ntimber of wards
to a second-claff staff surgeon, and place assistant surgeons under him.

I find the orderlies useful, considering they are taken from the ranks, and inexperienced
in such duties. Quite a sufficient supply. They are not over steady : they are a class of
men who came down here sick or wounded, and would probably be ordered to join their
regiments. They are never taken from us, unless they are defaulters or discharged for
misconductc The Commandant has never interfered to take them from me ; he only asked
that I would not ask for cavalry, artillery, or guardsmen. I think the Avards are generally
kept clean ; also the patients. They (the orderlies) all drink. I have to send some to
the guard house every day for it.

The wardmasters are sergeants taken from the depot ; I find them men of good character
and intelligent. They only want the requisite experience to make them excellent ward-
masters. I have had to bring one or two of them to courts-martial for drujikenness,
absence, and neglect of duty.

The medical officer in charge of the patient prescribes for him, compounds, and sees
tiiat his orderly administers it. I have not had occasion to find fault on this subject. The
rules of the service have been strictly carried out by the medical officers under me.

A diet roll is made out every morning ; the men's names are inserted every morning by
the wardmaster. The medical officer makes it iip for the folloAving day. The extras, as
well as the ordinary rations; he begins at ten ; it is made up as soon as he has visited his
patients. He is not limited to any particular hour. He delivers it to the Avardmaster,
whose duty it is to deliver it to the purveyoi'. The purveyor has always, as far as I know,
been able to supply the articles required.

I have had no complaints that extras haA^e not been delivered. I have had complaints
that the meat was not properly boiled. The meat and soup have always been hot ; no
complaints of the contrary. Occasionally the men have dined half an hour earlier than
others. If the purveyor is iinable to supply any of the articles ordered by the medical man,
he scratches the article out of the diet roll. I do not know Avhen it is brought back to the
medical man, but it is always brought back in time to enable him to order something else
for the patients.

As for cooking extras, there Avas at first great difficulty, owing to the construction of
Turkish kitchens ; they are noAV mostly cooked in Miss Nightingale's kitchen. There is still
a number of foAvls boiled in the hospital kitchen. I made requisitions for tin jwts for the
purpose ; before, it Avas boiled in the coppers. The tin pots are boiled on Tux'kish braziers,
by the cooks. The orderlies have something to do with the cooking. Miss Nightingale
supplies nothing but what is ordered in the diet roll, except sometimes beef tea, rice puddings,
and bread puddings, Avhich are not on the diet roll ; btit are supplied by her, Avith my
sanction. An extra diet roll is made out by my orders for these things by the medical
officer in charge of the Avards and corridors. I do this to prevent misapplication or improper
demands on Miss Nightingale by orderlies. She supplies the articles. I am sure they are
supplied regularly ; they are delivered to the orderly. Never heard any complaint of these
requisitions not being complied Avith.

When I Avant the assistance of a nurse, I call upon Miss Nightingale and apply for one.
When I am going to operate, they make up a bed for the patient ; they attend to the
numerous little comforts of the men. They assist medical officers in dressing wounds. I
have sent them to assist medical officers Avhen there has been a great influx of Avounded;
but they are not attached to any individual wards. They have been very useful in cholera
and diarrhcea cases, in Avhich they arc chiefly useful in giving drinks and sustenance.

The i^rivies have been a nuisance ever since the establishment of the hospital ; from their
construction they are constantly liable to be choked. I have made representations to the
purveyor. There is a fatigue party of Turks employed to keep them clean.

I think sufficient pains have not been taken to keep these places, and the whole of the
hospital environs clean. I have represented it to the Commandant, Major Sillery.

307

We are here in an enoi'iiious house, without proper means of ubUilion, no fumigating
room, no proper pack store. Kitchen wholly defective for hospital [)urposes.

At no time that I am aware of, either when the wounded came irom Alma or since,
were we in want of lint, linen, or any surgical appliances. I never heard any complaints
in the hospital ; I merely heard it from ncwspa[)er reports. I do not think the want could
have existed without my knowledge. I do not believe we ever had to stop for want of such
things for more than ten minutes, just time to send to General hospital for it. We have
never used anything but English lint, which cannot be mistaken for any other. If I was
put on oath, I could say I never heard complaints from any medical officers or dispensers in
the establishment, of want of dressings, tow, bandages, sticking plalster, and in short of
anything necessary for dressing wounds. I never saw a maggot in a wound.

Dr. M'Illree called and examined.

First class staff surgeon. In charge of a division of the Barrack hospital. I commenced
my duties here on the 6th November. The number of patients has ranged from 700 to 1000,
I think it is a larger number than I can superintend efficiently. Taking sick and wounded
together I think 400 sufficient. I employ the second class staff surgeons under me, partly
to superintend, partly to do duty as assistant surgeons. I should like to have another. I
think I have a sufficient supply of assistant surgeons to do the work properly. They are
fourteen it number. The duties commence at 9 and terminate at about 2. Sometimes
they are kept later, Avhen fresh cases arrive or invalids to be sent away, or operations to be
performed.

The orderlies are sufficient in number. The regulation number, one in 10, is sufficient.
I think we have even more than that. They are taken from the ranks. They are taken
from me, sometimes my best men, as they are required for active service. I find them
frequently drunk, as I go round at night. I should desire to have trained orderlies, skilled
attendants, who would not be liable to removal except by the medical authorities. The
military authorities interfere much in removing them ; with a great deal of superintendence
they keep the wards clean. I believe they distribute the diets properly.

At first I found a deficiency of bedsteads. I made requisitions, but I still wanted thirty
to complete my wards. The passages are quite supplied. The wards have a Turkish divan
all round ; but I think men have suffered from sleeping on the floor. It is always desirable
to have bedsteads. Ventilation is not so perfectly open without them. I expect 50 bed-
steads this morning, and I am told I shall have the others shortly. The mattresses are
sufficient in number ; but hair mattresses would be much preferable to chopped straw ones.
The sheets are sufficient in number, by constant application to the purveyor,— quality
sufficiently good. Blankets and rugs sufficient and good. The supply of chamber pots,
urinals, night stools, and bed pans is especially deficient. I have applied within these last
three or four days ; was answered, none in store. Find a want of tables. I found a want
of shirts among the patients, and clothing generally ; I mean their own clothing. On their
arrival and departure I find them wanting clothing. Of hospital clothing, lately I have
found quite sufficient supply, as far as it goes. I think shirts and socks ought to be part
of hospital clothing. Of coats, trousers, and other hospital clothing I have had quite a
sufficient supply. Latterly I have applied for flannel shirts from the purveyor, and some-
times obtained them ; also, linen or cotton shirts. I think there are now very few cases
in which they have no shirts, and those are recent admissions.

I have had cause to complain of want of regularity in supplying men with clean linen.
The men's shirts and flannels go to the regular channel to be w\ished. Sometimes long delay
in return ; frequently the proprietor does not get his own shirt back. I have spoken to
the principal medical officer (Dr*. Menzies) on the subject.

Since I have been here, I have found no want of any sui-glcal instruments, materials, or
appliances, such as lint, bandages, &c., &c. Also, always had a sufficient supply of
medicines. I think it very desirable to have apothecaries, especially in a large hospital
such as this. In such an establishment as this, I would relieve the assistant surgeons from
making up their own medicines. It would avoid the confusion that arises from a number
of officers assembling about the same time to make up the medicines, and would avoid
waste. The medicines are, I believe, regularly administered — once a day ; sometimes
twice, in particular cases. I have no fault to find.

The diet is sufficient in quantity. The ordinary rations are cooked in large quantities
Latterly the hours have been regular. There are not sufficient knives, forks, or plates.
The men should have them of their own ; but, in point of fact, they have not. The soup is
generally very warm. The meat gets cold, which I attribute to the distance it has to be
carried, and the number of persons among whom it has to be distributed.

The ordinary diet is cooked by the cooks ; the extras, such as sago arrowroot, are cooked
by the orderlies. I think they are properly cooked, but I find that the arrowroot is not
hot. When a man is ordered arrowroot, he may be ordered two ounces for the 24 hours.
That ought to be taken perhaps at different times, but it is frequently all cooked at once.
Such extras cannot be properly administered, owing to want of means of cooking in the
kitchen for these small thino-s.

As to the other extras, directions are given as to the time of taking them. These
directions, I find, are obeyed. I find, from some deficiency in kitchen, I cannot have
chicken soup made, beef tea, or any other of the things constantly required day or night for
sick people. The quality of the things is good.

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308

I find that in two instances assistant surgeons have made out diet rolls upon
Miss Nightingale's kitchen, I have limited them to arrowroot, barley water, chicken broth,
and rice puddings. I have not sent a circular to assistant surgeons to draw as much as
possible on the purveyor, and not from external sources, and to insure the proper cooking
of the extras. They do not ; they report to me, that they always get all they ask of her.
Her diet roll is for the day on which it is made out. I cannot say what course is followed
when the requisitions are not complied with.

I had a complaint made to me by one of the assistant-surgeons (I believe Dr. Ancell),
that some essence of beef, whicli he had oitlcred in the diet roll, Avas neither supplied nor
struck out.

I think the patients are over-crowded ; the rule of the service requiring a space of two feet
between the beds, is not observed, owing to the crowd of patients.

I think the nurses are useful, chiefly in diarrhoea and cliolera cases, their services consist-
ing in attending to the wants of the patients. I have had very few of them in my division.

As to means of ablation, there is plenty of water and soap, but a deficiency of tubs. I
have applied for some and am promised them. I think a bath room is much wanted.

December ]2f//.

Mr. Andhews was called and examined.

x\t present dispenser of medicines at the hospital I was clerk in Mr. Eeade's ofiice, till
about September 25th. Mr. Ileade was the apothecary ; he died about the 30th November. I
went on 2oth September to Barrack hosjiital, to act as dispenser. It was my duty, in that ca-
pacity, to keep the Barrack hospital supplied with medicine, surgical instruments, materials,
and appliances. Scarcely a day passed, that I did not draw on Mr. Eeade for such supplies.
I recollect the wounded coming from the Crimea, after the battle of Alma, about September
27th. My jiractice was to have the things in the surgery, and to give them out to the
surgeons or their orderlies, as they were required, without any written requisition. I never
was in ^vant of lint or dressing, sticking plalster, tow, &;c. We had always plenty of tow and
old linen ; this applies from the time I went there, till I left to come here, on November
28th. I left, in consequence of Mr. Readc's illness, to assist Mr. Mcintosh, Mr. Keade's
Buccessor. I was at the General hospital, when the first batch of wounded arrived there,
and I think I was at the Barrack hospital, tlie evening of the first day that wounded were
landed there. It was all fine lint we used. We had it sent out in two ways. Some were
packed in blue packages, " Taylor's lint." The papers produced are copies of what was on
all the packages. The rest of it Avas packed in cases, each containing 251bs. I recollect
counting the packages with Mr. Ileade, the day before I went to the barrack hospital. I
think the number was 420. I don't recollect counting any boxes.

We had, I suppose, 20,000 calico bandages in store at the time ; they are of the same
kind as are always supplied by the medical board.

We had, I should suppose, between 2 and 300 sheets of old linen. This is a mere guess,
I knoAv there was a large case full. We Avere never short of old linen, neither Avhile I was
here nor at the Barrack hospital. Some old linen Avas obtained from the Turkish authorities,
about the beginning of November. W^c had plenty of our own, at the time of Alma.
Mr. Eeade told me he had applied to the Turks for old linen, lest we should run out.

We have seven or eight cases, which were sent here after I left for the Barrack, marked
chiefly, I think, " Old Linen." Tavo or three only have been opened, the rest have
remained unopened ; none of them Avere here when I went to the Barrack hospital. I never
had a complaint of the want of surgical appliances. If any such Avant had existed in the
Barrack hospital, I must have known it, for the demand must have been on me. For about
two days, in the middle of November, Ave were out of oil silk. This, I believe, Avas supplied
to Mr. Reade by the Turks. We have been getting short of medicines, during the last
fortnight, in consequence of the loss of the Prince, but supplies liave been purchased by
Mr. Reade and Mr. Mcintosh.

Until I saw it stated in the English papers, that we Avere in Avant of all the simplest
dressings for wounds, I never heard a Avord of complaint about it, in the Barrack or General
hospital. As to the Barrack, I knoAV the story is untrue.

I have been here since the 20th ]May. The chloroform has been ahvays packed in eight
ounce bottles ; that is, such as has been sent here.

While I was in Mr. Reade's office, I kept the books. One book consists of an account
of the daily issues of surgical instruments, appliances, and materials ; another, in Avhich all
invoices Avere copied. There is also a letter book ; no entries in the first-mentioned book
after about September 24th, nor in the second, after the 25th ; nothing is entered in the
third, after June 30th.

The practice Avas to keep the invoices and enter them in the book, just before the half-
yearly returns. When Mr. Reade Avas taken ill, I took charge of his ofiice. I found the books
iust as I left them, not a single entiy had been made in them, not even in the letter
book.

Medicines, and such things as lint and bandages, ax'e delivered at the surgery to the
medical ofiicers, on their verbal requisition. Other things, such as air beds, fracture cradles,
and other things, Avhich are not kept in the surgery, are delivered direct from the
apothecary's stores, upon written requisitions. Those requisitions which are complied

309

with, are kept and filed. Those which are not, arc returned ; no steps are afterwards taken
to inform the person who made the requisition, when the goods came into store, but they
are generally told at the time, when the goods are expected.

[Mr. Andrews then conducted us to the apothecary's store, and showed us, among other
things, the boxes to which he had referred, as containing old linen.]

Dr. 0' Flahertt, called and examined.

I came in charge of the ship Echunga. I did not find maggots in the wounds of my
patients on board, but in the dressings. In two cases, the dressings had been on 24 hours,
from 12 to 12; several maggots were found in it. In the third case, in the discharge and

on the bedding. The first two cases were officers. Captain B had a gun-shot wound in

the shoulder joint. I put a lot of tow betAveen him and the bed, under outermost bandage,
to prevent discharge soaking bed. On undressing him the following morning, and lifting
away the tow from surface, I perceived three or four clusters of just born maggots, exactly

like fly-blows in meat. This was at Balaklava about 26th Oct. Capt, 's wound had been,

at his own request, left undressed 24 hours. I did not see the maggots, but he told me
he found some in the dressing. I attribute the presence of these maggots to the same cause,
as in meat — heat and moisture and decaying matter, in which flies deposit their ova. I have
seen the same things in hospitals at home. The oozing of matter through dressing is a
nidus for the flies to deposit on.

December 13 fh.
Mr. Ancell, StatF Assistant Surgeon, called and examined.

It is part of my duty to make out the diet roll every day, comprising extras. Latterly
it has frequently appeared that extras ordered by me have not been suj^plied. The diet
roll is made up late in the evening ; it is delivered by me to the non-commissioned ofiicer in
charge of the two wards I have under me. He gives the diet roll to the orderlies, who
draw the rations and extras. If the extras are not supplied, no notice is given to me. I
have found instances where patients have gone without the things I ordered, or anything
else substituted ; it has taken place about a dozen times. I reported the case officially to
Dr. Mclllree on two occasions. Finding that certain extras were not to be got at all (chiefly
essence of beef), I have made requisitions within the last ten days on the Sisters of Mercy
for beef tea. Some days ago a general notice came round that there was no essence of
beef in the purveyor's store. I have occasionally found, that is in the early part of the
establishment of the hospital, or in the first fortnight in October, a want of port wine and
spirits, but no want since then. The patients did not sufler when the things were not
supplied, because the requisition Avas made on the Sisters, and complied with at once. The
only extras which have not been supplied have been beef tea, port, and spirits. When I
found them not supplied, I still kept them on diet roll, but inquired daily of the orderly,
whether any was to be had, and if not, made requisition on the Sisters ; kept it on the diet
roll, because it might come into store next day.

I came on duty in the Barrack hospital on 1st October. I was actively engaged in
attend in the wounded that came from Alma. I never had any v/aut of linen, lint, bandages
or any kind of surgical appliances. I knew one instance when there was no opium. It was
a deficiency of powdered opium ; it Avas a case of my own. I have no note of it ; I did not
report the case. I went into the surgery and asked for pulv. opii. I applied to Mr. An-
drews, he said there was none. I Avas in Avant of it 24 hours. Some came afterwards.
This must have been about the middle of October. There Avas no tinct. opii ; do not know
whether there Avas acetate or muriate of morph. I did not ask for them, as I thought a
different course of treatment Avould be better. It was a diarrhoea case ; I have no note
of it, for I had at the time 1 50 cases to attend to. This must have been about the middle
of October. I never heard any complaints of any Avant of lint, linen, or bandages.

Mr. SuNTEK, 2d Class Staff" Surgeon.

In the hospital since last May. I came to Barrack hospital about 1 9th September, Avhen
it Avas being opened. I recollect the Avounded coming from Alma. I think the first came
about 24th September, On 29th September, at Dr. Menzies' request, I came on duty. I
remained about a Aveek, Avhen I again fell sick. My duties did not include attending to
the Avounded. I saAv pretty Avell Avhat was going on in the hospital. I never heard any
complai nts of want of lint, linen, bandages, or other surgical appliances or of medicines.
My qua rters were surrounded on all sides by AA-ounded men. I do not believe it possible
that the Avounds of the men could have been neglected. Even the diarrhoea men, whose
cases are much more complicated, and require more time from medical officers than
wounded, were fully attended to, and I don't believe any man died whom medicine could
cure. My place of business Avas opposite to the surgery, — a want of such things could
hardly have existed without my knowing it.

I never Avas Avitliout opium in its various forms. We had always abundance of acet. lead
and opii., calomel and opium, and chalk mixture, Avith tinct. of opium, plenty of comp.
powder of ipecac. (Dover's powder,) no Avant of pulv. opii. (not to my knoAvledge.) I saw
large bottles of tinct. of opium, Avhich had been purchased at Constantinople.

310

I have never had any requisitions not complied with. Sometimes for two or three days
I think there has been want of essence of beef, but I could always substitute chicken brotk
I inqmre of my patients daily whether they have had their different extras.

Mr. "WiSHART, 2d Class Staff Surgeon.

Came here sick September 22d ; undertook medical duty 26th. The first wounded I
received was on the 26th; that was in Barrack hospital. I found no want of surgical
appliances for the dressing of their wounds, either then or any time since, nor of medicines,
nor of medical comforts ; sometimes there was a want of brandy for a day, but rum was
substituted. Some persons of my acquaintance at Pera, sent me some old linen about the
first week of October, saying that they understood there was a want of such articles. I
received a large bundle of it, but I have still a great part of it. I did use a considerable
part. I found it softer than the old sheets supplied by the apothecary, and I used it to
save the lint. I think it consisted of old shirts and sheets torn up. I know that I could
have had both linen and lint all the time from the surgery. I kept it in my own quarters.
The people who sent it were Scotch missionaries. They also sent over at the same
time about six dozen shirts; about three weeks ago, they sent about 100 knives and forks,
and spoons. I thanked the person who brought the linen, said that it was very acceptable,
but that the report that there was no linen or lint here was false. By my own personal
observation, I know that there was always plenty of linen, lint, and all other such things
in the surgery.

There was a want of pulv. opii. about a month ago for about 48 hours. Except on that
occasion, I do not know of any want. There were other preparations of opium at the time,
such as tinct. opii, vinum opii. We were occasionally deficient of chalk and opium, always
had accet. and muriate of morphia, and comp. pulv. ipecac, and opii. (Dover's powder). I
do not think my patients suffered from want of pulv. opii. I substituted laudanum ; it was
an inconvenience merely because it could not be made into pills.

We were veiy deficient of every ward utensil at first. It was also a long time before
we could get shirts for the men, for sometimes the men were allowed to buy their shirts
and got money for that purpose, but an order was issued by principal medical officer that
this should be discontinued. I found that the men applied the money to different purposes.
Then, in one case, the man asked for money to buy shirts and socks, but when I asked
him what he wanted the money for, he said it was to get butter for his bread.

When the shirts did go to the wash there was a difficulty in getting them back.
Sometimes not a third returned.

Mr. HuNGERFORD, Staff Assistant Surgeon.

Arrived September 17. Entered on my duties about 20th or 21st at the general
hospital. Recollect the wounded arriving. Had to attend a number of wounded men, for the
first week perhaps 150, but cannot say exactly ; never had any want of lint, linen, bandages,
or any other surgical appliance. Never wanted anything that was necessary. Got it always
from the surgery, or on requisition — such as air cushions, air beds — from Dr. Reade, the
apothecary. At the General hospital we had always iron or trestle bedsteads. There might
have been a few men without at first, but cannot say that there were. We had principally
trestles at first — iron since. Never had any want of bedding, dont recollect ever wanting
sheets or any other bedding. There never was a want of opium or any other necessary
medicine I required. On one day lately I was in want of tinct. cardam., but I got it
next day.

There were always splints. I wanted once a Mclntyre splint, but those of the hospital
were all in use. I put up the leg without it. The man has gone home since. I was quite
satisfied with the ordinary splints. Tow was once wanting to wash men's wounds, but
got it in a day or two. Used charpie or linen instead.

Mr. Reid, Staff Assistant Surgeon.

Arrived here on 17th of September. Entered on my duties on 29th at General hospital. I
had about 50 wounded men to attend to. I think they all had iron bedsteads. They had
sheets, mattresses, blankets, and other complete hospital bedding. I never was stinted in
lint, bandages, or splints, or any other surgical appliances. I think about three times I
could not get oil-silk, either from the surgery or the stores. It was out at the time. I
never have at any time found the want of any medicines, I always got any preparations
of opium I wanted. I did not have any old linen because I did not ask for it, I used lint
in preference.

I had at first a deficiency of urinals and bed pans. I got the requisite number for my
wards by six weeks time.

Occasionally, for about the first month, some patients complained to me that they did not
get their full rations. I thought them insufficient. There was too much bone. I thought
the hospital allowance was 16 oz. of uncooked meat, and it appeared to me that the rations
when cooked were not more than 8 oz. exclusive of bone, I did not weigh it. The
meat was good in quality. They also complained that they got it too late.

Once or twice my patients complained in the beginning that some of their extras were
omitted. Arrowroot was the only instance I remember. There was some other article,
but I forget what it is.

311

Mr. Ttod, Assistant Surgeon, 5th Regiment.

Arrived here on 24th of September in the Andes. The morning after, I entered o n
my duties in the General hospital "We brought the first wounded. I saw them arrive at
the General hospital. I think there was a bed for everybody, but I do not think there was
a bedstead for all. In the ward where I was, I had a bedstead for everybody. I had
between 50 and 60 patients. Bedding, including sheets, was complete. There was at
first a lack of imnals and other utensils, but the want was soon supplied. I had
lint, linen, bandages, splints, oil-silk, and every other surgical material and appliance.
I did not observe a want throughout the hospital. We might occasionally run out of tow
for a day. I had a patient under my treatment who was transferred from Dr. Poppelwell
to me, and his leg was put up with a Mclntyre splint.

I never found any want of medicines. I used chiefly morphia, and never found a want
of that.

The diet of the men was good in quality, sufficient in quantity according to the orders,
but sometimes slow in distribution owing to the crowd. I never had a complaint that
extras were not given.

Business commenced at 8 a.m. and terminated at 2 — sometimes earlier, sometimes later.

Mr. Evans, Staff Assistant Surgeon.

Arrived September 1st. Entered on my duties week after. Recollect wounded arriving
from Alma. I was at the General hospital. I dare say that for an hour or so some of
them with slight wounds might have been lying on the floor in their great coats. They came
in the afternoon, about 4 o'clock. The officers came in at an earlier part of that day.
By the evening every man was provided with bedding, sheets, blankets, counterpanes, &c.
I accompanied Dr. Menzies round the hospital while he examined every wound. It was
4 a.m. before I left oS. I must have seen every patient. I know they were all provided
with bedding. Not all had bedsteads ; only a very small proportion were without them,
either iron or trestle. Notes of the several cases were taken at the time. Dr. Anderson,
who is since dead, and, I think, Dr. DArcy and some other gentlemen accompanied us.
Every wound was dressed before we went to bed.

I did not then, or on any other occasion, find any want of lint, old linen, bandages,
splints, or any other surgical appliance. I sometimes have heard orderlies complain of
there being no lint in the tray, but they could always get it by going to the surgery or store ;
for the first day or two we were not told ofl" to wai-ds, but assisted generally throughout the
hospital. On one occasion I was unable to get a Mclntyre splint, but on several occasions
I got them from the apothecary, — some three or four cases. Once we had a deficiency of
tow, and some was got next day from Pera. I saw it arrive next morning ; that was about
six weeks ago.

I have never found a deficiency of any medicines for which I could not easily substitute
something else. I do not recollect any medicines wanting. All the common forms of opium,
as well as I recollect, were there.

There have been complaints, off" and on, from some patients that they could not get their
proper rations. I inspected their rations when they were kept, and I thought they were
deficient. The men kept the rations themselves. What I was shown was chiefly bone.
I have also had complaints that the extras were served late. Occasionally I have heard
complaints that extras were not delivered. This once happened to myself ; my patient
complained he had not got beef tea. I found by an error I had marked arrowroot instead
of beef tea in the diet roll ; he suffered no inconvenience, either was equally suitable. I
have had complaints also that the things are brought up cold. No complaint as to
cooking.

Mr. Darrac, Dispenser at the General Hospital.

Came on September 1 7th, got charge on the 1 9th. It is my duty to see that there is in the
surgery a supply of all medicines and surgical appliances. The surgeons help themselves in
furnishing their trays. When the wounded camefrom Alma, I had an ample supply of lint, old
hnen, that is, old linen sheets, bandages, adhesive plaister, tow, also sphnts, that is, all the
ordinary splints ; all the ordinary appliances were there. I was not conscious of any want, and
I was applied to by every surgeon in the General hospital. Sometimes, perhaps, there might
be the want of an article, but in 20 minutes at the outside, jnst time enough for an orderly
to go to Dr. Readers quarters at the Barracks and back, the want could be supplied. There
was no want of anything when the wounded came from Alma, nor at any time since, until
three or four weeks ago when we wanted tow. We had charpie which could be used as a
substitute ; it is better and more expensive than tow. About 60 lbs. of tow were used in
one day, once or twice; but except this I do not recollect any want of surgical appliance.

We had no want of medicines until a fortnight since, when there was a want of nitric
acid ; it was sent for to Constantinople. We were in want of it for two days, I think we got
it on the evening of the second day. Chloride of antim. was used instead. We have plenty
of tincture of muriate of iron ; whenever I send a requisition to the store for it I get it.
We have wanted carbonate of soda ; we were in want of it for the first time as well as I can
recoUect about a month ago. It was some little time after the Prince passed up to
Balaklava ; I think we may have been a day or two without it. Under ordiiiary circum-

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stances the common splints would be kept by the apothecary in store, and drawn by the
surgeon on written requisition ; but after Alma, and Avhenever I heard wounded were
coming down, I had a supply in the surgery.

Mr. McMuNN, Assistant Surgeon, Royal Artillery.

I came down from Varna, sick, the first week in September. Immediately after the action
of Alma, I volunteered to do duty here in the Barrack hospital for the first four or five days.
I dressed the men as they came in, not being appointed to any particular ward, as I was
still unwell. There were no bedsteads here at the time ; the mattress was laid on the floor ;
the floor is of wood. The wards have divans all round, two feet above the floor ; the
mattresses were laid on these divans. The men had the ordinary blankets and rugs, but
some only had sheets ; most of the wards were filled with beds before the men arrived.
The Avards are very full of fleas. There was scantiness of other hospital furniture, such as
urinals, bed-pans, &c. That has been in a great measure remedied since. From the battle
of Alma down to the present time I have always had plenty of lint, old linen, bandages, oil-
silk, splints, and all surgical appliances. .1 kept my tray well supplied with them.

The only thing I remember missing in the way of medicines, was pulv. opii. That was
for about 48 hours, but there were plenty of substitutes, tinct., vin., and plenty preparations
of morphia.

I had occasion once for a Mclntyre splint — got it at once from Dr. Eeade.

The diet has been fairly cooked and as good in quality as you can get it in this country,
of course it is not as good as English beef and mutton. The extras have not been well
cooked. I find that it is the orderlies that have been cooking the extras throughout. I
learnt this yesterday and reported it at once ; fried meat, sago, I mean, they cook ; I learnt
it from th e corporal Avho is my ward-master.

Corporal Andrew Buchanan, 19th Regiment. Hospital Orderly, Acting Hospital
Sergeant, of three wards (six, seven, and eight) of lower division of Barrack Hospital,
under Assistant-Surgeon McMunn.

I came as a wounded patient on the 26th of September. It is now my duty to see the
ordinary rations and the extras of the men are issued properly from the purveyor's store,
cooked properly, and issued to the patients. We always have breakfast at eight. The
purveyor's store commences to issue bread between 5 and 6 a.m. Each orderly receives the
bread of his ward according to the diet roll which he has Avith him ; only one orderly can
be helped at one time, because the steward has to examine the diet roll and see there are no
erasures or anything against the rule of the service. By about 8 the last man gets his
bread. The other orderly of the ward is attending the ward and patients. If the man who
gets the bread is late, I send the other for the tea, but if he fetches^up the bread early, he
goes for the tea. No delay with the tea, for each man in the ward gets the same quantity
whatever be his diet, and the cook has only to get the number of men in the ward. This
is done by several cooks, not by one.

After breakfast, I send the orderly to the pm-veyors to draw the meat. I see the meat
come up when it is cooked. I superintend the dividing in the ward in which I reside, and
the orderlies divide it in the other two ; and I ask afterwards if there are any complaints.
The dinner does not always come up regularly. The hour is 1. It comes up between 1
and 2, never later than 2. The delay arises in consequence of the wood running out. I
never found it badly cooked, nor delivered out cold. One orderly goes for the meat, and
while it is being cut vip, the other goes for the soup.

As soon as I can get the medical oflicer in charge of the ward to mark the extras for the
day, that is, by about 12 o'clock, I send the same orderly Avho gets the meat, to purveyor's
store to get the extras marked. There is the same delay then as in the morning. When
the orderlies get those extras, they cook them themselves. I have seen them do it — sago,
broil meat in frying pans, arrowroot. I asked the doctor to change sago to arrowroot, so that
the orderly might cook it with greater convenience. They cook in a shed near the kitchen.
I saw an orderly in one of my wards yesterday and the day before cook 13 pints of sago,
in his own mess tin, and in those of other persons. It was properly cooked. The fowls
are boiled in a copper along with the meat. I have a deficiency of bed pans. Every man
has sheets, two blankets, and a rug. If a man sends his shirt to the stores to be washed, he
might not get back his own, in consequence of its not being marked. When I came here
I had a very good shirt, marked with my name, the only one I possessed. I sent it to the
hospital washing, having no money to get it washed, and i got back a very bad one. I collect
all the shirts of my ward, distinguishing white, checked, and flannel. I take them to the dirty
linen store, and get a receipt from the corporal there, and in three or four days I get the
same number of each kind, but not the same shirts.

I came down in the Colombo, from Alma. I was wounded in the calf of the leg.
There were three medical officers on board. I went on board on the morning of 22nd.
No surgeon dressed my wound on board, but I dressed it myself The first day or two
I had lint enough, but afterwards I was told to wash it, as they had run short, there being
so many amputations. There must have been, I should say, five or six amputations each
day on board. We arrived on 26th. The captain and officers and crew of the Colombo
came round and gave us arrowroot, with port wine, inventing all manner of ways to

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feed the men who could not take food in the ordinary way. The three surgeons were
employed night and day, in attending to the wounded. When I landed, I walked up to
the Barrack hospital, with the assistance of a man. I immediately got a bed, no bedstead ;
but got bedding, two sheets, blankets, paillasse, and bolster. I got a pint of tea, and a
pound of bread that day. I arrived at p.m. I dressed my wound myself in the morn-
ing. Dr. McGrigor came in, about 4, to see that every man had a bed, and something to eat
The first surgeon that dressed me was Dr. McMunn. My wound was dressed on the
second day by the orderly. My wound was slight, and those in my ward were mostly
slight. None of their wovtnds were dressed, except those that were dressed by myself and
the three orderlies. We got everything we required from the surgery. Wc had a case of
compound fracture of arm, private Black, S. F. Guards. We had plenty of lint, old linen,
bandages. Heard no complaints of any want of such things. I was discharged Nov. 9.
I think it was Sept. 28th that I was first dressed by a medical oflScer.

December \Ath.
John Hill, Chief Cook of the Barrack Hospital.

I commenced to cook here on Sept. 23d. I was five years in the regimental hospital of
my own regiment, the 47th. I can cook anything required for hospital purposes, if I
have the convenience. I have thirteen large coppers, each holding about 450 pints. I can
only boil ; cannot roast or bake, but I can fry and stew. The fire for the copper is lighted
outside, but I have six stoves or Turkish braziers, like an iron trough, mounted on four
legs, about three feet long, and better than a foot broad. The floor is uneven, the lower part
being near the fire. Great difficulty in keeping the kitchen dry in consequence, the orderlies
being always carrying water backwards and forwards. I boil the ordinary rations in the
boilers. We have the tea ready for breakfast about 8. I have six men tmder me, besides
six Greeks to carry water and things of that sort, and a man to cut wood. It takes us an
hour and a half before we get the last of it issued. At about 1 Q\ the orderlies begin to bring
in the meat for cooking, and that goes on till 1 \. Each orderly brings in that" for his own
ward or mess. He ties it up and puts a skewer through it, and it is marked with a tally.
They often take the wrong mess and leave their own behind. I stand at the table to see the
best way I can that the messes are issued fairly. I begin to distribute at 2 o'clock. I get
some of the meat so late that I cannot have dinner earlier. I get it a little earlier now,
but not much. It takes an hour and a half to distribute, including the soup. We then get
the fires lighted under the coppers to get the tea ready, and wc commence to distribute
that at about 4i. That is as long as the other meals. I have every requisite convenience
for cooking the ordinary rations.

I cook all the extras. I commenced yesterday evening, for the first time. Before, the
orderlies used to cook. The chickens I always boil in a copper, but sago, arrowroot, and
fried meat were cooked by the orderlies. I boil the orderlies' meat, either beef or mutton,
and the chickens together, and I give each man a portion of the broth.

The patients get nothing but mutton and chickens ; the mutton is fair passable meat.
Some time ago the mutton was once condemned as stale. The weather was hot. I did not
notice it until the meat was cooked. The matter was reported. Except on that occasion,
I have never known any complaints of the quality of the meat; each man gets
an equal share of bone. The chickens are pretty good ; the half of them are old hens
and take a great deal of boiling. I can make rice milk or boiled rice pudding, but I
cannot bake.

The rice, sago, and arrowroot are good. The milk is better than it has been. There
has been a great deal of water in it. I bring a portion of it every day to the store to let
the purveyor see it.

Mr. Woods, Assistant Surgeon, 23rd Regiment.

I came down with sick on board the Courier. Arrived on 29th September. I saw a
portion landed at Scutari. All bitt about four of the men I brought ashore with me, could
walk. They went to the Barrack hospital. I was put on duty at the General.

I had, after three days, at least 150 patients (wounded) placed under my charge. As far
as I could judge, every man had been properly attended to ; judging by the dressings, they
had been properly dressed by surgeons. I had every thing I wanted, a superfluity indeed
of everything. Plenty of lint ; I did not use any old linen, preferring the softer material,
to prevent irritation. Plenty of splints, bandages, oil-silk ; in fict, surgical appliances of
all kinds.

I found no want of medicines of any kind, since the 28th of last month down to within
the last few days. I was much in want of sacral pillows for bad sores. I have charge
of the gangrene wards (two), and have a great demand for them, and the supply
had worn itself out. We have been furnished with others, which answer as well, by the
Sisters.

I found no want of medicines, except indeed, once, some bicarbonate of soda, which
was got on the following day. I am going into minute particulars in mentioning this. We
were also, in want, now I remember it, of nitric acid, but, I substituted a solution of
chloride of antimony. I never had any v/ant of tinct. muriate of iron. I have been using
it this last week. There is plenty of it in the surgery.

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The patients I was first put to watch, had with few exceptions, trestle bedsteads, the
others had iron bedsteads. I have always had charge of passages, not wards. The
bedding was complete, including sheets, but shirts were very much wanted at first. The
oflBcers, who were down here, often supplied them liberally with flannel shirts. Most of
the men, however, had shirts ; perhaps one-fourth were in want of them. They are now
all perfectly supplied with shirts.

In the wards I have charge of, I think there is plenty of hospital utensils.

Formerly what extras were ordered for a patient were all given to him at once. Now that
is changed. Things are given to him at the intervals I direct. I think they are fairly
cooked and served. There are tin plates, and generally they use their own knives.

Mr. Hamilton, — Staflf Assistant Surgeon.

I entered on my duties at the General hospital on the 24th September. I saw the greater
part of the men brought in from Alma. When they were brought in we had not beds at
Srst. We had to remove many sick men to the Barrack, and give their beds to the
wounded. They had to lie on mattresses, some on trestle bedsteads, some on mattresses
until the beds could be prepared.

We were not told off to wards, but we went to work and did not stop until we had
finished them all, which kept us tiU 4 a. M. I think some remained about the surgery
unprovided with bedsteads, but all had mattrasses, and I think they had complete bedding ;
but I cannot say as to aU having sheets.

We had plenty of all surgical appliances — lint — I cannot say I used old linen. I do not
think we knew anything of it at that time, as we had plenty of lint — bandages, splints, oil-
silk, and everything of that kind.

I found no want of medicines, or of medical comforts, port wine, or brandy. They were
all got on requisition.

We got hospital utensils from the steward, and we had enough.

It is only latterly that we have used the sesqui-chloride of iron ; since the letter of the
Director-General. I have always found plenty of it in the surgery.

Mr. W. J. Johnson, Staff Assistant Surgeon.

On duty at General Hospital since the morning after the arrival of the first wounded
from Alma.

As well as I can recollect, the wards and passages in which I did duty were provided
with iron bedsteads or trestles ; no man on the floor. I found all the bad cases, as com-
pound fractures, had the appearance of being properly attended to ; but in some instances
of slight wounds, I observed — in fact the men told me — that they had not been attended to
by medical officers. I dressed all the wounds allotted to me that day.

I had ample means of dressing the wounds ; I had lint, tow, bandages : linen I did not
use, for I had lint in abundance. In fact, I never thought of linen. Every other surgical
appliance in abundance. I have never found any want down to the present time of any of
those things.

I have never had any want of any medicines. I have had plenty of sesqui-chloride of
iron all through ; I have used it ever since hospital gangrene made its appearance — long
before the Director General's letter came out — and 1 never found a want of it. I never
used any preparations of opium, except tinct. opii, and I always found plenty of that.

I should have wished for a larger supply of bed-pans, but this was remedied soon after.

The Rev. J. E. Saein.

I have been here since last July. I was present when the first wounded arrived. I
think it was on Sunday, but we had a large batch of sick on Friday. There was a great
want in the Barrack hospital of bedsteads and beds. The sick and wounded were put into
the wards ; some, not all, had beds, many without them. When the wounded arrived, they
all had to lie on the floor. Corridors B and C were filled with men lying down, some had
straw beds, but the majority were without anything under them, some without even a coat.
I recollect the circumstance, because on the Monday morning at 3 a.m., I assisted
Dr. McGrigor in distributing the blankets, and we found some poor fellows without even
a coat. Some had got hold of beds, but they were very few. The surgeons attended to
them as fast as they could, but it was impossible to attend to them all. The surgeons were
up, I believe, all night. I observed them dressing the wounds. I did not observe, myself,
whether there was lint and the other surgical appliances, but I presume there was, because I
saw the surgeons hard at work, and heard no complaints of any want. The complaints was
that they could not apply the dressings fast enough. I was in every corner of the hospital
every day. Whenever I was called to a dying man, I went. Besides, I was seeking for
them. During all that time I never a heard a complaint of the want of any surgical
appliances or medicines from the surgeons, but I did hear complaints from the men that
they did not get their medicines. Several men told me that they had not been dressed for
several days. Three days is the longest time I heard. One of the men was a sergeant in
the Scots Fusilier Guards. He was in the General hospital, and he walked up here three
or four days after. He is now gone home.

315

At the General hospital things were very bad on the same Sunday. When I left the hospital
at about 1 1 p.m., there must have been from 200 to 300 men choking up the passages
and etair-case near the chief entrance. The surgeons were examining them and sending
them to bed as fast as they could. There were a great number of beds. I should say there
must have been beds for nearly all — not all, for I found some next morning lying upon the
stones, covered with their coats. In the course of a week's time, at any rate, every man
must have had a bed in both hospitals, I should say.

The complaints I hears] among the men for the first seven or eight days, were chiefly of
want of surgical attendance and want of regular food. They got their food at long intervals
and irregularly. I speak now chiefly of this hospital. At the other hospital the same
complaints were made by the officers. They complained that the surgeons came late, not
that they did not come at all. The cooking was universally condemned. I never saw a
case of wilful neglect. I saw a statement in a paper from a clergyman, who said that his
brother had been here for a fortnight without even seeing a surgeon. I can only say, that
I always found the surgeons perfectly ready at all times. When it is recollected that this
enormous building was filled in a week, and what the staff was, the only wonder is, that
thingcs were not worse.

Edward Jennings, Private in 88th Eegt.

Arrived at the General hospital September 22d. I was sick. I got up the day the
wounded came from Alma, to sec if there were any wounded of my own regiment there.
Some of them lay in the corridors without beds that night. The most part were in beds ;
the rest got beds the next day. They seemed to have their bedding all right. I cannot say
about sheets ; I had sheets to my own bed. The surgeons were very busy bandaging up
wounds. I did not hear any of the surgeons or any body else complain of not having what
they wanted for dressing wounds ; but I heard the men complaining along the passages as
I went in, that their wounds were not washed and dressed. That was the first night they
came in. I did not hear any more complaints of the kind next day, nor any time after-
wards. While the men were complaining, the surgeons were working at the other side of
the hospital.

I have been an orderly ever since September 29th. I commence at about 6^ a.m. ;
go to the piirveyor's store and get the bread. I have the diet roll with me. The steward
deals out the bread. The orderlies fall in in order as they come down, and are served in
that way. There are nearly 200 orderlies in it. It takes an hour and a half to serve it out.
I get whole loaves, and then I cut it up. Either I or the other orderly goes for the tea ; we
do not have to wait more than 20 minutes. I never have breakfast in my ward later than
8 o'clock.

At 9 I go and draw the meat. I get it, also, from the steward ; he has bread, meat, and
salt to serve out together, and sometimes he has not done till near 1 o'clock. I do not take
the diet roll with me because the steward in the morning enters in a large book the quantity
marked on the diet roll with the name of the orderly who is to get it. I generally get my
dinner by 2 o'clock.

As soon as I get the diet roll, that is, as soon as the doctor has done with it, I go to the
steward again. As soon as he has done serving out the ordinary rations, he serves the
officers' servants, and then he serves us our extras — mutton chops, extra bread, chickens,
porter, lemons, and eggs. I serve out the porter, and then I go down again to get my wine,
arrowi'oot, sugar, sago, beef tea, brandy, or anything else. This I get at the same place
from the corporal, who gets the things from the purveyor. If the dinner is early, I serve
it out before I get the extras ; if late, I draw the extras first. I have them there until the
dinners are over, and then I go and cook the extras. I have always done this since I have
been an orderly. I don't boil the chickens in the kitchen copper as most do, because I
could not cook it there till the following day, and I like to give the men their dinners with-
out there being any grumbling. I boil them in an old tin belonging to a man in the ward,
who does not care about it. I also cook the sago and other things as well as I can. I
cook them either in the cook-house, or in the shed near the post-office.

The diet roll does say at what times the extras are to be taken ; the doctor does not give
me any directions. I cook all the extras and give them at once to the man, and he can
then do what he likes with them. I generally get 2 oz. of arrowroot for each man. If he
does not eat it all he gives it to his neighbours.

I never was an orderly until I was sent into this ward. I did not like to go as orderly,
but the adjutant picked me out of the ranks with others as the strongest men.

Except taking my regular turn of duty to cook for my company, I never did anything
in the way of cooking until I became an orderly.

December Ibth.

Mr. Calder, Staff" Assistant Surgeon.

Entered on my duties at Barrack hospital on the 29th September, to the best of my
recollection. I saw the wounded arriving daily. I landed 500 myself one day as orderly
officer. The greater part of the patients were then without bedsteads — aU had mattresses,
I never had any patient without a mattress for any length of time. When they came m,

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retiuisitions for mattresses were sent to purveyor, and he at once sent up tlie mattresses.
In my own wards, and I speak of them only, as I was seldom out of them, no man was left
a whole night without bedding. In the first instance — indeed, till a comparatively recent
date, I had no sheets ; even blankets were scarce. I had frequently difficulty in procuring
them, the men often requiring a change — such as were bleeding, or with profuse discharge.
When I asked for blankets, I was told none were to be had, in consequence of difficulty of
getting them washed. Rugs were in want also, but not to the same extent. If we had
blankets we did not care so much for rugs. In more than one instance I had to send them
back because they were filled with lice. These were isolated cases, and by no means
general. Things were generally clean.

For a few days I had considerable difficulty in getting hospital utensils, especially bed
pans. This was especially felt in the case of men with stumps or fractures.

I have perhaps eight or ten times from that time, for a month nearly, or three weeks,
found occasionally a want of lint when I asked for some at the surgery. I never was in
want as long as from a morning to an evening dressing — under twelve hours. I used to be
told in the surgery that it Avas all done. I liave seen a large supply sometimes come in the
morning into the surgery, and some of the medical officers — I myself plead guilty to the
charge — have occasionally taken more than would absolutely dress their wounds for that
day ; but then they did not know what might come in the course of the day. I never was in
actual Avant of lint. I exhausted my morning supply sometimes. I applied for more in the
morning, I was told there was no more in the surgery, but I got it in the evening. I
cannot say I ever saw a case suffer.

At first I never saw old linen ; I never asked for it ; I never required it. I have seen
old linen used here, latterly, to save lint ; I have used it for pads. Whenever I asked for
it I alwavs found an abundance of it. I sometimes used to tliink the men Avere prodigal
both of lint and old linen. At first I used to make an orderly cut the lint, or cut it
myself, and deal it out to each patient, in order that all might not get too much.

I recollect on one occasion being unable to obtain a double incline, or Mclntyre splint
for a man Avho had suffisred a compound comminuted fracture of the thigh. I put it up
with a long splint. The leg was afterwards amputated. Most certainly it would not have
been saved by using the Mclntyre instead of the common splint. I think the Desaux
splint which we use in this hospital is too narrow for such a limb as a SAVollen thigh. I knew
there Avas a Mclntyre splint in the house, but it Avas in vise.

On one occasion I found a Avant of pulv. opii. That might be towards the end of October
or beginning of November ; as far as I recollect, it Avas Avanting for three days. I used
muriate of morphia and laudanum, which was a perfect substitute, though not so convenient
mechanically, because it could not be made into a pill. I have frequently wanted, and
want at this moment, bismuth album. It is not a common medicine in hospitals, but its
want can be supplied by a combination of tonics and antacids Avhich I find in the
surgery.

I have missed tinct. muriate of iron ; I once missed it for a fortnight. That Avas about —
I looked for it or asked for it. Yesterday I asked for it in the surgery, and was told there
was none. I looked about and found a large magnum bottle of it. It was then about three
quarters full. As to the opium, I inquired whether there Avas any in the store. The
tinct. mur. iron I only inquired for at the surgery. The sulphate of iron answers very
nearly as well ; but not so convenient, because it requires more time to make up, and often
we have little time. For the last fortnight I have constantly had tinct. mur. of iron.

I have not had any Avant of nitric acid ; I have had no occasion to use it.

On one or two occasions, six or seven Aveeks ago, I found a Avant of Avine, That never
continued above a couple of days at a time. This may have occurred four or five times.
In isolated instances I have foimd a want of essence of beef, but beef tea answers the same
purpose, if properly made.

I have found dyspeptic symptoms prevalent among the officers, not so much among the
men. This I attribute partly to the nature of the rations, and partly to my not being able
to control the diet of officers as well as I can that of men.

December \Qth.
Mr. Selkirk Stuart. Purveyor of Barrack Hospital.

The contractor of the Commissariat supplies meat, bread, milk, fowls, eggs. The con-
tractor has pm-chased wine for us when we have been short. The contractor is Mr. Parry.
Mr. Wreford has also purchased port. We once got eight cases of port from the
contractor. On another occasion avc opened by mistake some cases of Mr. Parry's, which had
just been ])ut, for the night, into the purveyor's store. Candles, lamp-oil, rice, sugar, barley,
wood, charcoal, and porter we draw from the Commissariat direct on my requisition.
The meat comes at about 3 or 4 o'clock on the previous day ; the fowls for the day come in
the morning, sometimes before 12. There has been a great consumption of fowls ; three
days ago there were 220 issued. That day order was given for 300. Next morning only
120 could be procured. I inspect the things daily. I have had sometimes to condemn the
meat, but not the fowls. They are sometimes small, but we cannot help that. There are
never old hens among them.

317

The diet rolls have been supplied to the steward only between 7 and 8 a.ni. of the day. that
they are to be issued. 1 think it would be advisable that the purveyor should have an abstract
of the diets and extras at three o'clock the previous day. The diet rolls are brought in the
morning when the orderlies get their bread : the steward then Uiarksdown in his books the
total of the diets and bread with the orderly's name. After breakfast the orderlies return for
bread and meat for dinner. This issue is interrupted by servingont thesupplies for sick officers,
and on some occasions the issue has not been conipleted before a quarter to two o'clock, but I
have known it completed by a quarter to twelve. I receive the meat and bread at the provi-
sion stores. The 2)ort wine, and spirits, and arrowroot have been, imtil three days ago, issued
in bulk to the surgery. Now, the man who issued them to the orderlies in the surgery issues
them as assistant of the steward. The wine remains in the provision store. The steward
opens the cases in presence of myself or a clerk. The assistant gives out the totals to
the orderlies, and the orderlies sub-divide it again among the patients. I have no measures
for dealing out, and have never had a requisition for any. The steward keeps books which
I inspect at least half a dozen times a day.

It was not until four days ago that any complaint was made to me, that there were no
means of boiling sago for the jsatients. 1 immediately sent a requisition to the barrack
master for six Turkish braziei's, and sent to the Commissariat for charcoal. I ordered that a
cook should be told off for the purpose of cooking these extras. I think the Turkish
braziers work well. I go in constantly to prevent waste of charcoal.

The delay in issuing meat for dinner arises iiom the steward having to issue to the
orderlies of each ward in detail. I think it would be better if he were to issue to the
assistant ward master, and let the wardmaster sub-divide among the several messes.

There is great delay in issuing extras; I would distribute the extras in the same way.

I regularly inspect all the privies almost every day. A party of fourteen native
scavengers is employed for keeping them clean : a sergeant sees they do their duty. They
go round three or four times a-day. I have placed a washing tub in each place with Sir
William Burnett's solution of chloride of ziirc ; I found, however, that the patients were in
the habit of emptying them and employing the tubs for washing their shirts, so I placed
another tub there that they might use that. They now use both.

There is a great difficulty about returning the men their own shirts, but that arises from
their not being marked. If they were marked with the men's names they would be
returned to them. Each wardmaster could jiick those of his men out of the whole number.

The clothing-pack and other property of the patient upon liis admission are put up
together, ticketed with his name and regiment, and sent down to the pack-store, where it
is received by the sergeant in charge. I have never given any directions about openiug
the pack, and I believe it is not opened. I have never been applied to by any patient or
by any other person to open the pack, or for leave to give out anything in the interior of
the knapsacks An application has been made to me for coatees, great coats, and boots for
men going to Malta or home, and who had lost their own things. No application until
recently, and I giive orders they should be completed from the effects of dead men. We
have no store for the supply of necessaries to the men. I have sometimes had applications
from men returning to their duty, and I have supplied them in the same manner. When
the dead men's effects do not suj)ply the requisite articles, the applicant must be supplied
from some other source. After I was last examined, orders were given that the packs should
be searched for shirts, and the return I sent you showed how few there were.

When I run short of any su})plies, I report to Mr. AVard, except as to the things drawn
from the commissariat. In that case I draw on commissariat. Since I have been in charge
I have never been in want of medical comforts. I may have sometimes not had port until
late in that day, but that is all. Deficiency of fowls only Avithin the last two or three
days. I spoke to Dr. Cruikshank the senior medical othcer in Barrack hospital about it.
Dr. Cruikshank said he would speak to the officers about it.

When a requisition cannot be complied with, the steward tells me. I have not heard
lately of any want of essence of beef. 1 think we were without for two days sometime ago.
The steward also sends word by the orderly to the medical officer that the article is not in
store. The extras arc drawn between three and lour o'clock on that da}-. I have never
heard of milk being wanting.

I have sometimes been unable to comply with requisitions for articles of hospital furniture,
arising from not having any in store — bedsteads, urinals, close-stools, pans, and other matters
of that kind. The ' Triton' brought a supi)ly of bedding lately from Varna. When I cannot
comply, I draw my pen through the article in the requisition, and send word that I am
unable to comply, but will do so when 1 receive a supply. ¥/hen I cannot supply any of
the articles, I return the requisition. When things arrive, I send word generally to the
medical officers that things have arrived in store, l)ut I do not issue them without a fresh
requisition. I kee[) no memoi-andum of the requisition I do not comply with.

lam in charge with a pvu'veyor's clerk. He is quite young — about seventeen. He
admitted to me that he never knew how to mend a pen until the last Uvo days. That was the
only assistance I had in the way of a clerk. I made frequent representations on this subject
to Mr. Wreford. T did not get any further assistance luitil three days ago. I took charge
November 1st, There were then two clerks, but they were engaged in bringing up
arrears. One of them left for the Crimea towards the end of themontii. Three days ago I
received two non-commissioned officers. One of them, the more useful of the two, reported
himself sick yesterday, because I had had occasion several times to check him for leaving the

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office. The non-commissioned officers are untrained men, and require my constant superin-
tendence. I do not think I could get on without two efficient clerks, better than the young
man I have. The average number of patients is between 1,800, and 1,900. I think the
steward's department is supplied.

Major Sillert.

I was Commandant from the time the army left till within 10 or 12 days. When conva-
lescents or invalids leave tlie hospital, they come under my command. Many of the sick and
wounded men ai-rived with little or no clothing. From the want of any establishment for
the purpose at this depot, there is the greatest difficulty in supplying such men with neces-
saries. There is a non-commissioned officer of each regiment here in charge of the men of
his own regiment. It is the duty of that non-commissioned officer to meet the wants of the
men if possible, getting the money for the purpose from the paymaster, who stops the
amount from the soldiers' pay. The corporal must get the shirts when he can. In the case
of boots, Avhich are a heavy article, there is more difficulty. We cannot get the regimental
boots here. For men going up to the Crimea, we look very closely as to boots. Till
the last draft we sent up about a fortnight ago, wc generally got boots from the commis-
sariat for men going up ; but I do not know if we gf)t any for invalids. Every man is
examined before he goes to the Crimea or home, but not when he comes out of hospital.
We endeavour to complete the outfits as much as we can. This is done partly out of com-
missariat stores and dead men's effects. In the same way we give the red coatees of dead
men.

We want a quarter-master's establishment, — a large store with necessaries of all kinds.
The complication of accounts with so many soldiers of different regiments requires a large
staff. In a regiment, a soldier who wants anything is supplied by his captain, who inspects
him and draws the articles wanting from the quarter-master's stores. Here we have no
officer who discharges the duty of a captain.

When I find the number of men fit for service sufficiently large, I judge Avhether they
are fit, partly from their appearance, partly from the length of time they are out of
hospital. I have a parade of the whole depot, and I select the men and take their names.
When we have the names, they are paraded for medical inspection. The medical officer
inspects them carefully and individually, and such as he deems doubtful he inspects a
second time, before we decide on sending him. If I afterwards think a man unfit, even up
to the last moment of embarkation, I turn him back. As soon as a draft is selected, I
apply to Admiral Boxer, Superintendent of transports, for means of transport. Some delay
in communicating with him sometimes occurs, owing to state of weather ; but generally, I
get a transport within a few days from the receipt of my application. We have had no
Quarter-master General here till lately, and as the passage is short, I have not had a pre-
vious inspection, but an officer of my staff invariably goes on board with the troops.
Nor was it considered necessary by Dr. Menzies, as he told me, to send a medical officer to
go with them. The drafts are from 200 to 450 men. The men are complete in boots,
shirts if possible, great coats, blankets, and socks.

As to the invalids, the general practice is that the Principal Medical Officer informs me
that he has a number of invalids fit for going to Malta or England. I write to the Admiral
and tell him I want to send invalids accordingly. He names a ship and states about what
number she is, in his opinion, capable of accommodating. I inform the Principal Medical
Officer, who sends a medical officer on board to inspect. That officer was generally
accompanied by myself, and since the arrival of the Deputy Assistant Quarter-master
General, he goes instead of me. The two examine the accommodation and satisfy them-
selves as to its amount. The medical officer calls on the captain for a statement of provi-
sions and furniture. He tells them Avhat he has, and is required to find what additional
articles are wanting. I or Deputy Assistant Quarter-Master General communicate to the
Admiral the number she is capable of accommodating in the opinion of the two officers who
inspected her. We wait till the Admiral completes her stores ; this is sometimes
several days. The second inspection takes place immediately before receiving the troops.
This is always done. The troojis are never allowed to go on board until the arrange-
ments are completed, or on the point of completion.

Sometimes the Admiral takes the initiative, and sends me word he has a ship that can
accommodate invalids. He generally names a short day. I communicate this to the
Principal Medical Officer ; the same course is then pursued.

When I get the names from the doctor, I could prepare 200 invalids in two days,
assuming that there was no unusual press of business ; but such pressure is of constant
occurrence. The paymaster has to make up every man's account ; he should see every
man, and settle it with him, and make him sign it. He has also to send reports to the invalid
dep&t atChatham. I have to make out nominal rolls in triplicate, one to keep, two for
the military officer in charge.

I have found the time named by the Admiral sometimes too short, and have had to request
delay. It takes several hours even to put the men on board. Whenever it blows at all
fresh from the sea of Marmora it is impossible to land at the wharf or leave it, owing
to the swell. The wharf is wholly defective and nearly useless. It would be a most
important matter to have a proper wharf constructed. I have felt my hands completely
tied in consequence of the defect.

319

I have no boats here for the purpose of landing men. When either sick or wounded
arrive, the Admiral supplies boats for landing them. T have always an officer at the wharf
to receive them ; indeed, I am fi'eqncntly there myself We used to carry them to the
hospital by fatigue parties, and now by Turkish labourers, sending an English soldier with
every set of bearers.

When a convalescent leaves the hospital, he is sent into barracks. He has one blanket
and his great coat, but no other bedding, except that when the weather began to get
a little cold, I supplied the barrack rooms with thick rush mats.

My impression is that I gave up to the medical authorities the west and half the south
wings of the barracks some weeks before they were occupied , then the north wing about
November 5, except the Sultan's quarters. That was occupied, a few days after, by General
Adams and other officers; the east and remaining part of the south about the same time. These
quarters were given up, as well as I can recollect, upon the verbal application of Dr. Menzies.
They were given at once without any delay. The eastern and last part of the southern
wings were very dilapidated. The lower part, which is occupied by the depot, is also in
a very bad condition.

George Clifford, Sergeant 21st Regiment, Steward of the Barrack Hospital.

I keep the purveyor's store. I distribute the rations and extras. When the orderlies
come down, I take from each diet roll the number of diets, full, half, low, spoon, milk. It
does not take me long to do that. If I had this done the evening before, the distribution would
be much hastene'l. It begins at 6^ a.m., and goes on till 7^ or H, according to the number
of messes. If I had the same abstract as is supplied to the steward at the General hospital
I could do the work in half the time. Between 9 or 10 o'clock we commence to distribute
the meat, bread, and salt for dinner. I do not think we have been later than 12^ o'clock in
doing this. The officer's servants keep coming in all day long and Interrupt this. They get
the diet.s in the morning, but have to come a second time for the extras, as they were not
entered at first. If the extras were always marked the day before, it would be easier for
me to deal them out.

I keep an account of every thing that cames in, but I do not keep any book of the issues,
except of the meat, bread, and salt. The diet rolls are the vouchers. When I cannot supply
the article on the diet roll, I tell the orderly to tell the doctor there is none, but that there is
another article which may be substituted. I do not alter the diet roll, but I tick oft' with a
pencil the articles issued, and tlien the diet roll shows what has not been issued. I tick off"
in the orderly's presence.

I do not think we have ever been a day without port wine or any other article, except
fowls. Withm the last three days we have had a difficulty In getting a sufficient number
of fowls, never before. They are better now than they were. The former contractor
always supplied his number, but they were often bad. They are now good, but the number
has been for the last three days short.

I came from the Crimea sick; arrived on 22nd September. I was on board the
Cambria ; she was filled with sick and wounded. I should say she had upwards of 400 on
board. It was very crowded. I never went below. I was very weak. I had not eaten
for three or four days. I required medicine, but coidd get none I did not ask for
any. I saw the medical officers were very busy below, and I did not like to trouble them.
The cases were chiefly cholera. I was sutt'ering from diarrhoea. I suppose upwards of thirty
were thrown overboard. We were two days and two nights on the passage. I slept on
deck. There was hardly room on deck to sleep. It was rather rough, and we occasionally
shipped a sea, which wet those on deck. We had in general our own blankets ; some Averc
without. None Avere given out to those on deck. I just went down tlie ladder. I thought
T should jiave fainted if I went further, it was ,<(> suftbcating. We had plenty of water.
Provisions were cooked ; there was also biscuit. The cook was employed all night in
making tea. He was a soldier of the 95th, who came on board sick.

December \1tli.

Mr. Ward, called and examined.

I am the purveyor of both hospitals, leaving the details of the management of the Barrack
hospital to Mr. Stuart. I landed on May 1st. Six clerks came out and two purveyors, a
few days after I landed. The two purveyoi's went to the front to Varna, and three clerks.
Jnne lOth the General hospital was opened. Not long after, two of my clerks were taken from
me, so that I was left with one clerk. I represented the matter to the War Office. They
replied that they would send six clerks. Three arrived September 2od, the other three
accompanied 3.1 r. VVreford the 23d October. Two were sent to the Crimea. Another is
superintending purveyor's store on board Turkisli Hulk. The other tlu-ee are here. I have
now three purveyor's clerks in my office in the General hospital. We want a store keeper.
I represented this to Mr. Wreford. This is the entrepot of all military hospitals.

When the General hospital was established, being formed of the sick who were in
regimental hospitals when the army went to the front, it was fitted up partly with the
Turkish iron bedsteads, bedding and utensils, which had been supplied by the Tiu-ks to the
regimental hospitals, and partly out of purveyor's store, such as trestle bedsteads, bedding,

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and utensils. The Turks retained half the building, and kept their sick in it till September
4th. When they left they carried away such utensils and other articles as they had
been in the habit of using, and the coppers of the kitchen. I remonstrated and they were
re-instated. I fitted up the parts vacated as far as was necessary for the wants of our
sick and Avounded. The sick from Varna came September 23d ; on the 24th the wounded
from Alma. I had a quantity of bedding by me of the Turks, besides our own supply. I
got 1,000 blankets from the Commissariat. By bedding I mean paillasses stutFed with straw,
bolster cases, sheets, blankets, and rugs, and also hair mattresses and pillows. I never saw
a man without bedding, though there might be cases of men lying on the ground as they
were brought in ; they luight have been there for an hour or two, for we were deficient of
means for bringing them up from the shore, and putting them into their beds. We had
only fatigue parties, men who were merely sick men, or men sent from the rear. We had not
bedsteads or boards or trestles for all ; we expected a large supply, but they did not come.
We exj)ected them from Varna, to wliich we had sent a large quantity. The Admiral sent
us 200 boards and trestles. We expected a large supply but they did not come. The
Turks gave us 200 iron bedsteads, but they were some time making, and were not present
at the time in question. The Seraskier, wlien our meu came in, asked me if I wanted any-
thing ; I told him I did, and made a reqiiisition accordingly.

I got no answer to my letter to Mr. Tucker,* until he returned here within tlie last two
or three weeks. I wrote a second and a third letter to him. I never received an answer.
When I saw Mr. Tucker he told me verbally, at the same time brought me a letter stating
the same thing, that he had not received my letter of September 16th until some time in
October.

The supplies which have been sent out by Government hitherto, and those which we have
on the spot, have been sufficient, so that I have not had any occasion to send any requisi-
tions home. About a month or two ago we had exhausted our supply of slippers, but we
have got a couple of barrels which are said to contain slippers. Bulk has not been broken yet.
The barrels came from England by the Medway. One of our deficiencies was, that we did
not get invoices of the stores sent out. Sometimes we got them, sometimes not. Sometimes
they Avere blended with the things sent to the Commissariat or Ordnance ; then I only got a
memorandum from those departments. Sometimes the invoices, I infer from never having
seen them, went to the Crimea, so did some of the stores ; we never saw them ; in some
cases thev Avere brousrht back and landed. At first we used to land our own stores Avith
great difficulty, for Ave had very limited means, Avant of clerks and only fatigue parties.
The Commissariat noAV land and deliver the things for us and that is a great accommodation.
On several occasions I have applied both to the Admiral and the Commissariat when 1 heard
that a vessel aiTived at Constantinople with stores for me ; but I found that the vessel had
either gone or Avas under orders to proceed. It has often happened, however, that vessels
have gone up Avithout my knOAving of their arrival, for 1 do not get any formal notice, but
get the information from some casual means. Since the Commissariat has undei'taken to land
the goods for me, they have advised me of the arrival and Avhen they Avere going to land
the goods.

In the Barrack hospital Ave are badly off' for storage ; our stores are of that nature that the
articles, for convenience of delivery, and keeping accounts of issues and receipts, should be
kept separate. At the general hospital Ave have v^ery fair storage — three rooms for dry stores,
tAvo stores for provisions, and medical comforts — large, roomy wildernesses, but not conve-
niently fitted for storing. At the Barrack there is a Avant of a good pack-store. I am
obliged to convert a common barrack room into one. At the General hospital there is a
regular pack-store, fitted Avith racks. It is small but convenient. I have no regular pack-
storekeeper. I am dependent on any non-commissioned officer the commandant sends me ;
I have no power of selecting him or of keeping him. If the commandant orders him to join
his regiment I cannot help it. He has not done so yet.

He receives the pack and all the necessaries, enters it all in a book. The packs are
opened, the contents enumerated and shown on delivery, or, in the event of death, when
demanded by the paymaster of the depot. A memorandum of the contents is signed by
myself, and 1 receive a signed receipt from the person taking them away. I knoAv that this
is done regularly in the General hospital ; 1 do not knov,' whether it is done so correctly
here, in the Barrack hospital. If a ]oatient Avauts a shirt from his pack, a memoi'andum
from the medical officer to the pack-store keeper Avould be attended to.

I have had no complaints of Avant of shirts. I received a quantity into store from the
Ambassador and from Miss Nightingale. I had also a quantity from home by the Melita. I
received 660 linen shirts and 330 flannel shirts by that vessel. Of the linen, Ave sent 180 to
Varna, and of flannel 90. When the Avounded came down Ave put everything into requisition,
and I suppose all the sliirts Avere used.

At the General hospital 1 have had no complaints tliat the shirts sent to the Avasli are not
returned. They are collected by the Avardmaster in the different Avards, taken doAvn under
the eyes of the storekeeper and counted over to the washerman in presence of both.
The wardmaster sees that the same number is returned. There have been complaints that
the men did not receive their oAvn shirts back again ; that has not been remedied, it exists to
a certain extent.

* See p. 275.

321

We have no executive or police. I have a number of Armenians who attend to the
cleanliness of the building. We have an abundant supply of water, but the privies are
badly constructed, and the soldiers throw old shirts, bandages, and all sorts of things down
them and stop them up.

The inconvenience of being on this side of the water is very great. There is a great
difficulty in landing. The other day the contractor's boat was swamped with goods to the
value, he said, of 8/. If a man is sent across to get things, or go to the Commissariat, he will
sometimes come back without having found his way to the place or got the things. We
essentially live, in some respects, from hand to mouth. We cannot fall back on salt provisions
when fresh cannot be pi'ocured; meat, fowls, eggs, and vegetables must always be got frcsli.

The kitchen is not well adapted for cooking. Baking or roasting cannot be done there.

The cooks also suffer much from the smoke. I have had a correspondence with the
engineer about improving it, but nothing has yet been done. The meat and other supplies
are weighed by the steward under the eye of the wardmaster, and taken by the cooks to
the kitchen. The dinner is never served hot. It is impossible that it should. The soup
is sent hot. It is impossible that the meat should ; as it has to be carried up on trays
through long avenues it must cool. It is not covered ; we have no means for that purpose.

The ambassador has, I believe, comnuinicated witli Mr. Wreford, but he has not with me.

If a requisition comes which I cannot comply with, but I expect the article, I keep the
requisition or I make a memorandum of it. When the article comes in, I do not wait to be
asked again but supply. I do not make a formal entry in any book of such requisition,
but merely make a loose memorandum, v/hicli is not tiled. It is a mere memorandum to
aid my memory.

I do not think a money ration would be a good plan for officers. I do not see how they
would supply themselves Avithout coming to us. All extras for officers are issued on
requisition, not on the diet rolls.

When a ward is open, we fit up the entire ward with the usual hospital furniture, and put
it in charge of the wardmaster of the division. I believe we have always had a sufficient
supply of plates. They have all been in use I know. I was told one morning that several
men were obliged to eat off one plate. That was a fortnight ago ; I never heard of it before.
I found that many dozens were occupied by the officers. It was the fault of the servants
who accumulated tlie plates in the officers' quarters. I desired that they should be got
back, and I have not heard since of any deficiency. It is the duty of the wardmaster to
ask for a sup])ly or to notice the deficiency to the steward or to me. We got many plates
from the Turks, when I made the requisitions upon the Seraskier. I have not knives and
forks for every patient.

Many urinals were sent to us from the Turks. I do not think we are in want of bed
pans.

I served through the whole of the Peninsular War ; the patients never were nearly so
comfortable as they are here. As to sago and arrowroot, such things were unknown. We
got coffee, tea, and bread, which in some parts of Spain was good; the wine of the country
in some places, very good. We had no boards or trestles. VVe had a kind of cot bedstead
sometimes, but they soon tumbled to pieces. In general, the men were without bedsteads.
Even when we returned to our own country from Walcheren and Corunna, the comforts
they got were by no means equal to what we have here.

December l^lh.

James Hat HE ETON, Private 49th Regiment.

I was wounded in the action of the 26th October. I was carried down in one of the
Ambulance carts. I was lying inside. We were a good deal jolted, but I believe that was on
account of the bad state of the roads. They are far easier than the country carts. Our
Division was the farthest from Balaklava. When I got to Balaklava, some sailors took the
stretcher in which I was lying and carried me at once into a steamer. I am not sure
about the name of the steamer, but I think it was the Andes. We were not very crowded.
The vessel had been found with tables and forms for the crew, but the forms had been
knocked down and mattresses put upon the tables. We might have been some 1-10 or 150.
Each man had a space of abuut eight or ten inches on each side of him. The ehief mate
gave each of us a blanket in addition to our own field blankets. No sheets, no pillows.
We made pillows of our coatees, great coats and things. There was only one doctor ; he
attended to me as well as he was able. He dressed my wound m the^lpper part of the
thigh, near the groin, every morning. He attended the worst cases first. He would be down
there at 7 a.m., remain there till 10 or 10|, come back in half or three quarters of an hoiu%
and then remained till about 2 in the afternoon. He used to come and look round at the
worst cases, to sec they were getting no worse. There were a great number of Russians
badly wounded. There were many amputations, and he had to attend to their stumps, which
took up a great deal of his time. They were on the same deck as ourselves, but in the
forward part. I had no occasion to complain, though I Avas suffering a good deal. The
medicine was given to those chiefly who had diarrhoea; there was a good few of them.
Sago was given out every night : ship's rations every day. I saw no fresh meat, none was
served out to us, it was salt beef or pork, pea soup or plum pudding. No broth of any

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kind. There was some bottled porter, but only a few got it. I saw no port. We got
onr grog regularly every day. I had no complaint about the cooking of the meat, but the
pea soup was very bad. The plum pudding was capital. The meals, especially the
dinner, were very irregular. We had shipped at Balaklava about 12 convalescents to act as
orderlies. The chief part of them were very weakly and could hardly attend to us. They
gave us our dinners when they could ; they did their best to oblige us and serve us.
I was under the main hatch, so I had plenty of air. I cannot answer about the
others. There was a great deal of bad smells coming from the closer part of the deck,
where the Russians were. The deck was sprinkled with vinegar into which a hot iron had
been put. I heard those who were removed froui the hatches complain of the bad smells.
This came partly from wounds, partly from filth. There were some Russian orderlies
told off to attend to their own sick, and they did not attend to them very well. We
went on board on the 27th ; we were then two days before we sailed. We were about 50
hours coming, but I did not land till the 5th. Those who could walk were landed on the
morning after we arrived.

I was taken to the General hospital ; the doctors attended me very well. The doctor
came round twice ever}^ day. I was on full diet the whole time ; the meals were regular,
except the dinner, which was generally late ; it was half-past 2 or 3 very often before we
got it. The soup would be hot, but the mutton was cold always. J am now an orderly in
the Barrack hospital.

William Monk, Private 2d Battalion Rifle Brigade.

I was woimded at the battle of Inkermann on November 5th. The French took me
down on the side of a mule. One man sits on each side. It is a square piece of wood just
large enough for a man to sit in : a piece of wood in front for supporting your feet, and
straps at your back and front to keep you from falling backwards or forwards. The French
sent 16 mules to our battalion. The mules jolted a great deal. Had I been badly wounded
I could not have been carried that way. I had a flesh wound in the left thigh. The action
of the animal shakes a man altogether. We had, I supj^ose, about six miles to go. There
was a Frenchman in charge of each mule. When we got to Balaklava we were carried
into hospital. I got a bedstead and bedding, everything that is complete. I got there
about 6 p.m. No medical man came there that evening. To judge from the number of
mules, I would say there' must have been about 250 men brought down that day to the
hospital. Next morning, at 7 a.m., I walked down to the beach and went on boai'd the
Colombo. Those who could not walk were carried on stretchers. The worst cases were
put into the cabins ; the rest of the patients lay about the centre of the deck, outside the
cabins. Beds were provided for us ; and I got, and, I believe, others got, a new blanket and
new rug issued out in the evening. We made pillows of our coats and things. There were
three army doctors, and the doctor of the ship also attended. They attended me every day
in the morning and the evening ; and I saw them going round to the other patients in the
same way. I heard no complaints among the men that they were not attended to by the
doctors. On the contrary, I think they were very well attended, and the men said so. The
doctors appeared to have everything they wanted in the way of dressings. I did not get
any medicine ; most of us were wounded men. For breakfast we got plenty of biscuit and
tea; we got that regularly. We had about a pound of pork, and a pint of pea soup for dinner.
We had no fresh meat issued out all the time I was on board. The dinner also was regular
and well cooked. I heard no complaints about it. At tea-time, 5 o'clock, we got more
biscuit and tea, and that, too, was regular. We had half-a-dozen orderlies ; they were
strong men, and were fit for duty. The ship's servants also attended us night and day; they
were about five or six. The ship's crew also attended night and day. Those who were
worst wounded got some, arrowroot, some, sago, and some, rice. I saw no porter, but I saw
wine Issued out for some of the men who were badly wounded, also soft bread to those who
were wounded in the face. We had plenty of ventilation ; we had wlndsails, and the scuttles
were open. The cabin doors were always open, so that I could see the scuttles. There
were two decks ; I was on the main deck ; there were a few smells there. There were
utensils enough for us. We went on board on the 7 th ; started on the 8th ; arrived on the
9th ; landed same day. I got no bedstead at first. I lay on a mattress, which was on a
large rush mat. About three days afterwards I got a bedstead. I was well attended to.

Edward Cain, Private 63rd Regiment.

I was wounded at Inkermann, November 5th. I was wounded at about 12 o'clock by a
grape shop in the shoulder. I lay where I fell for about three-quarters of an hour. I then
got up. I met a sergeant of my company, and asked him to take off my belt which Avas
pressing on the wound. He refused. I made the best of my way to the staff hopltal tent
near the windmill. A doctor gave me some wine and dressed my wound. I got up and
walked to my own quarter. On the 7th I was taken to Balaklava in a bullock cart. There
were two more with me. It was an open cart. There was one man with two legs and an
arm off. He shouted very much all the Avay. He called out not to drive so hard, The
driver could not drive them easier; but the place was so rough that the jolting could
not be helped.

We were carried straight to the shore ; they jnit about thirty or forty of us into a boat and
pulled out to No. 10 transport. Most of the men were lying on stretchers ; some were lying

323

in the bottom of the boat, some stood up. It was a man-of-war's boat. There was no room
for us in the transport. They then took us to the Medway. All this was in the harbour.
They began to take the men in as fast as they could. It was four hours from the time we
reached the Medway until I got on board. There were four boat loads. I was in the last.
It was 8 p.m. by the time I got on board. I went down on to the deck. I was put into
a cabin with three others. I had a berth and a flock mattress. They gave me a blanket, and
I had one of my own. I got a hammock and made a pillow of it. When I landed in the
Crimea I left my pack on board tlie Avon. 1 have never seen it since. The doctor (on
board the Medway) came to see me the same evening, and dressed my wound. He afterwards
came about once in three days. There was an orderly there who wet my shoulder with
water. He used to do this three or four times a night, and as often in the day time. This
he did by the doctor's direction. When the doctor used to come, he dressed my wound.

Got breakfast from 8 to 9^ o'clock ; wc got no fresh meat. I was 18 days on
board. I think we lay a fortnight at Balaklava. 1 got no meat at all till the last tliree
days. Breakfast was biscuit and a pint of coffee. Dinner, a pint of oatmeal gruel ; it was
sweetened. I could have eaten my ration. No man on board got his ration, except tlie
sick, and those who could walk about ; but no wounded man got it. On the last three
days I got my rations, regular sliip's rations: — one day beef and plum pudding, and the
next ]>ork and peasoup. Our cooks did not cook so well as the sailors. The peas were
quite hard. One day they had no time to boil the beef. They had to leave it till next day,
and served it out at breakfast. We did not, in general, get dinner before between 3 and 4,
There were, I dare say, twenty orderlies. The sickly men helped.

When I came here I got a bedstead at once, and I have been very well attended to. I
passed the medical board about three weeks ago. The general doctor said I was to go
home. My name was taken down to go to Malta. I went to the pack store for my boots,
black cloth trousers, and big coat, which I had brought down with me. I got the trousers
all right, also the coat, but the boots were gone, as also the strap that strapped them
together. I told the wardmaster about it : when I went to the pack store I saw nobody in
charge, but I saw some 20 soldiers who were, like myself, looking for their things. I
heard some complaint that their things were gone. When I spoke to the wardmaster, he
told me he could not help it. I went to the corporal who has charge of my squad bag ; I
got my shell-jacket and flannel belt, but my razor and button-brush were gone. I com-
plained to the corporal ; he said there were many in the same way. When I went there, all
my things, and bundles of other men, were lying on the floor. The corporal was sitting on
a stool ; he let me help myself When I asked him for my things he said, " I know nothing
about them ; you may look for them, and if you find them you may take them."

Aechibold McNicol, Private 55th Regt.

I volunteered from 92nd to 55th ; I Avas wounded at Alma. I had been about three
quarters of an hour engaged. I was struck on the side with a piece of a shell. T crawled
to the back of a house which was near, and I lay there for the whole of that day. One
hospital was formed at the house next day, and Dr. Cowan^ of the 55th, dressed my wound.
They got some boiled meat for us, and attended to the worst cases as well as they could.
On the forenoon of the 2 2d I was carried on a stretcher on board the Arthur the Great (a
sailing vessel) by sailors ; they carried me very carefully, they did not shake me. I saw many
men carried in the country carts driven by the natives: they were not so well off' as those
who were taken care off by the sailors. They carried me down into the deck. I o-ot a
mattres.-, and so did all those who went below. I suppose there were 150 below; some
also were put into the cabins. Those who were obliged to remain on deck had no mattresses.
I Avas on the deck several times during the passage, and couJd see whether tliey had
mattresses or not. They Avere served out Avith extra blankets. I had only my own
blanket, and that Avas taken from me to roll up a man Avho had died next me, and then
I got another blanket, a ncAV one. My blanket Avas on the deck, and touched on each side
that of my neighbour. It was very close, — bad smell, very, — the smell of Avounds and
filth. The ship Avas well enough ventilated, but there Avas no one to clean up the place,
and that was the chief occasion of the smell. The doctor saw me the evening I Avent on
board. There were a few sick, but we were chiefly wounded. There Avere a good many
operations on board. They used chloroform in some cases. The doctor came round once
a,-day. I heard many of the men complain that they Avere not attended to. There Avere
no orderlies except a few Avho Avere shghtly Avounded, and who assisted their comrades.
The only conveniences Avere ship's buckets large and small, and the sailors came down
occasionally and assisted in carrying away and emptying them. There Avere about tAventy
soldiers' wIa os ; they were very active in assisting, and dressing the men's wounds, until
some got sick. The cholera broke out after avc had been three or four days on board, and
a great many men died, some from that, and some from Avounds. There Avas plenty of meat
given out if we had only had the means of having it distributed. There Avas one sergeant of
the 1st Royals Avho Avas on board in charge of the knapsacks of his regiment ; he, and some
slightly Avounded distributed the food. It Avas pretty Avell cooked. There was both salt
and fresh, — tliat is, preserved meat. There was also sago. No porter or wine. Those who
acted as orderlies got grog, nobody else. The meals Avere very irregular. We eometimes
got tea at 11 p.m. We arrived on the 26th.

Ss4

324

When I got ashore, I was assisted up to the hospital by two men ; that was in the
forenoon, I got no bed that day. I slept with my great coat and blanket in the corridor.
It was fine weather and I felt no cold. My wound was not attended to that day. I never
asked, because my wound was a sliglit one, and I knew there were many severe cades.
Nest day I got a mattress and pillow, blanket, and rug. My wound was properly dressed;
it was dressed with a -piece of lint. I was only six days in hospital. I then became an
orderly, caught the fever, and went into hospital. This time 1 got a bedstead, boards and
trestles. It was the 9th of the month. I got every thing comfortable. Diet is good, and
I get all I require. I have never given my sliirts to be washed by the hospital ; a soldier's
wife washes my things for me. I bought shirts myself after I got pay. I lost all my
things here. They came on board the ship. I do not know whether they left the ship, but I
have never seen them since. There was no regular pack-store at the time : the packs were
put into a ward near the place where Miss Nightingale now lives, and any body who liked
might go in, that is, any soldier who was passed in by a corporal. Everything was
knocked about and in a state of confusion.

Abraham Bishop, Bombardier, G. Field Battery.

I was wounded at Inkermann. About six hours engaged before I was wounded ; a
contusion on external ankle from a spent round shot. I got into an ambulance. It carried
us smoothly. It took me to Avhere some officers of the 55th were. They gave me the best of
treatment ; they gave mc biscuit and drink. The doctor of the 55th dressed my wound,
and then I was carried to the hospital tent of my battery which is close by. Next morning
I was taken down to Balaklava in an araba ; the drivers were as careful as they could be.
They were I think, Maltese, but there was a good deal of shaking on account of the nature
of the ground. The distance is about six miles, but it was evening before we got to Balaklava.
We were at the end of a long string of arabas. They put me on board the Talavera that
night ; I was laid on the deck. ] got a mattress, I think a flock. I was among the last that
was puton board, and I think mostof the patients had beds; I had my own and a ship's blanket
a rug, and I think a bolster. The doctors attended to me the same evening, and every day
afterwards, morning and evening. The deck was extremely crowded. All the port holes and
hatches were opened, but it was still very close ; there were also very bad smells from
wounds and filth. I myself was obliged to creep out of my bed to help one of my own
company who had lost his arm, to relieve himself; this was owing to the negligence of the
orderlies. When once they got out of the place they never came back for hours. They
seemed to do as they liked. I saw nobody there to keep them to their duty, as those
patients who were able to walk had to help their comrades to relieve themselves, or to drink.
I did not get 3 oz. of meat from the time I went on board till I landed. 1 got a pint of
tea morning and evening, about 4 oz. of plum pudding half boiled for dinner but no beef;
next day I got about 4 oz. of pork and poasoup. The soup was horrible ; the peas were
quite hard. The meals were served at very irregular hours, dinner at about 3 o'clock, and
the pea soup about two hours afterwards. We got eveiy attention from the surgeons. I
saw some men getting sleeping draughts, others got wine. The only thing the soldiers
complained of, was the inattention of the orderlies, and their victuals not being properly
cooked, or served at proper hours. The men who could walk on deck got on very well,
but those below got nothing but what was left by them. The crew gave us little assistance.
Some man-of-war's men did all they could to make us comfortable before we left Balaklava.
We had three women on board, soldiers' wives, who were of more use than all the orderlies.
They were very attentive.

As soon as I came here I got a bed, but not a bedstead. 1 have been very well taken
care of. I sent a new striped shirt to the wash after I had been here a week; I got back
an old one good for nothing. The shirt I have on was given by Miss Nightingale.

James Holloway, Sergeant 33rd.

1 came down ill Avith cholera from Sebastopol. I sailed, I think, on the 26th September and
arrived on October 1st. All were sick on board except one wounded Russian. The vessel
was the Courier, a sailing vessel. I had no bed and saw none. We slept on the deck. On
two rough nights I went below, but except that I remained above. I had nothing but my
field blanket. I saw no blankets given out. The main deck was well ventilated ; we had
three wind-sails and had the ports open when the weather admitted. The smell was very
bad. Every man was sick, and no orderlies were sent on board. We had two doctors ;
thev attended regularly twice, sometimes three times a day. I got my medicine regularly,
and heard no complaint about the want of any from others. Some of the .sick who were
able to knock about took the cooking in hand. We used to get our breakfast about nine
or half-past nine ; dinners about two, sometimes later ; tea was seven or eight. Those who
could eat their salt rations got them, they Avere well cooked. Those who could not, got
arrowroot and rice.

When I got here I got a bed but no bedstead. I was taken to a bed at once. I had
sheets, blankets, and rug. When I first came, I saw nothing done about washing shirts. I saw
many men come Avithout sliirts, but I also saw them furnished with some. I was myself
furnished with one. That was before Miss Nightingale came. I heard complaints an odd
time from the men that they did not get their own shirts hack from the wash when they
sent them to the hospital v»-ashing. The i-ame occurs still at every washing.

325

December 2Qt[i.

James Simpson and Dennis Hogan^ Privates S3rd Regiment.

Wounded at Inkermann, came down in Colombo. Botii came down from the field to
Balaklava on Frcncli mules : remained in hospital one night at Balaklava; put on board in
the morning about 7 or 8 o'clock ; sailed the same niglit. Simpson, who was in the hospital
did not see a doctor at all ; was wounded in the shoulder. Hogan, who was in an hospital
tent, was not examined by a doctor. He was in a tent with about six other men ; one was
wounded in the leg ; another, a corporal in the Scots Fusilier Guards, had two fingers shot off.
The doctor did not examine any, but ordered tliem some tea. Simpson was in a ward with
about thirty men ; most of them were returned as severely wounded. No doctor carne. Got
no tea, or anything that night or next morning. Had got some dry biscuits about ;3 or G p.m.
before leaving the camp, but the doctor would not allow liim to drink grog. Hogan got a
mattress for himself and comrade, a man by the name of Ellis, of the 33rd. Had his own
field blanket, and Ellis's. Simpson remained on deck, slept there the two nights of the
voyage. Had lent his blanket to a man in the Field liospital who had liis leg broken,
came on board without, but got a new one from the quarter-master belonging to the
ship (i. e. purser).

Hogan. — It was very crowded below, it was a very large place and dark, I saw only two
orderlies, they did as well as they could. There was one sailor there I aUvays saw attending
on the men ; I do not know his name. It was very close and smelt very bad. Any man who
was not strong enough to stand up was alwa,ys assisted to ease himself wheii the orderlies
were not by ; there were always men slightly wounded to help. The doctor came down to
us several times every day. It was a dragoon doctor. He went round to every man, he
and two other doctors. I saw tliem dressing the men's wounds. They had bandages and
lint, and slings. I did not hear them complain of any want of them. There was one man
whose w^ound began to bleed in the evening, but he vras wounded in the neck; the orderlies
were fetching tea. I helped him up to tiie quarter-deck, and a doctor came to him and
dressed his wound.

Simpson. — We were not crowded on deck ; the men used to sit down on seats, or collect
round the funnel. At night they slept near the funnel. There was a man of the 95th
badly wo;uided sleeping close by me there He had lost the power of his right arm; he had
also bowel complaint. He used to call out at night for the orderly, 1)ut no one attended
to him. I used to get up and assist him to the rear.

Hogan and Simpson. — Got meals regularly ; breakfast between 7 and 8 ; dinners between
12 and 1 ; tea at 6 p.m. We had salt beef, —no pudding, — one day, salt pork and peasoup
the other. It was cooked by the ship's cook ; saw him cook it. It was served out by
orderlies and sailors. Hogan. — Where I was, there was a bag of biscuits, and every man
inigiit take what lie liked from it. Simpson. — There was no fresh meat served out. Saw
no sago or arrowroot. Hogan. — I heard one man call for sago and arrowroot : the oi'derly
told him the other orderly had gone to get it cooked. The smell down below was so bad
that I used to get up sometimes in the night, when I could not sleep, and go on declc.

December 21.s7.

Ja]\[ES McDonougit, Private 2d Battalion Eifie Brigade.

I carac down here on board the Eehunga. I was wounded in the trenches on the 14th
October, — -a flesh wov.nd in the thigli from a muslcet ball. A few Russians came out, and we
had a skirmish with them. I remained on the spot for about an liour, when somemen of my
company carried me away in a blanket to the hospital tent of my regiment. It was about
12 noon when I was wounded, I remained in the hospital till the following morning, and
then was taken in an araba, drawn by dromedaries. There was one sick man with me in the
nraba. The jolting was very painful. It would not have been much except to a wounded
man. We were about two hours on the road. When I got to Balaklava, I was taken to
the General hospital. I got a mattress, me and a wounded Russian. We were the only two
in the ward that I was in that got mattresses. There were 25 men in the ward. They
lay on boards and trestles without mattresses. We had our field blankets and great coats.
Some had lost their blankets, and did without. The doctor saw us brought in. He
examined me as I came in, and ordered me a mattress. I do not think he examined the sick
men there, but he did so when he came in tlie evening. There was plenty to eat and drink.
Biscolt, beef, soup, tea ; no wine, porter, or grog. I remained four days there. The
doctor saw me every day, sometimes once and sometimes twice a day. He dressed my
wound. He had plenty of lint and linen to do so ; I got no medicine. 1 did not suffer much
pain. I saw the sick get medicines. The worst of that place was, that the orderlies were
old pensioners. They seemed to think very little of any man but themselves. The patients
who were ordered wine seldom got it, and the orderlies were constantly drunk, I was told
by Barker of the 21st, who was sick but able to move about, that the pensioners had got
the key of the store one night, and had drunlc or made away with the wine and spirits there.
They paid no attention to us, Nothing was done for us except by the patients who weie
sufficiently well to walk about and help the others.

T t

326

I was carried on a stretcher by a fatigue party to a boat in the harbour, and the stretcher
was laid in the boat. I was hoisted on board with the stretcher. This went very easy.
I was not shaken. I was carried down at once to the main deck. I got a mattress on
the deck. I got a clean (blanket ?) in exchange for my dirty one ; no rug or sheets, but a
jjillow. The men were laid as close as the beds could be fitted in, touching each other. The
mattresses were about 2^ feet or 3 feet in width. It was very close night and day.
The scuttles were always open, and the hatchways too. They were all wounded men.
There were some very bad wounds. One man, who lay in the next bed to me, had his arm
taken off by Dr. O'Flaherty. The doctors paid us all the attention they could. They
came every day, sometimes three or four times a day, and they went all round to every
patient. They came down between 7 and 8 a.m. to see how the men were. Between
10 and 11. they came and dressed the Avounds; then they came again between 4 and 5, and
again one came betAveen 8 and 9 to see some that were very bad. "We were, I think,
about three days in the harbour. The first three days I got my full ration of fresh meat,
beef or mutton ; the biscuit was very bad. The fourth day I had only ^Ib. meat. I was
on field not hospital rations. The fifth day I got no meat, but some soup which had hardly
the flavour of meat. The sixth day they killed three old sheep, and this Avas divided
among the 130 patients. There Avere biscuits and tea, we had no porter or grog. Those
who Avere very bad got arroAvroot and black wine. I saw no rice on board nor sago.
Some of the orderlies attended Avell ; there Avere 1 2 altogether — tAvo for cooks. About sis
were able to attend well, the other four Avere ahvays sick. They Avere Avilling enough, but
they Avanted attendance themselves. There were about tAvo bed pans for the Avhole ship.
Those Avho could Avalk, managed to get up on deck. There were about 20 Avho could walk,
the rest could not. The orderlies could not attend to them all. Sometimes you heai'd
quite an uproar through men calling for bed pans at the same time. Some of the men had
no beds at all, — about 10 men. They had a couple of blankets.

I was carried up to the General hospital at once. I got a bed at once, a wooden
bedstead, straw paillasse, sheets, blankets, and rug. I got a clean shirt the next day. I
think it was the 3d November I arrived. I was attended at once by the doctor, and he
attended me carefully all the time.

When I got Avell, I got back my feAV things from the pack store. I left my pack
on board the Lord Raglan, — the ship I Avent to the Crimea in. I have never seen
it since.

CoENELius Clews, Lance Corporal, 1st Battalion, Rifle Brigade.

I came down from the Crimea on board the Mauritius. I Avas wounded in the cheek
by a mvisket ball, Avhich came out at the back of the neck. I Avas Avounded at Inkermann.
I walked to the hospital tent, and Dr. Fraser, second battalion, cut the ball out at the
back of the neck. I remained two days ; I lay upon plenty of straw strewed on the
ground. The tent was not boarded. I had my great coat, my field blanket, and another
one lent to me. I was then taken in an ambulance waggon to Ealaklava. It was rather
shakey; it was full. The men did not complain. Everybody seemed well contented.
It Avas very comfortable ; it was drawn by six mules. When I got to Balaklava we were
taken in boats on board the Mauritius, Avhich was lying out of the harbour. I got into
ft cabin. I had no mattress ; I had five blankets. They were good enough to give me them,
and I was very glad to receive them. I had no pillow, but made myself one with my
clothes. The cabin held three ; one of the others was wounded, the other had the fever.
I got up once a day, and then saw what was going on in the main deck. The men were
lying very thick there. The air was pretty fresh ; I did not perceive any offensive smells,
unless I went near men badly AVOunded. The men on board were chiefly Avounded men.
The scuttles and hatchways Avere always open. The men had most of them mattresses
and blankets. The doctor came down and attended me twice every day. I did not hear
the men complain of the doctors ; on the contrary, I heard them say they attended to them
as well as could be.

I had plenty to eat and drink, five or six times a day. I could open my mouth very
little. I got sago, arrowroot, beef tea ; I got some port wine ; tea, morning and evening.
There v/as a watercloset in the next cabin. We were attended by two or three soldiers'
wives. The sailors also did their best endeavours for us. Some of our orderlies, — the
soldiers, — were very lazy; they seemed in perfect health, but not Avilling to Avork. The
men generally complained of them, especially Avhen they wanted the pans. I heard no
complaints about not getting meals regularly. They Avould have been sui*e to complain
if there had been anything out of the way.

When we came here I walked to the Barrack hospital. I saw a doctor directly after !
came in ; that was at the surgery. He asked me what Avas the matter with me ; I told
him. He directed me to a bed in the passage— not far off ; and Avhile I was sitting there, he
came Avith some lint and dressed my Avound. This was about 2 p.m. It had been dressed
in the morning. I had a trestle bedstead, blankets, mattress, and rug, but no sheets. No
clean shirt. I had undressed the night before the battle of Alma,— the same as I used to
do during the fighting at the Cape. I found it did not ansAver, because the enemy was not
like the CafFres; sol did not undress again until I was wounded. I still kept on the same
shirt ; I had it on for six weeks altogether before I changed it. It Avas more than a week
after I had been here before I got a clean shirt.

I never let my clotliing be taken away from me : I put it under my bed, out of sight.

327

Samuel Wells, Coldstream Guards.

I lost my arm on the 24th November. It was shattered to pieces by the fall of some
ten tons of small-arm ammunition, that I and a fatigue party were putting up in a chamber
in a windmill near the first division. The French encampment was within 100 yards, and
the French ran up and helped us out. About twenty were in the mill. 1 hey carried me
to the general hospital, of the first division. The general doctor and another looked at me
there, and as they said the arm must come off, the French cai'ried me olf to our own
hospital tents. They carried me in one of tiie English ambulances. I got there about
11^ a.m. I had got very faint and low. They amputated my arm about 5 p.m. There
was no table ; I sat on a medicine chest. They did not give me chloroform. After the
amputation, they put me on a trestle bedstead, — with five blankets, two underneath and
three on top. I was there 13 days; I came away on the thirteenth morning. I was
carried on a commissariat cart ; we call them Malta cars. It shook me very bad. There
were one man both sick and wounded, and one wounded, besides, in the car. We went on
board at once ; that was on the 7th December. The vessel was in the harbour. We were
four or five days before sailing. The men on board were chiefly sick. I think some men
were on board the day before I went on board. During the four or five days we were in
harbour fresh sick men came in daily. We were fourteen days between going on board
and landing. We lay for four days within a mile of the mouth of the Bosphorus, until
they sent a steamer for us. I landed among the first on the following day. I saw no
mattresses on board at all ; I did not get one. I went throughout the vessel. Every man
had an extra blanket besides his own. Some very bad cases, chiefly sick, about twelve in
number, got two extra blankets. We all lay on the deck, with our heads to the sides of the
vessel. We lay very close to each otlier, — just room to turn, nothing more. The air was
very foul in the night; it was not quite so bad In the day, as miny could get on deck.
The foul smell was owing to so many men having diarrhoea and lying so close. There were
enough utensils to enable the orderlies to relieve the men, and they generally managed to
relieve them pretty well. But they sometimes got lazy, — I mean the orderlies, — and lay
still when men called. W^e had two for every mess of 19. Convalescents, also,
assisted. The doctors attended very well, twice a day, and came also at any call when an
orderly went to call them. We lost 23 coming down, only one of them wounded. We had
227 at starting.

We had enough to eat. The men on full diet got ship's rations ; the bad cases got sago
and seaman's dough, — port wine. All got either port wine or grog ; in bad cases, men got
two gills of wine. I heard of no want of medicines. My arm was dressed every other
day. The doctor came to me every day. My arm Avas going on very well, and did not
require dressing oftener. It is dressed here every other day. The meals were well
managed, but rather late.

We had a military oflScer on board in charge. Captain Maxwell, 88th. He came down
and looked once or twice a-day, to see if the place was kept clean, whether there were any
complaints, and whether the orderlies did their duty, I think that kept them to their duty.
I heard the men in some messes say that if the orderlies had not been looked after, they
would have been very bad indeed.

When I landed I was taken straight away to a ward in the Barrack hospital. That might
have been about 3 p.m. The doctor saw me at about 6 p.m., at his evening visit. He
asked me about my health, and where my arm had been dressed. He did not look at it.
He dressed it on the second morning. I had not a bedstead, but a mattress on the Turkish
divan that goes round the ward. I got blankets, rug, sheets, and a pillow. I feel
comfortable in every respect. I get my victuals warm and comfortable — no reason
whatever to complain. Almost every man is served out with some wine every day.
There are six or seven wounded; the rest ai'e diarrhoea and dysentery. I had a flannel shirt
given to me, and this morning the doctor took down my name for flannel drawers and socks,
and another shirt.

December 22nd.

Lieutenant Gordon, Royal Engineers.

In charge of both hospitals since July. The General hospital, generally speaking, is in
good repair. The part used as a pack-store is in a very bad, almost dangerous condition,
— that is, the flooring of it. The kitchen also is in a bad state. The defect of that hospital is the
want of water in the upper part of the building ; it has to be forced up, and this is very often
neglected by the Turks, whose duty it is to do it, and the patients have to carry it up
themselves.

As to the kitchen, I have known, ever since I have been here, that it was in a bad state of
repair. No application was made to me to have it put in repair, but an application was
made to have the boilers reset, which I did. Two or three days ago I went there, and
heard complaints from the cooks of the smoke. The purveyor (Mr. Ward) was present. I
observed that no application had been made to me aljout the smoking of the kitchen, and
he said he would send me a requisition. There is a great chimney in the kitchen, but it
only begins at the top, and the smoke consequently escapes into the kitchen. It is very
dark ; it requires reflooring, and a proper chimney, and a place for baking and roasting
would be very desirable. There would be no great difficulty in doing this. A kitchen is

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328

in course of construction for tlie officers. There is a capital Turkish bath room, but it is
used as a necessary and urinal.

Two winjvs and a half of the Barrack hospital were in good repair when I took charge ;
the remainder was very much out of repair, scarcely habitable. I was required on the
9th November to repair the corridors and wards in the upper story in the old part of the
building, comprising a wing and a half. I asked for materials. Lady Stratford directed
me to give her a list of what I wanted. I did so. After a week's delay I got the necessary
materials. I got a number of carpenters, masons, painters, and labourers, amounting to
150 at first, to 200 at present, and I have already put into repair 15 wards and one of
the two corridors. They are fit for habitation and are now occupied. I am going on with
the remainder, and should have had it all done if I had not been thrown over a dozen times
by the contractor who supplies the materials. He is a Greek. It was an undecided
question whctlier the Turkish or English governments were to pay for these works. I
received all my instructions about executing them from Lady Stratford on behalf of the
Ambassador, but I did not act without a written authority from the Commandant.

" Required to be repaired the floors, sashes, and flagstones in letters C. and D. corridors
and rooms in the old parts of the barrack for hospital purposes.

" Approved,

(Signed) " C. M. Silleky, Major and Com."

The kitchen now in operation is very good as a barrack kitchen. The ventilation might
be easily improved for carrying away steam that escapes into the apartment. I have had
no application made to me for making in that kitchen an oven or a hot hearth or anything
else for cooking extras ; but I have made a kitchen near Miss Nightingale's quarters for
the nurses for the use of the patients. I have made one for sick officers. I am making
another on one of the landings, and I am told I am to make another as soon as the works
which I have nov/ on hand are completed. The second branch kitchen is still unfinished.
I applied personally to the commandant more than a month ago to have it made over to me
in order to complete it. This was not done. I had no requisition made to me on the subject.
The night before last. Lady Stratford, on behalf of the Ambassador, wrote to me that I
was to put the kitchens into repair. I went to Lord Wm. Paulet and requested him to
write to the Seraskier for the necessary coppers. I saw him write a letter accordingly but
I have not heard of any answer.

I am about to put up some ventilators in the corridors to improve the ventilation.

The privies at the General hospital are situated at the four external angles of the
building, and are not as much complained of as those at the Barrack, which are placed in the
inner angles. If they were properly sluiced out two or three times a day with water, and
the soldiers did not throw bones and pieces of clothing down the pipes, the nuisance would
be in a great measure obviated. The nuisance arises partly I'rom the habits of the men.

Two of the corridors of the barrack are 220 yards long, and each of the other two 194
yards each.

Dr., TiCE, Staff Surgeon, 1st Class.

I was Principal Medical Officer at Balaklava for about two months. I went there about
a fortnight after the army arrived before Sebastopol. There are two general hospitals at
Balaklava for the reception of sick and wounded ; the two would accommodate about 400.
We also erected four or five marquees, each holding 15.

Y/hen the regimental medical officers find their regimental hospital marquees filling,
they weed them and send m.en down for Balaklava or Scutari.

As Principal Medical Officer I had everything to do. The sick and wounded came down
by brigades or divisions. Notice was sent to me of their intended arrivak My general
orders from Dr. Dumbreck, Principal Medical Officer in tlie field, were to Inspect every
transport handed over by Captain Christie for the purpose, and report to him upon its
condition and capacity for accommodating v.'hat number of patients. This I did from
time to time, according as notice vvas given to me by Captain Christie, the transport
ngent, of vessels being available for this purpose, who pointed out to me in what order the
ships were to be taken. They were filled accordingly.

When the sick came down, they v/ere' carried generally at once from the ambulance on
board. There may be one or two occasions where, in consequence of the hour of their
arrival, it >vas inexpedient to put them on board at once, and they were accommodated for
the night at the hospital. The men were put into boats and put on board, and no delay
ever occurred that I know of, except in one instance, in putting the men on Ijoard, beyond
that necessarily arising from their numbers. Their removal necessarily took some time,
wlien it is considered that these men were often utterly helpless from wounds or sickness.
In the instance I have mentioned as the errception, the delay arise from want of boats. I
should say it is not the duty of the medical officer to get boats. We never had a
Quarter-master Generafs department. It Avas left to me to do the duties of that office so far
as connected with the transports. When I knew sick and wounded were coming, I used
to give notice to that efi'ect to the naval authorities, and they supplied the boats. On the
occasion I mentioned, no notice reached me. A verbal communication, I am informed, was
left by Dr. Dumbreck with a medical officer, of the intended arrival, on the foUoAving day,
of sick, but it did not reach me. Lord Eaglan found fault with rac for not having the

329

boats. I told him I had made all my preparations so far as the ship went, — putting on board
all requisite medicines, medical comforts, and appliances ; and as the ships were ready, and
reported so, I thought it was the duty of the Quarter-master General's department, and not
the medical, to find boats. I suggested tliat he should send to Sir E. Lyons for boats.
He did so and they came. After this occasion every division or brigade of sick or wounded
was accompanied by an officer of the Quarter-master General's department. But as soon
as the sick arrived, after seeing tliat the carts were properly arranged to facilitate the
removal of sick, they left the medical department to take care that the boats were ready.
The Quarter-master General's officers had no occasion to do so. On no occasion did an
officer of that department, to my knowledge, make an application for boats. We relied on
ourselves and carried out the duties ourselves.

All the vessels Avere invariably inspected, reported upon, and supplied with everything
necessary to meet the wants of the number she was calculated to cany before any of the
sick were put on board. A medical officer was always on board before they embai'ked, or
while embarking.

As to orderlies, I had to make a requisition to Colonel Daveney, tiien commandant, for
them, to the number four to 100, — that being the number allowed by an order from head
quarters. He always sent the necessary number at, once. They were selected from the
depot invalids. They went straight on board. I did not inspect them, but I believe they
were always inspected by one of his own officers. They were not duty-men. I think it
was desirable to take them from that class at a time when every efficient man was wanting
in the field ; and though these men were not duty-men, I think their constitution would
enable them, in general, to perform the duties of orderlies.

There were always abundance of transports. I had more accommodation than the sick
amounted to. I had, in general, accommodation for from 1,500 to 1,800 at a time. We
never stood still for want of a ship. I do not recollect any ship that 1 sent that I thought
crowded. The duty of seeing to the supply of bedding, utensils, and everything, fell upon
me. I supplied sheep, essence of beef, fresh provisions, and all sorts of comforts. It was
impossible for the purveyor to give mattresses for all. We would have left those who came
in the next ship without any at all. They were chiefly avooI or hair. We had to supply the
utensils in the same v/ay.

I do not think the delay that occurred sometimes in sailing arose from a practice of
gradually filling the ship v/ith sick. When a ship had not what I conceived her fair comple-
ment, I made a selection from the men in hospital, and sent them on board to prevent delay
in sailing. The delay arose generally from stress of weather, or want of a steamer to tow
a sailing vessel.

Everything put on board a vessel was put there on my requisition; in preparing which I
consulted Mr. Jenner, the purveyor, and Mr. Kersey, the dispenser. Our medicines and
medical comforts were always ample in proportion to the number they were calculated for.
Sometimes the medical officer In charge made a requisition. This was sometimes owing to the
vessel being detained. Sometimes he applied for some favourite remedy of his own.

I took care that the number of men put on l>oard did not exceed that for which I
originally reported her. Constantly they were under, being started off to prevent delay.

Miss Elizabeth Wheeleu, one of the Xurses of the Scutari Hospital, under

Miss Nightingale.

Came here on 5th November. Four wards and a corridor (now C. corridor) were
assigned to me. My duties were to watch the men and carry relief in the shape of extras.
These Avere anything that could be procured. Miss Nightingale told me that if I Avanted
anything, I should apply to her. I entered on my duties on the 8th or 9tb. I Avent round
first in the forenoon Avith Miss Nightingale and Dr. McGrigor. I commenced that day,
and Avas in constant attendance on the men. The Avards contained the Avorst cases of
diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, and diseases of the chest. I have since had reason to believe
that they were hopeless cases. 1 had to supply them Avith Avine. Dr. McGrigor ordered
that the men should have any restoratives that I could devise. In consequence of that
order, I desired to give wine to about 50 — port Avine negus. Dr. IMcGrigor's order
was not given until two or three days after Ave had first gone round. The first order
Dr. McGrigor gaA^e Avas Avhen I went round with him and Miss Nightingale. Dr. D'Arcey,
the assistant surgeon in charge of the Avards, Avas present. It Avas then he spoke about the
restoratives generally. I never saAV Dr. D'Arcey with a diet roll in his hand. I seldom saw
him In the Avards. I think his morning visits had been paid before I Avent to the Avards.
1 used to go from nine till ten, and I Avas there tor the rest of the day backAvards and
forwards. It Avas two or three days after, that Dr. IMcGrigor ordered hot negus. He said,
in one of the Avards, '•' These men should have hot wine, or negus." I made a mistake in
saying there were only four Avards ; there were seven, tAvo little ones containing from 12 to
14 men, and five large ones containing more than thirty each. The first day I gave them
restoratives — egg-AvIne, arroAvroot, chicken, chicken broth, and beef tea. I got these things
at Miss Nightingale's quarters. AfterAvards I got them In the same Avay. There Avas a
difficulty in getting them, but I always got them. When I Avanted anything I called at
Miss Nightingale's quarters personally. I always saAV either Miss Nightingale or Mrs.
Bracebrldge. 1 asked them for Avhat I Avanted, I did not c;et as much as I Avanted or
said I Avanted. Tins was general. I ahvnys thought the men Avould have been better if

330

I could have taken it to them. I never had any communication with Dr. D'Arcey on the

subject of giving the men the things.

I have had a great deal of experience in attending the sick before I came here, for the
last six 3^ears especially. I had a good deal of that work in 1849, in the cholera, at
Plymouth. I used to go to both liospitals, night and day. I had sufficient experience to
be able to judge about the quantities to give the men.

The Avant of the things 1 found mostly at the beginning. It was my impression that the
men suffered from the want. I think all the men I had to attend to were in a state of
great exhaustion. I think that perhaps 50 men may have had their healths injured bv the
want of the restoratives I desired to give them. This was especially within the first few
days. I never made any representation to Dr. D'Arcey on the subject. I did not
mention it to Dr. McGrigor. I mentioned it to Miss Nightingale. I was continually
in communication with her. I do not recollect any particular occasion. I never was in
the wards during their regular meals. The men used to tell me they never got anything
except what I brought them, — except tea, which they did not like. Several of them had
wine allowed by the doctor, — generally two gills a day. Some had brandy.

When Dr. McGrrigor ordered the port negus, I got some at once from Miss Nightingale.
I do not recollect whether she gave me enough ; I always found it short from the first. I
then made a written requisition on Miss Nightingale, specifying the quantity required.
For a short time I got the quantity. Most the cases died. Dr. McGrigor then said he did
not think stimulants saved those who were most far gone, but I think that some were
decidedly brought round by it. Each man got half a pint of negus. I gave them near
upon that quantity. When I was short of it, I gave it to the worst cases, — that is, to those
who needed it most, and those who were the most exhausted. The others, on those occasions,
went without any port negus. The first day I gave negus to only about 12 men. I
gradually increased the number up to 80. When I was short of negus, I made it up with
an egg beat up in about a tablespoon-full of port, or Marsala, or brandy. I considered
that was a satisfactory substitute. I think there was little difference between them, but I
do not think anything I gave them affected their health, — wine more than the other. But they
liked the negus best, and I therefore gave it to them. I used to make, from the first day,
a list of those whom I thought fit objects for the negus. I put down the names of some
men in the presence of Miss Nightingale and Dr. McGrigox*, when I got the list, — on the
first day. I did not add any more without submitting their names to the doctor. I had no
occasion to consult Dr, D'Arcey, for I made no addition while he remained in charge.
After him came Dr. Maclise. I never saw him. Then the wards were divided into two.
Mr. HoUingsworth and Mr. Maclean were the two surgeons. I used to see them constantly.
I used to speak to them on the subject of giving the men wine and other nourishment.
Dr. Maclean preferred milk and eggs. After Dr. McGrigor said he did not think the
stimulants did the good he expected of them, the supply was restricted altogether. We
used to heat the wine, Avhich was issued to the men from the stores.

I would have given negus to a great many more than those on my list, if there had been
a larger supply. I would have given to all. It would have done harm to none of them-
There were no men in fever. Some had had fever.

I think there was a want of good chickens. The extras ordered by the doctors were in
general supplied. Milk and eggs were often not supplied. This went on until the wards
were broken up, about a fortnight ago. I think the health of the men suffered from the
want of milk and eggs. I recollect many instances when men would not take what they
did not like ; and milk was an especial treat. When milk was short, I used to give them
arrow-root or chicken-broth, or something else. This did not please them as well, and 1
think their health might have been injured in consequence. I found the medical men
attended to the patients carefully in prescribing the diets and extras.

After the first few days, I used to get four bottles of port daily. I would have given to
a larger number if I had had the supply. I did not say that to the doctors ; I think I did
to Miss Nightingale.

I cannot say that there was a single case in which a man lost his life from the want of
port wine, or any other thing. The men died very fast. Many were in a dying state
when I went to them, and I do not think that restoratives would have revived any of those
who did die. I do not recollect a single ease where I was unable to get restoratives in any
emergency. The daily mortality in my wards was four, five, or six. I do not think it
ever exceeded six ; I do not recollect that it ever amounted to six.

December 2Sd.

Miss Florence Nightingale.

I came on November 4, with 38 nurses under my charge, for the purpose of nursing the
sick and wounded soldiers in the hospitals at Scutari. I distributed them into wards. I
gave Miss Wheeler four wards and a corridor (C.) on the 8th Nov. I did not give any
other nurse four wards.

She had only certain cases, 26 in number at first, to attend to, — not to all the men in the
wards. She came to me about the 10th, and told me Dr. M'Grigor had ordered
negus for those cases that had been put down on her list. Dr. M'Grigor and I went round.

331

I wrote the names of the men whom she was to attend. I sent for her and she made a copy
from my list. She asked for negus when she told me it had been ordered. I gave it to her.
She said she would require four bottles a day. I think that was about the third day after
the negus had been first ordered. Bef'oi'e that, she did not ask for any specific quantity.
She frequently remonstrated about not having enough port wine and rice pudding; afterwards
also, about not having enough milk. In consequence of these remonstrances, 1 went, on one
occasion, round the wards, examined the diet rolls, and saw what extras were ordered for
the men. I stated to her I had reason to believe that the men obtained a double allowance
of wine ; that the orderlies drank the overplus ; and that, therefore, it would be better if she
brought the wine ordered by the medical men for the patients, and had it mulled in my
kitchen. That was done. I have seen the orderlies drink the port ordered for the pafients.
I inspected every day the wards under Miss Wheeler's charge. I turned my attention to
the cases she had to attend. I do not think any of the men ever suffered for the want of
port negus or any other thing. I think the supply given to them was quite sufficient. I
think they suffered from taking the wine all at once. I have known a patient drink four
gills at a draught. I think they also suffered from bad cookery ; and the way a nurse can
be chiefly useful, as I have repeatedly told Miss Wheeler, is by having the men's fowls
brought here to be properly made into chicken broth, and by regulating the times and
quantities at which the medical allowance is put into the men's mouths. I think that has
been constantly neglected, — as in the case of the man who drank the four gills at once, and
remained without any wine for 24! hours. I have never had any report made to me by any
of the nurses, or by any other person, that any life was ever lost in the hospit^il from the
want of any restoratives or anything else being at hand. I do not think that any such case
could have happened without its coming to my knowledge. It w^ould have been the duty
of any nurse seeing any case of emergency requiring restoratives, to apply to me at once
at any time of the night. Miss Wheeler's wards are about 240 yards from my apartments.
No nurses have ever sat up during the night. They are not to be in the wards after half-
past eight. They have sometimes rushed out against orders. In some special cases I have
been called up during the night, when I have taken with me a nurse to attend to those
cases. There are only three persons I ever employ in those cases. Miss Wheeler is not
one. The nurses report to me every day the number of deaths in the wards which they
attend. I am quite sure none ever reported to me as many as 11 deaths, — five is the
extreme number ever reported to me hj any nurse. Miss Wheeler and other nurses
have reported as large a number. The cases assigned to Miss Wheeler were very bad
cases, but not by any means hopeless.

Within a few days after Miss VVheeler took charge of the wards, I directed that ehe
should go round with the medical officer in the morning, and asked that officer, with
Dr. M'Grigor's permission, to make an extra diet roll iipon me. This was done. This was
always attended to except twice, to the best of my recollection. The two occasions when
it was not complied with were, — first, when the milk turned, and it was impossible to supply
milk that day ; the other, when the requisition was for 80 rice puddings, SO eggs, 80
half-pints of milk, 50 chicken broths. This requisition was brought to me at 12^ o'clock, p.m.
The things were intended for the men's dinners at 1 o'clock, p.m. I had not time to
prepare the things in so short a time. I gave all the rice puddings I had, and made extem-
poi-e rice puddings of I'ice, cinnamon, and eggs. Miss Wheeler never had any surgical
cases to attend except one. She referred the case to me. I dressed the wound, reported
the case to Dr. M'Grigor, and the man was moved the same afternoon.

The nurses are all distributed into wards. The medical men in charge of wards apply
to me when they want nurses. I refer the application to the first class staff" surgeon of
the division, and with his permission I send a nurse or nurses, of whom 1 have the selection.
The general nature of their duties they learn from my orders. The patients to whom thej
are to attend are indicated to them by the medical officer ; also the treatment of those
patients. They are employed chiefly among the wounded, the operation cases, and the
severe medical cases. Their duties among the surgical cases are, to go round in the
morning, to wash and prepare such wounds for the medical officers as those oflScers direct,
to attend the medical officers in their dressings, and receive and bring to me those officers'
directions as to the diets, drinks, and medical comforts of those cases. They generally go
out in fours. A quartett had generally a corridor and two wards of surgical cases. In
the medical divisions the nurse's or nurses' duty is to take such cases as the medical officer
confides to her. Her business is chiefly to see that the food is properly cooked and properly
administered, that the extra diet rolls made on me are attended to, and that cleanliness, as
far as possible, of the wards and persons is attended to, and bed sores dressed.

I have sometimes dressed wounds in the hospital. I have found maggots in several
cases. I recollect at this moment two cases that I can mention. One was of a private
(Smith) in ward 4, corridor B., — an amputated thigh, and the wound sloughed. Tlie case
was regularly dressed twice a day. The evening before his death I assisted in dressing his
wound. I picked out five or six maggots. The dressing had been performed carefully by
Dr. Holton. The other case was a compound fracture of both bones of the leg, in ward
2, corridor A. I forget the man's name. Tlie wound was carefully dressed twice and
sometimes three times a day, by Mrs. Roberts, a nurse, who was for 23 years at St.
Thomas's Hospital. I have seen her dress the wound, and assisted her; it was most
carefully done. I found maggots within six hours after a dressing. The man is aliv»^- and
doing well, likely to recover, and with his limb saved. I have seen her two hours dressing
that wound. Not six hours after, I have taken maggots out.

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332

December 2bth.
Me. Wreford.

Dr. Menzies showed me a letter from the Ambassador some six weeks ago, and in conse-
quence conferred with me as to the expediency of accepting the oflfer which it contained.
After deliberation, as we expected hourly stores from Varna, we thought it best to decline
the offer. We had not then heard of the disaster that had happened to the Courier, the
vessel which had been sent to that place for the purpose of bringing them down. On about
the 16th or 17th November, I was given to understand, the offer was repeated; and then we
agreed to ask for certain utensils and 200 sets of bedding. The bedding was sent, but
unfortunately in the wet weather. We had asked for the bedding, from having received a
communication from Dr. Hall, to be provided for the reception of at least 1,000 wounded,
who were already on their way to Scutari. The 200 sets of bedding would, I think, have
sufficed, or at least would have aided us. We did not like to ask for more, because I thought
it would have sufficed. The wet did not spoil the bedding, and it came in very useful. We
got a few chairs and tables, also, for the officers' quarters. All these things were applied
for by Dr. Menzies to the Ambassador. I had been to the Pacha of this place, and asked
him to get me the bedding, but they were obtained from the Ambassador. The offer of the
Ambassador Avas not accepted for anything except these things mentioned — bedding, chairs,
tables, and other things, of which I will furnish a list. Several of the articles have not
yet been sent.

As assisting Mr. Ward, I went to the bazaar to buy slippers. I passed several hours
there, and could only get 50 pairs on that occasion. I have purchased altogether about
600 pairs. From an apprehension of running short, and to meet every possible contingency
of non-arrival of ships, I purchased neai-ly 350 dozen of port wine from several houses in
Constantinople. Nothing could be more timely, however, than the arrival of the supplies
sent from England, both as to the time and the quantities sent. I have had great difficulty
in getting stores landed here, — not owing to the neglect of the Commissariat, but to the
state of the elements. The Commissariat land for us. I know that our stores have sometimes
gone to Balaklava, in consequence, I suppose, of improper stowage. It is the duty of the
Commissariat to store for us, but they have not the means of storing. We are, to a certain
extent, limited for storage in the Barrack liospital, but heavy bales are, I think, safe in the
passage. There is a sentry there. It would be a great security if they were under lock
and key.

In England, the patient brings with him inventories in duplicate of his necessaries ; one
is signed by the pack storekeeper, and the other by the non-commissioned officer who
brings the necessaries, and is attached to the man's kit. At the General hospital Mr. Ward
has established the old practice of having a book Avith the man's name, and the articles
written opposite.

When 1 came out matters were in arrear. They are now working gradually, but slowly.
We have by no means a sufficient supply of clerks. Our great work has been with the
hospital stoppages. That involves an account with every individual soldier. The stoppage is
4^(Z. a day. The Principal Medical Officer gets a dally return of the number of the patients
admitted, discharged, and died, and names of each patient. He adds up the whole, and
forwards it to the piu-veyor.

Decembe?' 2'/th.

Mr. C. F. PoTGlETER, D. A. Commissary General.

I have an office adjoining to the Barrack hospital. I am in charge of the dejiot commis-
sariat and the landing of hospital stores ; and I supply all conveyance, such as cai'ts and
boats. I have found occasionally great difficulty, at all times Inconvenience, in landing
stores here. The difficulties arise, first, from the bad v.'harf, the water being shallow, and the
weather frequently boisterous. When the Avind sets in from the soutliAvard, no boat can lie
alongside. In some instances boats loaded Avith clothing, baggage, and other things, have
been SAvamped. I have a difficulty sometimes in getting the requisite number of boats Avhen
a large supply is required suddenly. I cannot easily lay my hands on more than a dozen
country lighters — boats pulled by three men, and carrying about four tons, at the outside, of
heavy goods. Occasionally I am applied to by the Quarter-master General for boats to land
sick and Abounded. I get any I can ; but latterly they have been landed by sliips' boats,
furnished by the admiral, with a tug. I have often had a difficulty in getting goods ashore
from the Avay in Avhich they have been stowed on board. As an instance, 1 may mention
the Robert Lowe, which arrlA'ed here four or five days ago, laden with medical and hospital
stores, including bedsteads. Those stores are stOAved aAvay, as the master of the shij) informs
me, under cylinders of gunpoAvder. I AA'ent on board yesterday to Inquire into the cause of
the delay, and Avas told this Avas the cause. I cannot at this moment call to mind other
instances, but it Is my impression that there have been others. After the Prince left
this port for Balaklava, I received an invoice of medical stoves AA'hIch Avere on board of her,
but she did not land her cargo here. Another cause of delay is the sIoav AA^ay in Avhich the
Turks Avork. The creAA's of the transports are by no means Avilling to Avork, and AA^ork
sloAvly. Generally speaking, their officers, it appeared to me, did not care about the men
doing much. They had not the desire to do the AVork with the energy I could have
wished. In loading charcoal for the Crimea the other day, I had great difficulty in

333

getting the crews to work. 1 have represented the matter to Mr. Smith, the Deputy
Commissary General. I believe he spoke to the admiral, but I have found no improvement
since.

The carts of the country are very slow and inconvenient, and I have had much difficulty
in consequence, and also from bad roads in land transports. I cannot always get a large
supply of them. They are all bullock carts. I tried mules, but they did not answer.
The roads are so badly paved that they cannot keep on their feet with a loaded cart
behind.

BALAKLAVA.

January ScL

Captain Inglis, 2d Battalion Rifle Brigade.

Came down to Scutari on board the Gomelza, a sailing ship. Started on 12th
December. I went on board with tlie orderlies on the 11th. The sick were then on ))oard.
Ai'rivcd at Scutari, as well as I remember, on the 22d. The delay was owing to the state
of the wind. The first day of disembarkation was on the '24th, and on the 26tli the last
were on shore. The medical man in charge (Dr. M'Dermott, of the 48th) reported to me that
the sick were suffering much from being on board, and 1 directed him to report the circumstance
to the Principal Medical Officer at Scutari. Dr. M'Dermott reported the circumstance to
Dr. Cruikshank in writing, and he told me to send the worst cases on shore. I received no
written instructions. The instructions I received were from the commandant at Balaklava
(Col. Haines). He told me I was to be responsible for tlie performance of th.e duties of
the different persons on board — of course independently of ship's crew. I used to go down
every day — except on one occasion when I was unwell — into the deck where the sick Avere.
I attended to the cleansing of the place, and saw that the medical officer and the orderlies
did their duty. The medical officer did his duty thoroughly. He not only prescribed for
them and gave his medical attendance, but lie superintended cooking of the food and
distribution of it to those Vv'ho were not on ship's rations. He was constantly among the
men night and day.

The oi'derlies did their duty as well as could be expected from them, but I do not think
that they were a pi'oper class of men for such duties. I thinlv they ought to have been
strong and trained men, instead of being, as they were, weakly men taken from the invalid
battalion, and wholly unaccustomed to nursing. I told them at starting that if they did not
conduct themselves properly, 1 would stop their grog, and I think this tended to keep them
in order. One invalid reported to me that he was neglected. I frequently asked the men >
if they had any complaints, but never got any. I do not think the men were overcrowded ;
the captain of the ship did not think so either. There were three wind sails and one iron
ventilator. T do not think they could have managed the ventilation better. I had no
complaints of want of medicines or juedical comforts. I think there was a want of s^'anding
berths, the men lay chiefly on the floor. The standing berths had been constructed for
women, holding two iu each. I think most of the sick had mattresses ; they had also
blankets. I heard no complaints of any want of them ; indeed, many blankets were never
used. Bed pans were sent on board ; but I think we ought to have portable watei'closets
to prevent tlie smell — saucepans for cooking medical comforts, and tin cups for eating tlie
food. I saw no knives, forks, or spoons, excepting what belonged to the men. I had soap
ordered for ablution, but tliere was very little \vashing going on, because it was dangerous.
Some of the men were in a very lousy state. Some coats and blankets w^ere so infected
that I had them towed overboard.

The cooking was done by Uvo of the orderlies. Tlie aecommodiition for cooking was not
sufficient. Tlierfi were only two ci)ppers. Tiie cooking was not bad, being superintended
by the doctor. I think there ought to be iu every vessel carrying sick a regular cooking
range, for the purpose oP cooking the things required for invalids; I think also that the
cooks ought to be trained. The men on ship's rations did not get their dinners at the
ordinary ship's hours, but they got them pretty regularly. They were capital rations.
I saw them constantly at their dinners.

We lost 1 1 patients. One orderly was taken ill while attending to liis duties. Pie com-
plained to me of a cold, but the doctor did not consider him sufficiently ill to leave at
Scutari. He embarked with me and other orderlies on board the Golden Fleece, and
died of fever on 31st.

The supply of water was abundant, but I think it would be an improvement if there
wei'e filters on board to purify it. On one or two occasions I found the water which was
brought to me for washing, was oflfensive. It was probably taken from the Ijottom of the
tank. I do not think that the water is exposed to the atmosphere before being used.

I think it would be very advisable to strip the sick men of their clothing when they
come on board, and supply them with hospital clothing ia the same way as they are sup-
plied in the hospital at Scutari. I think what we want is, hospital steamers with trained
orderlies and medical men attached to them. I also think, that all men wli " are put on
board as invalids should be put upon fresh ration?,

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334

January \Qth.

Mr. Keeset, the Principal Dispenser at Balaklava.

I came with the army from Varna. I came here to enter upon my duties about the
beginning of October. I draw my supplies in general from Scutari, but on one occasion
I got some which were on board the Medway. These should have been landed at
Scutari, but I got them by the direction of Dr. Hall and Dr. Dumbreck. I started with a
complete invoice of medicines from Apothecaries' Hall, minus tincture of catechu and
chloride of lime. The invoice included the medicines usually used in military hospitals.
The ]3reparations of opium and astringents were exhausted by the middle of October. I
supply the whole army and the marines. I supply them upon the requisition of the staff
surgeons of divisions, or of regimental surgeons, countersigned by the staff surgeons.
Before the supply was completely exhausted, I made a requisition on Scutari. The copy
of the requisition was lost on the day of the storm — blown away, I believe, during the
storm. I applied, to the best of my belief, for 20lbs. pulv. opii, about 30lbs. pulv. cret.
comp., and the same quantity of pulv. cret. cum opio ; of sulphuric acid, lOlbs. ; creta prep.,
20lbs. ; hydrarg. cum creta. lOlbs. ; aromat. spirit, ammon. lOlbs. ; tinct. cathecu, 30lbs.
I received — sulphuric acid, lib. : pulv. opii, 2lbs. ; pulv. creta. comp. 2lbs. ; pulv. cret.
cum opio, 5lbs. 8oz. ; creta, prep., 2lbs. ; hydrarg. cum creta, lib. : aromat. spirit, ammou.
31b. 12oz. ; tinct. catechu, 71b. 8oz. No explanation was given to me for the requisition
being only partially complied with. I received these on the 17th October. Dr. Dumbreck
was present when the medicines arrived. I showed him the quantities. Before these had
arrived, I had sent another requisition by direction of Dr. Dumbreck.* Dr. Dumbreck
gave me the invoice, as in previous instance. I do not think I made any representation to
Dr. Hall on the insufficient compliance with the requisition. I left that to Dr. Dumbreck.
I do not know whether he made any or not. In consequence of the shortness of my supplies,
I became unable to comply fully Avith the requisitions of the staff surgeons. I reduced
the quantities in their requisitions — that is, of the opiates and astringents. Other medicines
I was generally able to comply with. The second batch of medicines came on the 29th
October. I began to supply short quantities about the middle of October, or even earlier.
This want has gone on, more or less, until the last week. A third supply of medicines
was received December 7. [Copy of requisition and of quantities invoiced to be
furnished.f] The fourth supply arrived on the 3d January by the Medway. [Copy of
requisition and of quantities invoiced to be furnished. J] During the last week I have been
able to supply fully all requisitions of medicines, but part of goods invoiced have not been
received ; they are missing.

I have never had any deficiency in surgical appliances, with the exception of line splints,
of which we were in want for only two days. I always had plenty of whalebone splints,
also bandages, old linen sheets, lint, and tow. To the best of my recollection, 1 have
always been able to comply with all requisitions for such things. I had plenty at the
battle of Alma and of Inkermaun.

I had my supplies at first on board the John Masterman. They were not landed until
December 18th. I had no store on shore, except one small room, which was insufficient.
I was. in consequence, much inconvenienced. I had great difficulty in finding what I
wanted. I had constantly to dive down into the hold of the ship ; and as the crew occa-
sionally shifted my cases, I had great difficulty in putting my hand on them. At first I
was wholly unassisted. At the end of about a week, the commandant (Col. Daveney")
gave me a common soldier from the invalid depot as an orderly. I employed him to remove
cases in the store and on board ship. I kept him about a week, and then he was taken
away from me for some offence, and put into the guard-house. I then did without one.
My time was so much taken up that I had not time to apply for another. On 6th Nov.
Mr. Fernandez and Mr. Philpot were sent to me as dispensers. Now I have got three
more dispensers, who came — one in November, the other two within the last day or two.
With them I am sufficiently provided.

I have generally obtained my information of the arrival of goods from the Principal
Medical Officer. I have then gone on board the ship, and sometimes have had to go three
or four times before I could get them, the captain denying at first that he had them on
board. Mr. Reade, the late apothecary at Scutari, sent invoices by post to the Principal
Medical Officer, who handed them to me. Since then I have received none. The purveyor
had his stores on board the John Masterman as well as me, and our stores got intermixed
and great confusion arose. I have had great delay in getting things landed. I also had great
difficulty in complying with requisitions as long as the stores remained on board the John
Masterman, as I had to go on board on all occasions, and I could not always obtain a boat.

Dr. Anderson, Principal Medical Officer at Balaklava.
I have been here about a month. Before, I was staff surgeon of 3d division. The first
supply of medicines I received was about a week ago. That was in compliance with a
requisition made by the apothecary and countersigned by Dr. Hall. I received no Invoice
of it. I believe Dr. Hall never received any either. I believe this because he told me
to let him know immediately, on the arrival of the ship. I acquired quite casually the
information that the Medway contained medicines for me. I sent a dispenser for them.

* Ante, p. 190. \ Ante, p. 190. | Ante, p. 191.

335

and we got them within 24 hours. I have always directed Mr. Fernandez to board any
ship that Dr. Hall informs me is likely to have stores on board either for the apothecary
or purveyor. Mr. Fernandez has complained to me of difficulties in getting things lauded.

I have not had any official report made to me of the want of medicines, but I have
known it from personal observation and the complaints of regimental surgeons, and surgeons
going on boai'd ships with sick and wounded. I have never made any representation to
Dr. Hall, because he was constantly here and expressing great anxiety about the want.
This want was chiefly confined to opiates and astringents. I have been unable to comply
with requisitions for opium, in any form except acetate or muriate of morphia, for sending
on board ship, till within the last few days. The requisitions are countersigned by me.
I have now received several portable medicine chests (Guthrie's). These contain quite
enough medicines for the short voyage down to Scutari. They are generally brought back
here, not filled there. If the vessel lies in harbour, the surgeon may draw on shore
for anything he wants, so as to go to sea with a complete chest.

We have been deficient in medical comforts. I draw direct on the purveyor for these when
they are to be sent on board ship : and I have found that he has frequently been unable to
comply with my requisitions fully. The chief wants have been in arrowroot and sago.
The purveyor has always complied fully with my requisitions for port or any other wine.

We do not generally put beds on board the large steamers, when the voyage is expected
to be short. Each man comes down with one, or now more commonly with two blankets.
The purveyor supplied a third or a rug until his stock ran short, and now we get it from
the Deputy Assistant Quarter-master General at Balaklava. 1 have never had any diffi-
culty on this point. I think that this is sufficient for a short voyage. After Ij^ing on the
bare ground in camp, the men are well pleased with the accommodation we give them for the
short voyage. A nother reason for not supplying them with mattresses is, the nature of the
diseases from which the men generally suffer, — aggravated forms of diarrhoea and dysentery.
The stock of mattresses would soon be exhausted, as we have no means of making up hair
mattresses again. I reserve the hair m.attresses for the worst cases on board sailing vessels.
Sometimes we have put on board paillasses stuffed with straw or hay.

Of bedpans, urinals, and closestools the stock is now exhausted. I have been obliged to
put chamber pots on board instead. I have also had great deficiencies in knives, forks,
spoons, cups, and plates.

When I first came here, 1 had the sole responsibility of inspecting ships destined for
the transport of sick and wounded to Scutari. This was until December 12th ,when a
general order of the commander of the forces was issued as follows: —

" No. 1. In future, when a ship is named for the reception of sick and wounded at Bala-
klava, and for their conveyance to Scutari, it is to be immediately inspected by a Board
composed of the following officers : The Commandant of Balaklava, the Deputy Assistant
Quarter-master General doing duty at that place, the Principal Medical Officer there, and
An Assistant Commissary General. And these officers will be summoned by Lieutenant-
Colonel Haines, "the Commandant," who will request Captain Christie, of the Royal Navy,
either to attend himself, or to nominate an agent of transports for the duty. T he Board
will be so good as to ascertain the state and condition of the ship, the extent of its accom-
modation, its fittings for sick, and its deficiencies. And all these officers will, as far as
depends upon them, take immediate steps for the supply of those deficiencies before the
sick are put on board. The officer, who shall preside at this Board, will make a report of
its proceedings to the Quarter-master General."

Before this order was issued, I had to do all myself. Now I simply go on board as a
member of the Board when I am summoned by Colonel Haines. We all go round the
ship together. We count the bed places, and calculate how many men the decks will
accommodate. We allow 6 feet long by 2^ feet broad for sick, and 6 feet by 3 feet for
wounded. We do not take into calculation the cubic measurement of the decks. We look
more to the ventilation. The vessels employed are generally very lofty ; one of them,
I know, is 9 feet between decks. I ask
Names of ship and of captain ?
Tonnage ?

Quantity and quality of water ?

How many beds and blankets on board?

Ventilation, — and how ?

Whether there are medicines and instruments on board belonging to the public ?

What the ballast is ?

Height between decks ?

Accommodation for officers ?

Accommodation for men (as above) ?

Whether sufficient disinfecting fluid, and what ?

Whether cups, plates, cooking pans for small messes, knives and forke, &ic. onboard?
Whether close stools and bedpans on board ?
Whether medical comforts on board ? i.e.

Port. Preserved potatoes. Preserved meat.

Brandy. Essence of beef. Barley.

Arrowroot. Soap. Live stock.

Sago. Rice. Preserved milk.

Lime juice.

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336^

Such of the articles as I find wanting on board, I get supplied by purveyor or
apothecary. They report to me when they have put the things on board. After inspecting
the vessel, I draw up an inspection report, and send it to Dr. Hall. I do not go again on
board before the sick arrive on board, but I go before she sails. I see that the men are
properly accommodated, and ask the medical officer in charge if he has any want unsupplied
in regard to the ship ; and I can safely aver that every requisition, both of his and mine,
have been complied with as far as the stock has enabled us to do so.

Every evening, Avhen a number of sick have come down during the day, a report, stating
the number embarked on board each ship is sent to me by Dr. Tarrant, an assistant staff
surgeon, who has been specially told ofi for the purpose of receiving the sick at the wharf.
He counts the nxmiber, and is ready to give medical assistance in case of need. A naval
officer is also thei*e in charge of boats to convey the men on board. I appoint one or more
medical officers to take charge of the sick on board. If I have none, or none of sufficient
experience, I apply to Dr. Hall, and he appoints from the front. I get his sanction to
those I. appoint. They always go on board before the sick embark. I think there was one
or two occasions when this rule was not observed. Once this arose, as well as I remember,
from the sick having been sent, through a mistake of the naval authorities, on board a
vessel, — the Sidney, — which had not been inspected. The other was when we Avere told to
expect 1,100, and 1,208 were sent down to us.

When I was first here, I used not to receive any intimation of the intended arrival of
sick from the field, except from Dr. Hall, whose notes were sometimes delayed by the state
of the roads and the weather. This was an inconvenience, because we might not have had
vessels told off for their reception. Hitherto, the sick men have come down in large
numbers ; on an average they came down about 600. They are carried on 300 French
mules. This niunber is much too lai'ge to embark with comfort to the men. I have no
dovibt whatever that their lives are sometimes endangered by the long exposure on the
beach in wet Aveather from this practice. I have Avritten to Dr. Hall on the subject.
(Letter dated December 20tli, 1854.) Lord Raglan visited the general hospital here on
January 8th, and informed me that in future only 200 men would be brought down at one
time. I can safely say that on more than one occasion I did not receive 2-15 hours^ notice
that sick were coming.

The hospital at Balaklava is not large enough for the number of patients I have. The
building is in very indifferent repair ; one Aving is roofless. The roof of the rest is very
defective. The AvindoAvs are in many cases totally deficient of glass. I have reported
it to Dr. Hall. The privies are abominable. It is unsuited for the treatment of sick.
The smell of the drains is A^ery offensive. Four medical officers have been taken ill Avithin
the last month ; Mr, Rutter, Mr. Hanbury, Mr. Archer, and Mr. Mitchell have all been
prostrated by fever and boAvel complaint, arising from the insufficient drainage. They lived
in the hospital, and all got sick in the same room.

I have acted as Deputy Inspector of Hospitals in the fourth Division for four or five Aveeks.
Every Friday Ave called on the surgeons of regiments, to send in, by tAvo o'clock on the
same day, the total number of men in their hospitals, the number of those too ill to be
moved, and the number not requiring removal. I visited the hospitals the same afternoon,
and I agreed Avith the surgeonas to the number to be removed, he sent next morning a nomi-
nal and numerical list, Avhich was amalgated Avith the lists of the other regiments of the
Division and sent to Dr. Hall. The next day, or the day after, the men were sent doAvn in the
two ambulances attached to the division, — one holding seven, the other ten. If the number
exceeded that, we got arabas from the Commissariat. This was in October. The number of
sick Avas then comparatively small.

FIa'C hundred and fifty men Avere Avounded in my division at Inkermann. A large number
were carried off the field in our ambulances. 1 found them very useful and Avell adapted
for the purpose, in the state of the roads at that time. Sir Ct. Cathcart, Avho Avas the General
of our Division, occasionally inspected our hospitals, and took great interest in the state of
our sick. EA'e^y day I had to a,ttend on him personally, besides sending him a written
report to satisfy him as to the state of the sick.

January I'Mh.
Mr .Feenandez.

I have been here since the 1st November. I am now dispenser in charge at Balaklava.
Since January 1st, I have been directed on several occasions by Dr. Hall and Dr. Anderson,
to board vessels AA^hich have arrived here — for the purpose of ascertaining Avhether there
were any medical stores on board. I have boarded the MedAvay, Europa, Niagara,
Gottenburg, Charity, and tAVO or three others. I had made it a rule, as a matter of duty,
to go on board every vessel that arrived.

When I first Avent on board the MedAvay, I asked the captain if he had any medical
stores on board. He said " he had about 30 black boxes marked ' regimental chests.' " I
came aAvay, and had the things landed. I got 10 chests landed on the Sunday as a great
favour. The Pedestrian came in next day. I went on board, and was told by the captain
there Avere medical stores on board, but that he had no invoice of the things. I had them all
landed. It took four or five days. There Avas a great deal of baggage, which was landed at
the same time. It was about four or fi\'e days after I boarded the Medway, that I got all
the medical stores landed. The portion Avhich I had got landed on the Sunday, lay on the

337

shore all that time, because I could not get a fatigue party. I had made a requisition in
writing on the Commandant of this place for a fatigue party, and took it to his office. The
clerk said he would attend to it, but no party was sent. The depot was broken up at
that time. A fatigue party came at last. It was from a draft which, I think, had just
landed on the other side of the harbour. ■ At the bottom of the Medway I found some
medical stores which had been sent from Scutari to this place.

When our stores Avere on board the John Masterman — that is, until about a month
ago — I used to experience the greatest difficidty in getting on board. I used to have to wait
sometimes two hours on the shore before I could get a boat. I have five times had to pay
to get on board it and other vessels. The money was repaid me.

The stores are now on shore. Everything has been unpacked, and is at hand.

I have written repeatedly to Scutari for blank forms of quarterly returns, abstracts, and
requisitions. My first letter was v/ritten about tlie middle of December. I have never
received any answer, or the articles required. I have applied to Mr. Jenner, the purveyor
here, for account books ; but he said he had not any. I have plenty of stationery, but I
have not kept any copies of letters, because I could not get a letter book.

I wrote on the 16th December a requisition for medicines ; I have never received any.
I have since written three times, once by post and twice by ship. We have received, since,
surgical stores by the Robert Lowe, and some medicines by the Medway, which, I
believe, from the labels on the Ijottles, came from Scutari ; but this supply did not
tally with my requisition, and I imagine was an answer to an earlier requisition by
jMr. Kersey

Januarj/ I4th.

Mr. Jenner, Purveyor at Balaklava.

I came with the army. I was put in charge of stores shipped on board the John
Masterman when the army sailed from Varna. I was assisting the purveyor there, and I
was instructed by Dr. Hall what to put on board. When we arrived at Kalamita Bay, I
landed a small quantity of the stores. Only six arabas were allowed for the convoy of
purveyor's and apothecary's stores and surgical materials. I had no demand until the battle
of Alma. At that battle I was in the rear with the waggons. After the battle was over,
I received orders from Dr. Hall to go to certain field hospitals which were pointed out to
me. This I did, and distributed among them what stores I had, and what they wanted.
I had enough of everything, and some even when we arrived here. I did not give as
much brandy as was demanded of me. I got as far as the Light Division. I cannot say
how many hospitals I supplied. The surgeons were comiug to me all night. I received
the order to land only on the very morning that I did land ; that was on the J 8th September.
I had a few mai'quees on board, and I took two small and one large on shore. The small
ones were got iqi, but not the large. T!ie hospitals were not under any shelter.

Since I came here, I have had large and continuous requisitions for medical comforts
for the camp, the hospital here, and the transport ships. I have very frequently not been
able to comply with them fully, in consequence of not having the things. I have been
principally deficient in arrowroot, sago, ground rice, essence of beef, and preserved meat.
I have never been short of wine, though recently, in a few instances, we have had to send
sherry instead of port. We have been a great deal without brandy ; but Dr. Hall told
me that when I had none I was to issue rum. I have had a few marquees pass through
my hands. I had a few at Varna. Four were sent to me from Scutari by Mr. Wreford.
I got also three or four from Captain Grant, of the ambulance corps ; but these do not
form any portion of hospital stores. I have issued some on requisition to regiments. Two
are pitched in front of Balaklava hospital for the sick, and two remain in store. At the
present time, I have not a single urinal, bed pan, or close stool complete; there are lots
of frames for close stools, but the pans have not reached me. I have often had to refuse
requisitions for such things to regiments, especially recently. I have in a few instances
supplied blankets to regiments. I have never refused any requisition for them,
countersigned by Dr. Hall. I have never been without boards and trestles, and have
always offered them when they have been demanded of me on requisition of the regimental
surgeon, if the men would take them away. They have usually been taken gradually,
a few at a time. The demand for these articles has been quite recent. I had, last
Monday, about 200 sets in store, and I am given to understand that there are about
1,000 sets in the harbour in a steamer. I did not receive any invoice of these things. I
heard of their being on board by mere accident. One of the transport agents — I do not
know who it was, for he was in a boat in the harbour — hailed me and said, " .Jenner, I
think there are some hospital bedstead^ belonging to you on board the Manilla." This
was about ten days ago. They have come from England. I have always had knives and
forks, cups and plates, in abundance. I brought 1,200 pint cups from Varna. I have not
had any application for cups from regimental surgeons until quite recentlj-. I have been
occasionally asked for plates and, I think, spoons. I have always been able to comply with
them.

I brought hospital dresses, — 600 suits, — but tliey were never asked for by the regiments.
I v/as not ordered to issue any to the hospital here. I have received a great deal more
hospital clothing since we came. I have sent the greater part of it to Scutari by Dr. Hall's

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338

verbal order. I have not issued to the field hospital flannel waistcoats or any other hospital
clothing. I have never been without culinary utensils, and, to the best of my knowledge,
I never refused any. I have not had many applications for them until recently. Recently
I have had a pretty fair number of applications.

I have constantly had to reduce the quantities of medical comforts in the requisitions.
These used at first to be countersigned by Dr. Hall, but sometimes I issued upon the
requisition of the regimental surgeon, as I did not like to refuse an ofiicer who had come
all the way from the camp. Ultimately it was arranged that I should issue on their requi-
tions simply. I have often had to purchase candles, tea, and other articles from the suttiers
and the shipping to the amount of altogether between 600Z. and 700?. We brought no
candles with us. The Commissariat supplied candles at Varna, but until about the beginning
of the year, I could get none from them. I brought lamps and wicks, but no oil. For some
time I could not get any. I bought 16 gallons about Christmas, at 6^. per gallon. We
brought no soap with us from Varna. I had to purchase some at first. Since then, I have
got some from Scutari. I do not think I have ever been so short of tea as to refuse a
requisition altogether.

It has been my duty to put on board the ships destined for the transport of sick and
wounded such articles as are ordered by the Principal Medical Officer of Balaklava, or on
the requisition of the surgeon in charge of the sick on board, countersigned by the Principal
Medical Officer. I have never been unable to comply with the requisitions of the Principal
Medical Officer, after being made out ; but to a certain extent I have always been consulted
on the drawing of the requisition, in order to suit it to the state of our stores. I have no
means of forming any judgment as to the sufficiency of the things put on board. Except
in two or three cases, I have never received back any of the things I have put on board.

The deficiency of medical comforts has prevented me, sometimes, from complying with
the requisitions of the medical officers at the hosjiital at Balaklava. I have never been
without abundance of whole rice; and when I have been unable to give arrowroot, sago, or
ground rice to the hospital here, or to the regiments, I have been in condition to give them
whole rice ; this, however, can be always got from the commissariat. I do not remember
that I was ever without arrowroot, sago, or ground rice at the same time. I have received
several supplies, perhaps five or six altogether, of medical comforts, from Scutari. When I
am running short, I write to Mr. Wreford for more. My requisitions have not all been
complied with.

When I was first here I kept my stores on board the John Masterman. The ships
which brought me goods visually delivered them on board of her. They were slow about
it. On one occasion the Medway sailed away after having disembarked a part only of
my stores. She came back afterwards and delivered the rest. I have always received by
post an invoice of goods sent from Scutari, but never of goods which have come from
England. I do not know whether the things which I liave then got without invoice were
intended for me or not ; perhaps they were destined for the authorities at Scutari, and were
brought on ; but by Dr. HalFs directions I have taken possession of all hospital stores I
could find. I got goods in this way from the Medway only, and the boards and trestles
on board the Manilla.

I boarded the Pedestrian when she arrived, about a fortnight ago, and asked the captain
if he had any stores for me. He said he did not know, as he had not any invoice of the
goods on board, and that he intended disembarking everything on the shore, and let the
owners claim them. I make it a practice to go on board any vessels of whose arrival I
hear, as often as I can ; but I have no boat, and find the greatest difficulty in doing this.

The transport from the beach to the hospital has been very difficult. Recently I have
got two mule carts from the Commissariat. This was about a fortnight ago. We are
often obliged to break open casks and cases on the shore and get the contents carried by
soldiers — a fatigue party. We always get as manj^ fatigue men as we require.

I have not a sufficient nimiber of clerks to assist. They are at the present moment two
in number. Till October 27 I was without any ; then a youth joined me quite ignorant of
his duties. Within the last fortnight I have received the assistance of an efficient clerk.
On leavmg Varna I had not a clerk, sergeant, or even orderly. I had to break open my
cases, issue the rations myself, and deal out all the medical comforts myself

I have reported the want of glazing of the windows and the drainage of the privies to
the engineer in charge here. I told him I had glass, but required labour. He wanted
putty, which I could not procure, and the windows have not been mended. I reported to
the Commanding Officer, Royal Engineers, of the British army in the Crimea, through
Dr. Hall, that the whole of the roof Avas out of repaii-, and the drainage. Nothing has
been done.

It is impossible for one purveyor to do all the work here. The time of one would be
entirely occupied in looking after the shipment and landing of stores, and keeping the
invoices and store department. The daily hospital duties would take up the time of
another. My work is immensely multiplied by having all the little requisitions of
regimental surgeons sent to me instead of the purveyor's clerks attached to the Divisions.
There is such a clerk attached to the Light Division; one to the first and one to the third;
and they have some stores. But, nevertheless, the regiments come to me.

On the line of march I got additional arabas, which made eight arabas altogether for the
apothecary and me. When I came here, five were taken to head-quarters with stores and

339

kept there. One of my arabas broke down, and the remaining two continued to w ork here
until I exchanged them for dromedaries. The waggons broke to pieces, and now I have
two double mule carts.

I have written to Dr. Hall, and Mr. Ward, the purveyor at Scutari, for assistance. I have
had three sergeants and a private sent to me. I am now sufficiently supplied in this way
with store men, but not with clerks.

Till 11th October no diet rolls were kept. I fed all the patients in the hospital down to
that time on the verbal order of Dr. Hall without any vouchers. Since then, diet rolls have
been kept, but so incorrect, that I doubt if correct stoppage accounts can be made out. In
some cases, the same man is entered on different days as belonging to different regiments.
No morning states were furnished to me until January 1st, and these are so incorrect
that I can do nothing with them.

We have always had plenty of sugar, rice, and biscuits from the Commissariat, and, with
the exception of about ten days, an abundant supply of fresh meat. The quality of the
meat, however, has been very frequently inferior.

January \6f//.

De. Hall, Inspector-General, and Principal Medical Officer of the Army in the East.

The number of surgeons, if we had no casualties, would be enough. Jt was sufficient
for ordinary purposes, that is, for 10 or 12 per cent, sick, but the present state of things is
exceptional. We have now sick, — exclusive of invalids gone home and to Malta, —
at Scutari, 5,119; here, in camp and Balaklava 5,180. Of these, 2,000 require to be taken
down to Scutari. The increase of sickness lias been gradually coming on, owing to severe
duty, exposure, want of food, want of means of cooking, want of shelter in such weather
as this, and, until lately, want clothing. We had no long days' marching in the Crimea
except the day we came to Balaklava; that might have been 16 or 18 mile?. The men
threw away their arms, blankets, and camp-kettles in the most reckless way.

The surgeons are entitled in the field to one orderly for every 10 patients in hospital,
but I do not think that paid orderlies have been given at that rate. There are no
hospital accounts at present. The orderlies are got from the regiments and paid by the
paymaster. There are no hospital establishments, no hospital accounts kept, no stoppages.
The patients in the field draw their rations from the Commissariat. The medical comforts
are supplied by the purveyor. Whenever it can be procured, fresh meat is given to the
sick, but for weeks they have not had anv. In that case preserved meat is issued by the
purveyor.

Medical comforts have occasionally run out, from the great demand on the store. This was
reported to me in due time, and I Instructed Mr. Jenner to make demands on the Purveyor-
in-chief. I have also directed him to procure arrowroot, tea, and other things whenever
pi-acticable. Before I left Constantinople, I directed Mr. Wreford, the purveyor-in-chlef, to
make an indent or demand on England for 12 pipes or 600 doz., in bottle, of wine.

I never was consulted about the quantity of m.edlcine and comforts to be taken with the
army to the Crimea. The Quarter-master-G eneral never communicated to me that we
were going there. Loi'd De lios was sick. Major Wellesley was acting Quarter-master-
General. It was generally rumoured that the army was about to embark. The transports
were collected, but I never was consulted as to the quantity of medicines, surgical
appliances, or medical comforts v>'liich ought to be taken with the expedition. I did not
even know what number of men was to embark. Lord Raglan consulted me as to what I
proposed to do for the conveyance of the wounded, and asked me to put my views on paper,
as to what conveyance would be necessary for an army taking the field. I wrote this letter.*
I required 42 waggons for conveyance of stores and tor sick and wounded men ; 336
canvass bearers, 4-32 men from regiments, and 240 from ambulance corps. Xo waggons
whatever were embarked except three, and these had no horses, harness, or drivers.
The ambulance corps was placed by the Home Authorities under the Quarter-master
General's department, so Lord De Rostoldme. I put on board the "John Masterman"as
much medicine and medical comforts as I tliought necessary. The lists marked E and Ff show
the quantities of medicine, medical comforts, and surgical a])pllances, and purveyors' stores
put on board. I knew the strength of the army sufficiently to make the necessary
calculations. When we landed, I got from the Quarter-master- General five arabas drawn
by a couple of oxen, and on them I took medicines and comforts. The lists C and Dj
show the quantities so carried. This was the reserve store ; besides these, each regimental
surgeon had his panniers fully equipped. The supply was ample. I think that the number
of splints was sufficient. I never heard any complaints of the want of tliem. We had
ample medicines and surgical appliances at the Alma, There were surgeons enough. The
action was not over till 5 p.m. The surgeons worked not only till dark, but some of them
during the night. The whole of the wounded were dressed and sent on board ship by the
evening of the 22nd. I was present on the field both days and saw this. The first Division
had all their wounded collected and under cover in houses in a vineyard, on the night of the
20th. Great many of the other Divisions were also collected the same evening ; the rest

* Vide Sup., p. 55. f Vide Sup., pp. 57 "k 61. % Vide Eeport. pp. 7, 8.

U u 4

340

next day. I had the farm yard littered with hay, and on that the wounded were placed in
rows. This was what was termed the general hospital. We had a good many cholei'a cases.
The surgeon of the flag ship offered the services of naval surgeons. Some of them were
employed. We were not in want of surgeons, but I suggested that if the naval surgeons
would superintend the putting on board of the men it would be a great relief to us. They
gave us that assistance. If I had accepted the offer of the naval surgeons to assist in
dressing, I do not think the men would have been dressed or got off sooner. I had suggested
to Lord Raglan at Varna, shortly before the sailing of the expedition, that two steamers
should be fitted up and equipped as hospital ships, to I'eceive the wounded, if the landing
were opposed. Admiral Boxer set apart the Andes and Cambria for this purpose.
They had the fittings of ordinary troop ships, and were supplied by me with medicines,
sui'gical appliances, and purveyor's stores. The steamers in question were not as large or
as well calculated for the service as I would have wished. I inspected the Andes myself
at Varna, and saw that she had a sufficient supply of mattresses and bedding. After my
inspection, I sent on board surgical appliances and purveyors' stores. Two medical officers
were also put on board each vessel. The vessels were wholly insufficient for the sick and
wounded after the Alma. The sick and wounded were put on board by the naval authorities.
I was not consulted as to the vessels, or as to the number to be put on board each ; nor was
I even informed of the number or names of the vessels employed ; this I ascertained
afterwards. I sent Dr. Dumbi'eck down on one occasion to ascertain the name of one of the
vessels. Everything was done in a great hurry ; for it was a choice of evils whether the
men were to be got off at once or remain oa the field. It was about three miles to the
beach. The French lent us their mules and carried many men. Arabas and stretchers
were also employed. The arabas took the lighter cases. When I was informed that
a vessel had received her sick and wounded, I sent two, sometimes three, medical officers
on board. The number of men on board was not mentioned to me, but I was merely told
that she was full, and then, judging from the size of the vessel, ordered the proper number
of surgeons. To the best of my knowledge, no wounded man was put on boai'd till his
wound was dressed. I put a medical officer at the gate of the farm. Dr. Elliott of the
artillery was so employed for some time, to prevent any man from being carried away
till he was dressed.

January I'Jth.

Dr. Hall ; examination continued.

I think that one surgeon and two assistant surgeons would be enough for a regiment, and
that the number on the staff should be increased, as they are more available for general duty
and can at any time be attached to a regiment if necessary. 1 think that second class staff
surgeons are better employed in taking charge of wards like assistant surgeons, than in
superintending.

As to transporting the sick and wounded to the rear, I think that if we had the waggons
I asked for when the army came here, they would have sufficed. The waggons would not
suffice in case of want of roads as at present. We ought to have mules with cacolets and
litters, like the French, to travel where waggons cannot go. I should prefer a long car like
the Irish Bianconi cars to follow each regiment on the line of march, and a lighter carriage
for severely wounded not carrying more than four. The present waggons are good, but
heavy. The men do not like — and especially the officers — being laid in a catacomb,
Guthrie's carts upset, at Varna, every time we tried them. The ambulance corps has not
answered. From their habits and age they are quite unfitted for their situation. We
ought to have a corps especially enlisted and trained for the purpose. Our ambulance
men could not drive. There were no farriers, smiths, or wheelwrights with them, so that
the most trifling damage rendered the carriages useless. The corps was placed under the
Quarter-master General. When the waggons came here about the 12th October, they
were distributed to the different Divisions, and placed under the Principal Medical Officer
of the Division. Recently, I was told by Captain Grant, the chief of the corps, that
the Quarter-master General had applied to him to use the animals for general purposes.
He had objected, but it was a case of emergency, and they were used. The animals have
mostly died off". This arose partly from exposure, and partly from neglect.

Every week I get a return of the number of sick, showing those who require to be
taken away, those that do not, and those that cannot be taken. At first they were brought
down in the ambulances. When the roads or tracks became bad, and the ambulances failed
us, that is, from the middle of— November when the heavy rains set in, — the artillery lent
leaders to the ambulance waggons, and lent also their own waggons for the conveyance of the
sick. This was done by Lord Raglan's order. This was continued till Avithin the last
week or ten days. We also got the loan of the French mules with cacolets and litters, — as
many as 500 at a time. More recently, the cavalry horses have been employed, bringing
down such as could ride. When I get the weekly returns just mentioned, I submit them
through the Adjutant- General to Lord Raglan. Arrangements are then made for getting
the means of conveyance. If we are to have the French mules, it is communicated to
me by note or verbally by the Adjutant-General. Sometimes this communication is very
shortly before the arrival of the mules. In one instance, on Saturday night, I received such
intimation to say that on Monday morning the French would lend us 500 mules ; that I

341

was to visit every Division of the army, and come down to Balaklava to make arrange-
ments to get boats ready for the embarkation of the sick. On that occasion we had
about 1,100 or 1,200 sick. On another occasion, I did not get any intimation until the
day after the note was written, and the day before the sick were to be embarked ; so that
I had hardly a day — for I did not know the names of the vessels to sail — to fit out the
vessels with hospital furniture, medicines, medical comforts, &c. I think I ought to receive
a longer notice that the sick are coming. Sometimes there is time to inspect and prepare
vessels ; at other times we are very much hurried.

In fitting up a vessel for the transport of sick and wounded, a medicine chest and case
of instruments are put on board. Medical comforts and hospital bedding and furniture are
also supplied as well as the means at our disposal enable us. If the vessels have been
shortly supplied at times, it has been from necessity — from the shortness of our supplies.
As to paillasses, at one time, we could not get any hay or straw to stuff them with.
Written applications were repeatedly made on the Commissariat and refused. It was not
from want of inclination on their parts. They had not it. Some articles of hospital
furniture have also been deficient, especially bed-pans. Mr. Jenner wrote to Mr. Wreford,
by my directions, for a supply ; but the requisition was not fully complied with. I think
the purveyor has given me timely intimation that particular articles were running short.
We once got a supply of trivets, but the pans were not brought. I believe they were
landed at Scutari from the Medway. The Jura brought us in November some of
Smith's bedsteads — about 500 — and 100 of Clarke's; the legs of half of Dr. Smith's have
not yet been received. I believe they are on board the Robert Lowe. Dr. Smith wrote
to me from home to say so. Medicines, medical comforts, and purveyor's stores, we get
from the general store at Scutari. I received ofiicial information that the Ambassador at
Constantinople had instructions to supply any wants at Scutari. Mr. Wreford has also
unlimited power to purchase anything wanted. As to the want of opium, we have run
short of some forms of it, but we have always had plenty of morphine, which, in my
opinion, is a good substitute. I wrote to Mr. Reade, the apothecary at Scutari, that if the
stores did not admit of sending any opium, he was to go into the market and buy 50lbs.
He sent me 51bs. of crude opium. He also sent a small quantity of pulv. opii. I have not
been able to get my requisitions fully complied with.

Medical comforts have run out here. When arrowroot ran short, I wrote to Mr. Wreford
to send me two tons of ground rice instead. He sent me the quantity, but it was spoiled,
sour and offensive. The want of candles at first was an oversight at Varna, but we
purchased them here as soon as we came. We got them on board the ships. I think we
brought a smaU supply of wax candles for operations.

We have always had an ample supply of surgical appliances.

When we landed in the Crimea one bell tent was allowed to each regiment for an hospital.
In the beginning of October I was ordered down to Scutari, and did not return until the
23d or 24th. The troops had then got their tents. Some of the surgeons had got their
marquees. Others could not find theirs. All the marquees that came with the ambulance
corps, and the field officers' marquees had been then also issued for hospitals. These were
wholly inadequate. As soon as the wet weather began to set in, I applied for some sheds
which are in a village called Karani, about a mile or a mile and a half from head quarters,
in order to have converted them into hospitals. They would have accommodated about 180
sick. The Commissariat had got possession of them and objected to giving them up.
Mr. Filder wrote a letter to the Quarter-master-General, enclosing one from the Com-
missariat officer in charge of the mule establishments there, stating that his animals would
perish if they were turned out. The letter was referred to me. I did not get the sheds.
I have applied repeatedly to the Quarter-master-General to get the new building at the
general hospital covered in. This has not been accomplished till within the last week.
It has been converted into a pack store or armoury. I applied also to Quarter-master-
General for any spare houses there might be at Kadikoi or here. I have got the church
and some houses at Kadikoi for the Highland brigade, but there were none fit in Balaklava.
I also applied to get huts executed in the Turkish mannei-. I directed Dr. Forrest, Deputy
Inspector in charge of 3d division, to make the experiment. He wrote to say that he was
unable to do so from want of men to do the work, and that he could not do it unless Turks
were sent. I procured the sanction of Osraan Pasha through Lord Raglan, for the employ
ment of a number of Turks who understood the mode of constructing the huts. I commu-
nicated this to the Quarter-master-General. He said it must be done by Divisions, and
that instructions should be sent to Divisions to make application for the number of men
they required. About a week after. Captain Chapman, R. E., came to me and said he had
been instructed by Sir Richard England, the General commanding the 3d division, to
communicate with me about the huts, and said that it would be useless to dig the earth,
unless we had timber for roofing. A vessel had arrived a day or two before from Sinope
with timber. I went with Captain Chapman to the Quarter-master-General to see if we
could obtain any. The Quarter-master-General said the cavalry was to be hutted first.
I think that the huts would have been far better than tents. Then we heard that the
wooden huts were arriving ; and nothing more was done, except that a further supply of
marquees and tents, which came in the Jura last November, were issued.

The cutler was sent to Varna with a proper apparatus. He was dismissed and another
sent from England in his place. The apparatus had been left at Varna, and is now at

342

Scutari. He has means of setting instruments here. I have sent him to go round all the
Divisions and set all the instruments needing setting.

I have a vast deal of corresponding. I write the greater part of it with my own hand ; I
have not assistance enough for this purpose. I have applied for two clerks. 1 think I
ought to have a professional assistant of some rank in the field ; it is absolutely necessary.

I think it is necessary that the requisitions of surgeons for medicines and medical comforts
should be countersigned. It is a necessary check on extravagant demands. I find it
sometimes necessary to cut down the demands.

The requisitions are in practice sometimes made out by the hospital sergeants. The
countersignature is also requisite on account of the state of supplies.

The surgeons keep no record of cases here. They have no books for the purpose.

SCUTARI.

February 20th.
Miss Nightingale.

The articles I supplied,* — as shown in the list I have furnished, — I supplied on the
demands of medical officers in charge of wards, countersigned by stalF surgeons of divisions.

Before complying with such requisition, I always inquired of the purveyor whether
there were in his store any of the articles demanded. If he answered that there were none,
then in most instances I went to the pui'veyor and asked him whether he expected any
from England, or was about to get them from Stamboul. I went sometimes to the
purveyor-in-chief, Mr. Wreford, sometimes to Mr. Stewart. Upon getting a negative
answer, I issued them, if I had them in my store, or procured them in Stamboul. If the
things were in the purveyor's store, I obtained them from him upon Avritten requisition.
The articles so obtained are shown on the list.

I have had my washing establishment since the 30th November. I employ from four to
twelve soldiers' wives and widows there. They wash soldiers' shirts, — flannel and cotton, —
socks, a few sheets, bandages, and di-awers. On the 9th November we received the wounded
after Inkermann. They were without shirts. I issued about 500. Before doing this I
inquired of the purveyor whether he could supply them, and he said he could not. The
purveyor was Mr. Wreford. This led to my finding out that other men who had been
in hospital previous to Inkermann Avere without shirts, and I supplied about 700 more.
This was during the first week. At the end of the first week the men informed me, that
they still had the same shirts on. I inquired of Mr. Stuart, and found there was a con-
tractor and a place for washing shirts. I did not interfere further for some days. At the
end of that time I went with Mr. Bracebridge to Mr. Stuart, who told me the man had
broken his contract, but that he was about to come to some fresh arrangement. He erected
a barrier, and ordered a sergeant to collect the shirts within it. Whether the shirts were
collected or not, I do not know ; but at the end of a fortnight, I, still finding the men
were without change, went to him again. He told me that the contract had fallen through,
and he gave the order that the shirts should be collected and distributed among
four soldiers' wives. On the 20th day after Inkermann, a great number of those who
had got shii'ts on the 9th, were still with the same shirts on their back. I inferred that the
four soldiers' wives were not sufficient for washing the shirts, and I took a house at Scutari,
provided it with boilers, which I obtained, partly from the engineer officers, partly from my
own resources, and employed some soldiers' wives to wash. I gave notice to the staff surgeons,
that there was such an establishment, if they chose to have their patients' shirts washed. I
was told by the non-commissioned officers, that the men had been unwilling to give up their
shirts to be washed either by the contractor, or by the soldiers' wives, because, they said,
they either did not get back any shirts at all, or they got a bad one in place of a good one.
I also found, that the washing of the soldiers' wives was quite insufficient. They washed
in a tub, generally in cold water ; and it is necessary that shirts in hospital should be boiled,
because it is impossible to get out, otherwise, the animal matter. This is particularly
detrimental, when A gets B's shirt. I believe the surgeons of divisions ordered their
wardmasters to collect the dirty shirts, and to send them to my establishment. I made a
fresh issue of shirts, in order to enable them to comply. The number washed, has varied,
from 50 to 800. I was struck with this, and on inquiry, I was told by a wardmaster, that
the purveyor had told him to take the shirts to the soldiers' wives. It appeared to be
optional with the wardmaster, whether he should obey the surgeon or the purveyor. I have
now, from 500 to 800 pieces a week. I think the shirts come, generally, from the same
quarter. Each wardmaster delivers up his shirts to me, and I give him a receipt. I do my
best to ensure the return of the identical shirts. I direct that the shirts of each wardmaster
shall be washed in a separate tub. I obtained the tubs from the purveyor. The men are
not, now, properly supplied with clean shirts. There are several reasons for that. I have
patients, at this moment, without shirts. The number of those wholly without shirts does
not exceed ten; but there is not a sufficient supply for the hospital. The men who come

* Vide Eeport, p. 35 and p. 41.

343

from the Crimea are in such a state of filth, that the shirts have to be cut off from them '
and when they leave the hospital, they arc allowed to take away the shirts on their backs'
I could not refuse it. Another reason for the insufficiency of clean shirts, is, that the
soldiers' wives employed by the purveyor have no means of procuring hot water, or other
conveniences, for washing. I have heard of a woman giving a man a pint of porter, to get
her some hot water. In my establishment, I could do any amovmt of washing ; but, in this
climate, we cannot dry without wringing machines. These I expect daily from England.

I have observed how the bedding which is washed by contract is washed. The blankets
come back torn and covered with stains. I have, myself, sorted these blankets, when taking
in sick, and been compelled to throw away the so-called clean blankets, till they could be
carried away and destroyed. They also come so wet, that I am obliged to have them dried
before they can be used.

With respect to the articles in the lists which are properly apothecaries stores,* I applied
to the apothecary before issuing them. I put the same questions as I did to the purveyor.
As for stump pillows, I got from him oil cloth enough to make about two dozen. The
medical officers complained that the quality was bad, that the oil was decomposed by the
discharge from the wounds of the patients.

As to medical comforts,f — the beef we have always had from the purveyor. The
chickens were sometimes so bad, that I have often had to return them to the purveyor.
He said he could get no better. Our cook could not make soup with them ; so, to make
soup, I was obliged to get others. Arrowroot has been supplied to me in part by tlie
purveyor. Only on one occasion did he give me half the quantity I asked for ; on the
others, he always gave me the quantity I asked, but our own arrowroot was much better.
For the sick it is important to have the best. The sago I asked for of the purveyors,
but did not get. The lemons also they declined giving me. The milk was so bad, that I
could not use it for sick cookery, and I could not set enough ; so I always supplied it
myself

The port wine was declined. The medical officers came to me from different divisions,
and said the port wine was bad, and asked me for some. This has frequently happened.
The same with the brandy. Brandy was never refused to us, but it was bad. The
medical officers asked me for it. The eggs I used to get from the purveyor. About two
months ago my requisitions for them began to be refused. When my requisitions had been
declined a considerable number of times, I ceased to apply, and have ever since supplied
the eggs from private sources. They have been very scarce, and very dear during that
period ; so has milk, so have chickens.

With regard to the wine, I used to issue arrowroot without wine, even after the medical
officers made requisitions on me, and I insisted on the men putting into it the port which
they got from the purveyor. I did not issue the wine, until the medical officers said the
port was so bad.

Mr. Tucker,

I am now the purveyor of the Barrack hospital. I came here on the 4th of this month.
I found, when I arrived, a quantity of flannel and cotton shirts in store. I have been
issuing them on requisition. I have not had a requisition for either shirts, which has not
been complied with. Everything goes up to the General hospital in the first instance.

I think Miss Nightingale came into the office not a week ago. She stated there was a
great want of shirts at Balaklava, that she had heard not a patient in hospital had a shirt,
and asked if we were sending any of these stores to the front. I said that rested with
Mr. Wreford ; that I had had no information that any were required. She asked whether
shirts could be sent. I asked what number. She said that 4,000 would be required
altogether. I said that I understood Mr. Wreford was ma,king arrangements to send
things to Balaklava. She went on to say, that she would send some shirts herself, and
a small quantity of barley. I looked into my store when she went away, and found I
could supply 200. I could have sent six casks of barley, each holding 250 lbs., if I had
had orders to do so.

One of the greatest wants we have here is, the want of store for receiving and issuing
in bulk.

We have never been short of arrowroot, — that is wholly run out, and unable to meet
requisitions. I am not aware that any demands on the stores for arrowroot has not been
met. The steward never reported it, nor the clerk in charge ; they would at once have
reported such circumstance to me.

Mr. Weeford.

I have received shirts recently from England, that is, within a fortnight. Some
of them are landed. I have no idea what number. They are at the General hospital.
They have been in process of landing for the last 10 days, that is, the cargo
generally. There are flannel as well as cotton shirts. I have had no Board on any
of them. We must have a Board on the damaged ; but I gave instructions to-day to
Mr. Stuart to break bulk without waiting for a Board, if the articles could not be otherwise
supplied. There has been a demand for shirts within these last 10 days. I heard there
was a demand two days ago for shirts; only 10 minutes ago I saw two men with requisitions
for shirts.

* Vide Keport, p. 34. f Vide Report, p. 41.
X X 2

344

I met Miss Nightingale the day before yesterday. She asked me if I had flannel
shirts ; I said I had. I had 1,000 five or six days ago. She made no demand for any ; she
observed that if I had them, she would not issue any.

We get from the Commissariat direct, porter, ale, barley occasionally, sugar occasionally,
and rice occasionally. I say occasionally, because we have supplies of those things sent to
us direct from England. Straw, wood, and charcoal we also get from them.

The meat is furnished by a contractor, whose contract is with the Commissariat — that is
Mr. Parry. Fowls, eggs, bread, potatoes, and vegetables are also supplied under the same
contract. When the hospital was first established, the purveyor made the contracts. After-
wards the Commissary-General claimed the right to make the contract, but appended the
condition that the purveyor was to pay. This was done about July or August. Things
continued under this arrangement till the 1st January. Since that time, we have reverted
to the usage that the Commissariat pays the contractor on the verified account of the
purveyor, and the purveyor repays the Commissary. There are other articles, such as
arrowroot, sago, tea, port wine, as to which the purveyor is left to his own resources.

As to furniture, the purveyor has to furnish that. He is, in effect, barrack-master and
storekeeper for the hospital as well as purveyor. We get tables and other such articles
through the engineer department. If the roof leaks, or a pane of glass is wanting, the
requisition is made to the purveyor, who has to make a requisition on the engineer
department, which requisition must be countersigned by the Quartermaster-General.

345

Copy of a Letter from Colonel G. C. Mundy to Dr. Gumming, Dr. Spence, and

P. B. Maxwell, Esq.

Gentlemen, War Department, November 3, 1854.

Referring to the instructions whicli have been addressed to you, by the direction
of the Duke of Newcastle, under date of the 23d ultimo, I am directed by his Grace to
transmit to you the accompanying copy of a letter from the Director General of the
Army and Ordnance Medical Department, calling attention to the alleged want of proper
means of transport, particularly by sea, for hospital stores, and other articles necessary for
the sick and wounded ; and I am to request that you will take the same into your consi-
deration, and favour his Grace with your opinion upon Dr. Smith's proposal that a steamer
should be sent from England, and be placed at the disposal of the Senior Medical Officer of
the Army in the East, for the purpose of facilitating the transmission of stores of this nature
from one place to another. In the meantime, the Duke of Newcastle has requested
Dr. Smith to report to his Grace whether he has a sufficient cargo to freight such a vessel
from England, if engaged,

I have, &e.

Dr. Gumming. (Signed) G. C. MUNDT.

Dr. Spence.
• P. B. Maxwell, Esq.

Copy of a Letter from Dr. Andrew Smith to Colonel G. C. Mundy.

Sir, Army and Ordnance Medical Department, October 28, 1854<.

As it appears that the medical staff serving with the Army in the East have been
occasionally without a sufficient supply of hospital stores and other articles necessary to
the general well-being and professional treatment of the sick and wounded ; and as I have
reason to believe that these deficiences have arisen, in a great measure, from the want of
efficient means of transport, particularly by sea, I have the honour to submit, for the con-
sideration of his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, that I am of opinion the like disadvan-
tages will continue to be experienced unless some special provision be made for the par-
ticular service referred to.

Believing that nothing short of the following arrangement would prove effectual, I
have the honour to propose to his Grace, that a steamer of about 200 tons should be
immediately engaged and sent to the East, to be exclusively at the disposal of Dr. Hall,
the Chief Medical Officer of the expeditionary army, and that her captain should be strictly
enjoined and bound to act in conformity with his orders, and to acknowledge no other
authority but his.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) Andrew Smith,
Colonel Mundy, Director General.

&c. &c.

Copy of a Letter from Dr. Gumming, P. B. Maxwell, Esq., and P. Sinclair Laing, Esq.,

to Colonel G. C. Mundy.

Sir, Scutari, November SO, 1854.

With reference to your letter of the 3d instant, requiring our opinion upon the
proposal of Dr. Smith, contained in a letter addressed by him to you, and dated the
28th October, that a steamer of about 200 tons should be immediately engaged and sent
to the East, to be exclusively at the disposal of Dr. HaU, the Chief Medical Officer of the
expeditionary army, and that her captain shoidd be strictly enjoined and bound to act in
conformity with his orders, and to acknowledge no other authority but his, we beg to
state that, after examining Dr. Menzies upon the subject, and giving it our best con-
sideration, we are of opinion that the adoption of this proposal would be probably
attended with much advantage to the public service.

As to the size of the steamer, indeed, we are not competent to form any opinion ; but
we think it ought to be sufficiently large to hold an ample supply of purveyors' and
apothecaries' stores, suitably arranged so as to be readily accessible at the shortest notice,
and that persons having the requisite knowledge and experience in the warehousing of
such stores, should be employed for the purpose on board the steamer.

We have, &c.,
(Signed) A. CuJiMiNG, I.G.H.

P. Benson Maxwell.
Colonel Mundy, P. Sinclair Laing.

&c. &c.

Xx3

346

Copy of a Lettee from H. Roberts, Esq., to Dr. Gumming, P. B. Maxwell, Esq.,
and P. S. Laing, Esq. Received January 23.

War Department,

Gentlemen, 6th January 1855.

I AM directed by the Duke of Newcastle to transmit for your information the
accompanying extracts from a despatch which His Grace has addressed to Colonel the
Lord William Paulet, dated the 5th instant, containing directions for his Lordship's
guidance, on being appointed Commandant of the British Military Establishments in the
Bosphorus ; and I am directed by His Grace to request your immediate attention thereto.

I am, &c.

Dr. Gumming. Henrt Roberts.

P. B. Maxwell, Esq.
Dr. Laing.

Extract of a Despatch from the Duke of Newcastle to Lord Wm. Paulet,

No. 1, 5th January 1855.

" As it is important that Dr. Gumming should, as soon as possible, take charge of the
hospital at Scutari in the place of Dr. Menzies, your Lordship is required to do everything
in your power to facilitate and expedite the work of the Commission on which, together
with Mr. Maxwell and Dr. Laing, Dr. Gumming is now engaged, with a view to his
resuming his professional duties as principal medical officer at Scutari.

" The Commissioners acting under this Commission have received orders to report to your
Lordship, from time to time, all practical alterations which they recommend with a view to
the better organization and working of the hospital ; and your Lordship, after consultation
with them, will take immediate steps for the immediate Introduction of such alterations as
it may appear to you advisable to adopt, without waiting for the completion of your report,
or for reference home. Much time will thus be saved. 1 feel no doubt that your Lordship
will gain much valuable information from these gentlemen, and you probably cannot do
better than be guided by their advice, founded, as it will be, on an accurate knowledge of
the state of the hospital, and of the causes of the evils which we seek to remedy."

Copy of a Letter from Dr? Gumming, P. B. Maxwell, Esq., and P. S. Laing, Esq.,

to Lord W. Paulet.

My Lord, Scutari, Jan. 26th.

Having recently received instructions from his Grace the Duke of Newcastle to report
to your Lordship all practical alterations which we recommend with a view to the better
organization and working of the hospital here, we hasten to submit for your consideration
some points which have occurred to us in the course of our inquiry, and upon which we are
all agreed.

1. It appears to us that the first step towards the due organization of the Barrack hospital
would be the total removal of the depot from its precincts. As long as the building, which
is now chiefly devoted to the accommodation of the sick, is partially occupied by duty men,
convalescents, and a lai'ge number of soldiers' wives, and is consequently frequented by a
variety of other persons, either connected with the canteen which is established in the place,
or otherwise, we are of opinion that great difficulty will continue to exist in establishing
order and regularity in the hospital.

2. It appears to us that one of the most obvious defects in the organization of our hospital
establishments, is the utter absence of a trained body of orderlies. The task which
devolves on these men requires that persons of intelligence and respectable character, good
constitution, and active habits, should alone be employed ; and, further, that they should have
undergone some training in their duties before they are placed in this responsible situ-
ation. Your Lordship is probably aware that our hospital orderlies seldom fulfil these con-
ditions. In order to form gradually such a corps as we suggest, we would beg to recommend
that the medical officers in charge of wards should be requested to report at once, and from
time to time in future, to the Commandant, such of their orderlies as may be, either from
ill-health, inaptitude, habits, or character, unsuited for their situation; that these men should
be removed ; that their places should be filled only by men, who upon due inquiry should
appear to possess, as far as possible, the qualifications which we have mentioned ; and that
those who prove themselves duly qualified should not be removed except for misconduct
or incapacity, but should be retained In their situation as long as their services were needed
and useful.

3. We would offer a similar recommendation respecting the selection of hospital sergeants,
wardmasters, and cooks.

4. It appears to us extremely desirable that the clothing of every patient should, on the
eve of his leaving the hospital, be inspected by a medical officer, and that every article of
dress essential to his health should be supplied before he be discharged. This recom-
mendation, if adopted, would necessitate the establishment of a clothing store in the hospital ;
but any inconvenience arising from the Introduction of an additional element into the
already complicated orgatiization of our hospitals would be more than compensated by the
beneficial effect which it would have on the well-being of our soldiers. Owing to the
want of such a store, men have either been exposed to a recurrence of sickness from

347

insufficient clothing, or have been permitted to carry away shirts, flannel waistcoats, drawers,
and other articles of hospital clothing. This practice has, we learn, been carried to an extent
seriously detrimental to the comfort of the sick in hospital, as it has been found practically
impossible to supply the constant drain thus kept up on the purveyor's store.

We have, &c.

(Signed) A. Gumming, I.G.H.
Lord Wm. Paulet, P. Benson Maxwell.

Commandant, Scutari. P. Sinclair Laing.

February 9 th.

Copy of a Letter from Dr. Cumming, P. B, Maxwell, Esq., and P. S. Laing, Esq.,

to Lord W. Paulet.

My Lord, Scutari, February 9th.

In pursuance of our instructions from the Duke of Newcastle, to report to your Lordship
all practical alterations which we recommend with a view to the better organization and
working of the hospital, we beg to recommend that further hospital accommodation should
be at once provided for the sick and wounded of the army.

We are of opinion that the Barrack hospital is at present much overcrowded. From cal-
culations which we have made, based upon the superficial measurement of the wards and
corridors at pi-esent occupied by the patients, we think that not more than i,9l3 men
should be admitted into this hospital. The number of men, exclusive of orderlies, in the
wards and corridors devoted to the sick is, this day, 2,107, and amounted, within the last
month, to 2,400.

The overcrowding is altogether in the corridors. It is much to be regretted that any patients
should be placed in them, but we think that under no circumstances ought they to contain
more than one row of beds. If the second row were removed, the corridors might still
afford accommodation for 725 men. The wards may contain 1,188 more, making a total of
1,913, from which if 1 92 orderlies — taking' their number at the rate allowed by the regulations
of the service, be deducted, — it will appear that the wards and corridors now occupied as
an hospital ought not to contain more than 1,721 patients, — about 400 less than the number
actually in the building on this day. Our estimate is perhaps larger than it ought to
be, when it ia considered that many of the patients are suffering from fever of a very
dangerous character.

The General hospital, the stables adjoining the Barrack hospital, and the buildings at
Haidar Pasha in our possession, are full. The hospitals at Kululi are already more
crowded than they ought to be, and the huts in course of erection in the Barrack square
will not, we believe, suffice, when completed, to accommodate the number of men at present
in excess in the Barrack hospital.

Under these circumstances, we deem it our duty to suggest to your Lordship the
expediency of providing further hospital accommodation for the reception of any sick or
wounded men who may be sent hither from the Crimea, and also of the large number
who at the present time overcrowd the Barrack hospital.

We must add that the crowded state of the barrack rooms in which the soldiers of the
depot and soldiers' wives are quartered is extremely injurious, not only to their inmates,
but also to the sanitary condition of the hospital.

The prevalence of fever at the present time renders it necessary that we should also
earnestly recommend that your Lordship should provide the medical officers employed in
the hospital, with quarters out of the building. Four surgeons have died within the last
month of fever caught In the hospital, and three more have narrowly escaped the same
fate from the same cause.

We have, &c.
(Signed) A. Gumming, I.G.H.

P. Benson Maxwell.
Lord Wm. Paulet, P. Sinclair Laing.

Commandant, Scutari.

Xx4

348

Copy of a Letter from Messrs. Cumming, Maxwell, and Laing
to Captain Chkistie, RN.
SiK, Scutari, December 8, 1854.

Having been instructed by the Minister for War to make certain inquiries into the
condition of the sick and wounded of the British army in the East, we have to request that
you will favour us at your earliest convenience with the following information : —

1. Copies of all written requisitions or orders, and the substance of all others, received
by you for the transport of sick and wounded men from the Crimea to Turkey since the
20th September.

2. The name, tonnage, height between decks, and number of the crew of all.

(a) Steamers, and

(b) Sailing vessels

employed in transporting sick or wounded in obedience to such requisitions or orders. We
should be glad to know also the height between decks, and length and breadth of the decks
on which sick and wounded were carried, if you can conveniently furnish us with this
information.

3. The number of voyages made by each vessel.

4. The number of waterclosets for the accommodation of the men on board.

5. The number of

Standing bed places. Bolsters or piUows,

Hammocks, Rugs or counterpanes.

Cots, Night-stools,
Mattresses, Bed-pans,
Blankets, Urinals, and

Sheets, Other such conveniences,

furnished by your department on board each vessel on each voyage.

6. Whether any requisitions were made to you or your department by the medical or any
other authorities for any and what articles for the use of the sick and wounded on board ;
what requisitions were complied with, what were not, and why not.

7. The date of each vessel being reported to the medical or military authorities as ready
to receive sick and wounded on board.

8. The date when the embarkation of the sick and wounded on board commenced, and
when it was completed.

9. The date of the sailing of each vessel.

10. The causes of delay between the completion of the embarkation and the sailing.

We have, &c.,

Capt. Christie, R.N., A. Gumming, I.G.H.

Transport Agent, Balaklava. P. Benson Maxavell.

P. Sinclair Laing.

No answer to this letter was received.

Copy of a Letter from Messrs. Cumming, Maxwell, and Laing
to Rear- Admiral Boxer.
Sir, Scutari, December 16, 1854.

We shall feel obliged by your furnishing us at your earliest convenience with the
following information: —

1. The names of all vessels which have been employed under your orders in transporting*
officers and soldiers of the British army to Malta, England, or elsewhere, and the number
of voyages made by each vessel on such duty.

2. The tonnage of each vessel, and the
Height between decks, and

Length and breadth of the decks on which the men were accommodated.

3. The number of the crew.

4. The number of officers, and

of men,

for which the vessel was prepared previous to her departure

5. The number of officers, and

of men,

conveyed on board each vessel.

6. The number of waterclosets for the accommodation of the men.

7. The number of

Hammocks, Bolsters,

Cots, Pillows,

Mattresses (stating of what materials made), Night-stools,

Blankets, Bed-pans,

Rugs or counterpanes, Urinals,

Sheets, Other such conveniences,

and all other articles of furniture supplied by you or your department on board each

vessel.

* The words "sick or wounded" were here inadvertently omitted.

349

8. The date when each vessel was reported to the medical or military authorities as ready
to receive the passengers on board.

9. The date when the embarkation of the passengers commenced, and the time allowed
for that process (if you limited it).

10. The date of the sailing of each vessel.

11. The causes of delay, if any, in sailing.

We have, &c.,
(Signed) A. Gumming, LG.H.

Rear- Admiral Boxer, P. Benson Maxwell.

&c. &c. P. Sinclair Laing.

Copy of a Letter from Rear- Admiral Boxer to Dr. Gumming, &c.

Gentlemen, Harpy, at Gonstantinople, December 19, 1854.

In reply to your letter of the 16th instant, I regret to acquaint you that the
important duties of my office render it impossible for me to furnish you with the detailed
and voluminous report you require from me relative to the 145 transports under my
orders. I have, &c.,

(Signed) Edward Boxer,
Dr. Gumming and his GoUeagues. Rear-Admiral Superintendent.

GoPY of a Letter from Messrs. Gumming, Maxwell, and Laing
to Rear-Admiral Boxer.
Sir, December 20, 1854.

In answer to your letter of the 19th inst. we have to express our regret that a
clerical omission should have rendered our communication of the 16th inst. open to an
interpretation wholly at variance with the meaning we intended to convey.

The returns which we desire to obtain from you relate only to vessels which have been
regularly equipped for the transport of invalided officers and soldiers from Scutari or Gon-
stantinople to Malta or England. We do not know the precise number of the vessels so
employed, but we do not believe that it will be found to exceed five or six. At present
the names of the Emeu, Gambria, and Jura only occur to us in connexion with this
service, and we desire to limit our Inquiry to vessels which were so employed only since
the 1st of October.

Rear-Admiral Boxer,
&c. &c.

GoPY of a Letter from Rear-Admiral Boxer to Dr. Gumming, &c.

Gentlemen, Harpy, at Gonstantinople, December 21, 1854.

Referring to my letter of yesterday's date, I beg to acquaint you that I shall
forward your application to Gaptain Ghristie, principal agent for transports, and will
direct him to furnish such information on the subject requested by you as the means at his
disposal will permit

I have, &c.,
(Signed) Edward Boxer,
Dr. Gumming and his two Golleagues. Rear-Admiral Superintendent.

No further communication was received.

350

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, and Appliances taken

Feb. 5, 1855.

General

Barrack

Savory &
Sons'
Invoice
unpacked.

Society
of Apothe-
caries'

Hospital

Total.

Remarks.

Store.

Invoice
unpacked.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb. oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

Acaciaj . , -

contrit.

10 0

Acet. colchic.

scillag

Acid, acetic - - -

10 0

159

benzoic

citric

hydroclilor.

4 0

hydrocyan. dilut. -

nitric

100

8 0

sulphuric

106

7 0

128

tartar, contrit.

Adipis - -

-^theris - - -

Aloes . - . -

Alum - -

contrit. - -

Ammoniac.

Ammonias hydroclilor.

5 0

sesquicarb.

0 0

Amyli - - -

75 0

180

Anthemidis

Antimon. oxysulphur.

potassio-tartr.

4 0

Aq. rosEe - - -

Argenti nitrat.

2 0

lUi

Assafojtid. -

Aurant. cort. exsicc.

Balsam. Peruv.

Bismuth, nitrat.

Boracis -

1 A

Buchu - - -

Calaminee ppt.

Calcis chlorinat.

560

500

1250 0

1250

Calumbse -

contrit.

Cambogiae contrit.
Camphor -

5 0

A O

Capsici . . -

1 0

Cantharid. ...

• contrit.

Cascarillaj - -

Catechu -

1 1
1 i

contrit.

Cerae ...

albaj -

Cerati ...

calaminae

2044

196

2240

cetacei - -

166

150 0

150

558

resinae

sapon. comp.

Cetacei -

Chloroformyl

50 0

186

Cliinchona3 flav.

contrit.

pallid.

•

contrit.

Cinnamoni ...

Colchici . _ -

Confect. arouiat.

spec. pro. -

opii

— — spec. pro. -

rosse

351

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, and Appliances taken— contiriued.

General

Barrack

Savory &
Sons'
Invoice
unpacked.

Society of
Apothe-
caries

Hospital

Total.

Ilcmark;.

Store.

Invoice
unpacked.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb. oz.

lb.

oz.

Copaibse - - -

248

258

Creasoti - -

1 0

Creta3 ppt. - - .

50 0

105

Cubebar. - - .

contrit.

Cupri sulph. - -

Digitalis t'ol. contrit.

Dulcaniaraj ...

Emplastr. cantliarid.

148

162

liydrarg.

picis

plumbi

resinse

630

658

saponis

Ergotse

Extract. bolladoniiEe

1 0

colehici acetic.

conii

elaterii

gentianaj

glycyrrli. com.

hyosciami

jalapse dur.

opii ...

2 0

sarsse liquid.

taraxaci liquid.

Ferri ammonio-chlorid.

citrat.

carbon, cum sacch.

potassio-tartr.

sesquioxid.

sulphatis

Gentianje ...

Glycyrrhizaj

exsicc.

Guaiaci contrit.

ligni derasi

Hordei ...

Hydrarg. ...

aramonio-chlor.

bichlorid.

bisulphur. -

chloridi

20 0

cum creta

12 0

13* 0

* 91b3. taken out.

iodidi

nitrico-oxidi

Jalapse contrit.

143

173

lodinii ...

Ipecacuan. contrit.

Kino ...

contriti - -

Lini semin. ...

farin.

896

112

1500 0

4008

Liniment, camphor

comp. -

saponis

50 0

50* 0

142

* 961bs. taken out.

Limonum succi. (bad)

Liquor, ammon.

13 0

12 0

sesquicarb.

plumbi diacetat.

12 0

13 0

123

potass.

_ _

arsenit.

5 0

soda3 chlorinat.

25 0

177

calcis „ -

zinci „ -

192

224

Magnesice -

■ carbon.

sulphat.

3360

560

3920

Manganes. binoxid. contr. -

Mezerei -

352

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Intsruments, and Appliances taken — continued.

General
Hospital
Store.

Barrack
Hospital
Store.

Savory &
Sons'
Invoice
unpacked.

Society of
Apothe •
caries'
Invoice

unpacked.

Total.

Remarks.

lb.

oz.

lb.

OZ,

lb.

OZ,

lb.

OZ.

121

liydrochlor*

J.U. y -I A U-C*-'

"IVTti 1 + El cftTT^tl f» _

111 n m v en nlfp » -

o
O

Ciiriii — —

' cmncirDOTm. - -

liui ~

— — morrhuas

199

olivEe

164

150

- I'icini " "■

296

terebintliinse

112

309

;7tiglii_ _

Opii Turcici

. contrit.

Oxymel scillae

Papaver. contus.

!Picis Burgundicss ■ •

Pilul. aloe. cu. royrrli

g tXl l^ti liX OUUJ L*»

" ■ ' iiyUiitiiii*

. ■ SoillfP f*OTTll'> - •

. li vrlr lorlirli -

•

115

— — — oxidi

■■ bitartr. contr.

170

1 carbouatis •

■ chloratis ^

■1 li vd Tfl tl s — -

142

■ tartratis

Potassi iodidi

,-, 1 milnTinTPf.i —

!Pulv. antimonii conip.

— Jacob.

206

* 20 lbs. taken out

— jalapiB comp.

1 ipccacuanhse comp.

Quassice concisEe

C^inpTinnifp dit;nln}i — —

V^l 11 i^llV^ll lev ',llO Ul LJU*

TJpClTlfp - ™ •
^v^olllCC; — ™ ™

Rhei . . -

CVJlltlit*

l^nQJIP 0*tl11l^ AYGIP/^ _ _
AHJOCC gCllllV^* CJ^Ol^^a

■ TYl n 1 1 1 " I

Oct! 0(X> l^VJU^lOtc

SassafVtis concisa3 -

Scammon. contrit.

Scillfc recens exsicc.

— contr.

Sennaj - - -

200

250

Sinapis contriti.

100

278

Sodffi bicarbon

200

carbon.

• potassio-tart. contr. -

126

sulphatis -

353

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, and Appliances taken — continued.

General
Hospital
Store.

Barrack
Hospital
Store.

Savory &
Sons'
Invoice
unpacked.

Society of
Apothe-
caries'
Invoice
unpacked.

Total.

Remarks.

Spirit, tetheris comp.
nitrici

ammon. aromat.

■ rectificat. — imp. pts.

Strychnite

Sulpliur - - -

Syrup, ferri iodicli
Tinct. aconiti

arnicse mon.

—. cannabis

calumbEB

caniplior. comp.

cantliaridis

capsici

— cardam. comp.

— catechu comp.

— cinclionse
comp.

— cinnara. comp.

— colchici
comp.

— digitalis

— ferri sesq'jiclilor.

— gentian, comp.

— guaiaci
comp.

— liyosciami

— J>'iM\.

— iodinii comp.

— kino

— lavand. comp.

— myrrh.

— opii

— rhei comp.

— seilliE

senna3 comp. -

■ valei-ian

zingiberis

• zedoarii c. quina

matico

Vin. antim. potassio-tart.

colchici

ipecac. -

opii

Ung. cetacei

hydrarg.

nitrat.

sulphur, comp.

albinolo

Zinei oxyd.

sulph.

Zingiber. -
contrit.

Water filters
Panniers -
Waggon chests

■2 Foreign regimental
g--! Home ditto -
o I^Detachment ditto -

£ j'Foreign ri'gimental
aj Home ditto -
o I Detachment ditto -
LSmall ditto -
" Reserve " med. chests

lb. oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb.

oz.

lb. oz.

14 0

69 0

12 8

40 8

4 0

71 0

236 0

273 8

0 57

■

0 U

2 0"

8 0

2 4

4 8

2 8

4 14

2 6

4 14

10 0

44 0

3 8

32 0

52 0

118 0

18 0

88 0

30 0

37 0

58 0

. 7

71 0

11 8

13 0

19 0

77 0

14 0

70 0

44 0

35 0

36 8

66 8

6 0

3 0

11 0

42 8

90 8

73 0

191 0

197 0

247 0

25 0

56 0

80 0

6 0

30 0

23 0

5 0

16 8

27 0

12 0

32 0

51 0

121 0

8 8

18 8

60 0

0 1 \j

11 0

1 12

6 12

*20 lbs. taken out.

*10lb3. taken out.

Incomplete.
Three incomplete.

Incomplete.

Z z 2

354

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, and Appliances taken — continued'

General
Hospital
Store.

Barrack
Hospital
Store.

Savory &
Sons'
Invoice
unpacked

Savory &
Sons'
Invoice,
No. 2,

unpacked.

Society of
Apothe-
caries'
Invoice

unpacked.

Total.

Lint, Taylor's

lb.-

second

fine
second

- No.

sets

yds.

Surgeon's tow
Old linen sheets
Skins of leather - „
Linen spd. with ad. Plaster yds.
Calico ditto ditto „
Linen ditto, soap cerate „
Oiled cloth, coloured - „
Pins - - papers

Calico, glazed {in pieces)
Grain
Ounce
Pound
Two pound
14 pound
28 ditto
Calico for plaster -
Graduated minim

two oz.

3 iv.

Pewter ounce

half pint

pint

quart

Latin labels (boxes)
Bolus tiles - -
Composition, small

middle sized

I\ J arble
Metal, small

Iron . . - -

Glass
Tin panakins

Tin and composition funnels -

Glass ditto

Iron ladles

Luid cord. - -

{Decoction pots, pint
quart
kettles
Plaster pans
Pewter urinals
Hair sieves
Straining cloth
Pill boxes, chip

paper

Stopper bottles, in sorts
Vials in sorts

1 oz. -

1 oz

2 oz.

Bottles, 4 oz.

6 oz.

8 oz.

4, 6, and 8 oz.

16 oz.

Glass funnels

eye baths

Gallipots in sorts
Stone jars, 4 oz.

. 8 oz.

. pint

rVial
$ J Pint
Quart

l^Eungs in sorts
Horn cups
Packthread
Cord

Pewter bed pans
Dressing trays

3,108

639
88
500
899

50
443
140

10
7

750
30
48

27
7

12
2
2

34
9

6
24
4
4

yards

paper

doz.

39 & 7

doz.

»5

gross

No.

lb.

1,070

800
82
125
345

37
35

15
15

25
23

22
6
5

12
6

30
2

40
97

24
30

1,000

700
1,000

2,500

2,500
1,500

1,500

500
25

25
25

20
10

50
10

50
5

10
10

50
5
25

9
9
12
12
9
9

2
3

2,500

2.500
1,500

1,500

113

50
10

50
5

10
10

50
5
25

9
9
12
12
9
9

3
2

12
5

10,178

6,439
3,870
625

5,244
87
1,091
225
10
22
39
1
4

750
155
116
25
44
7

12
2
2
156
45
32

5
56
30

102
21

100

160
39 & 7
97
37
34
35i
4U
57
40
67

2
31
178

38
30
5
23
80
81
114
103
50

355

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, and Appliances taken — continued.

General
Hospital
Store.

Barrack
Hospital
Store.

Evans &
Stevens'
Invoice
unpacked.

Weiss &

Son's
Invoice
unpacked.

■V\''alter &
Blaize's
Invoice

unpacked.

Total.

Regimental boxes (locked)

Box of apparatus for fract-
tures and dislocations, in-
complete -

Surgical field chests, complete
Ditto ditto, incomplete

Bush's iron splints

Midwifery instruments case

Capital instruments, full sets -

portable do

Pocket instruments, full sets -

small do. -

Cupping instruments - sets

scarificators - No.

temple „

glasses

Tooth instruments

• keys

forceps

sets
No.

Gum lancets
Lancets, cases of 6

Scalpels, cases of 6
Post mortem instruments
Dissecting instruments

{Crooked
Seton -
Aneurismal
Common
Lithotomy instruments
.2 r Probe pointed
1 J Sharp do.
.2 I Fistula in ano

Bronchotomy canulas

r Common
'E< Caustic

sets
cases

No.

cases
No.

cases

No.

Flexible metallic cases

Steel Sounds - - No.

£ f Elastic gum - - ,,
J <^ Silver

cs Female - - - ,,

Stomach pumps - cases
m f Pewter urethra - No.
1= j Glass ditto - - „
'^1 Elastic gum - „
^ 1^ Enema india rubber „
Pewter clyster and pipes „
Spare pipes for ditto - „
§ r Hydrocele
^ j Dislocations
g- j Suspended animation
■< L Anatomical injections
Amputating instruments
■ — knives

cases

saws
do.

No.

Metacarpal

Catlins - - - „

Heys' saws - - cases

Trepanning instruments „

Trephines - - No.

Probangs - - - „

Silver probes, long - ,,

■ ■ pocket - „

Pocket spatulas - - „

15
1

39
4

26
50

184

126

5
68
12
3
2
12
12

7
34

9
19
47
50

(Two can be completed when stores
are unpacked.)
/

rs{

3o|

39
7

26
50

184

126

10
10

6
83
12

2
13
13

8
34

9
19
47
50

Z z 3

Stock of Medicines, Surgical

356

Instruments, and Appliances taken — continued.

General
Hospital
Store.

Barrack
Hospital
Store.

Evans &
Stevens'
Invoice
unpacked.

Weiss &

Son's
Invoice
unpacked.

Wicker &
Blaize's
Invoice

unpacked.

Total.

Eemarks.

Forceps, dressing -
Scissors, dressing

crooked

Tourniquets, field -

screw

Finger forceps and )
bullet extractor - /
Eye instruments, cases -
Margell's chloroform apparatus

. . brass enema -

large barrel -

. small do.

Stethescopes -
Electrical machines -
Fumigating machines -
Mudge's inhalers
Spare pipes for ditto
Cauterizing irons
Barometer - - -

Thermometers, atmospheric -

bath
fever

No.

case

Pluviometer
Cexeter's scoups -
Bullet forceps -
Assalini's forceps -
Spring do.
Small spring do. -
Sponges at Is. each
Surgeon's sponges

Bandages, calico -

flannel

■ linen

18-tailed

No.

Calico for bandages
Elastic bandages
Flannel for fomentations
Oiled silk
Spongis piline
Lambskins (Allison's)
Trusses, bag

steel

• ditto double

Chest preservers
Lumbago belts -
Blood porringers
Tape, broad -
narrow

Thread for ligatures

yds.

- No.

- pieces

Silk for ditto
Startin's wire
Common

Whalebone for legs
. — thighs

lb.

oz.

yds.

sets

■ upper arm „
■fore arm ,,

Pasteboard, long

— . broad

short

yds

Gutta percha
Arm slings _ . .

Pasteboards - -
Gutta percha tissue
Spatulas, spreading -

pot - -

bent German silver ")

wire - - J

10
13

31
30
3
18
109

242

132

1,388
274
500
76
15
19
192

20"
447
47
4
18
10
11
19
44

21
50
9
48
48
55
47

20
3
1

38
2,328
168

6
36

70
600

21,670

400

300

27
13
3

50
35

In triplicate

30
35

60
600

7,330

300

350

50
30

30
30

70
600

13,000

300

350

50
35

30
35

33
8

150

54
15

2
2
2
16

31
30
3
18
109
200
2,080

44,460 I

1,556
274

1,500
76
15
25

1,228

20
474
210
107
18
10
11
69
44

5^ i

Good.
Good.

Good.

Two imper-
fect.

Good.
Good.
Good.
Good.
Good.

2,000 taken
oat.

21bs. taken
out.

20 taken
out.

100 taken
out.

357

Stock of Medicines, Surgical Instruments, and Appliances taken — continued.

General
Hospital
Store.

Barrack
Hospital
Store.

Evans &
Stevens'
Invoice
unpacked.

Weiss &

Son's
Invoice,
unpacked.

Wicken &
Blaize's
Invoice

unpacked.

Total.

Remarks,

iioius knives

■

Cork screws

Counter scissors

Sliop sliears

AVrappin^ pjiper

rnis.

1 1

•^2

Strait waistcoats

Fracture boxes

100

cradles

151

Air beds

No.

Bellows for ditto -

Stump caps

z4b

pads -

pillows

240

440

Wooden legs, above knee

120

■ below ditto

141

Double inclined planes

Crutches

pairs

258

Slipper baths, air

No.

Cushions, air

water

Bed, ditto

President, — Dr. Tatlok, Staff Surgeon 1st Class.

Members, — Dr. Bakrett, Stalf Surgeon 2nd Class.

Dr. Dixon, Acting Assistant Surgeon.

12th February 1855.

LONDON

Printed by George E. Etre and William Spottiswoode
Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty.
For Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

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